biosolve-dswbio-doze.com/pdfs/1434711047.pdf · project to review the irrigation and composting...

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During 1993-94, India produced 3,02,773 thousand liters of beer and 25,43,758 kiloliters of alcohol (which includes 5,55,012 KL of rectified spirit). At this production rate, during this 1993-94, 38,145 million liters of effluent was generated from the distillery and 45,41,595 million liters of effluents from the breweries.

Molasses contains around 15% of fermentable sugars, out of which 9% is utilized for conversion into alcohol during fermentation. The balance organic & inorganic chemicals in the molasses find their way into the effluent popularly known as spent was which is acidic in nature.

Spent wash, which is dark in color, has high BOD, COD & TDS. The origin of dark color is mainly due to plant pigments, melanoidins, polyphenolic compounds and caramels that are produced by thermal degradation and condensation reactions of sugar

Distilleries may be considered as an allied industry of Sugar industry as it supplies the basic raw material, molasses for alcohol production. Majority of Distilleries in India use molasses as basic raw material. The distillery and brewery wastes – liquid, solid and gas- are heavily polluting and noxious. The distilleries generate about 6-15 m3 of waste water (generally called spent wash) per m3 of alcohol produced and a large amount of press mud.

INDIAN STANDARDS FOR DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT

Characteristics Tolerance limit for effluent discharge

In to land In to public On land for

surface sewers irrigation

IS: 2490 1974 IS: 3306 1974 IS: 3306 1965

BOD (mg/lit.) 30 500 500

COD (mg/lit.) 250 - 5.0-9.0

PH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0

Suspended solids/L. 100 600 -

Total dissolved solid (mg/lit.) - 2100 2100

Oil and grease (mg/lit.) 10 100 30

Sulphide (mg/lit.) 2 - -

Chloride (mg/lit.) - 600 600

Sulphate (mg/lit.) - 1000 1000

Biotech Help to the Environmen

COMPOSITION OF SPENT WASH

The distillery wastewater known as spent wash is characterized in its color, high temp, low PH, high ash content and contains high percentage of dissolved organic and inorganic matter of which 50% may be present as reducing sugars. It contains about 90-93% water and 7-10% solids, sugar being 2-20% and protein 10-11% in the dry spent wash. The metals present in spent wash are Fe – 348mg/lit. Mn – 12.7 mg/lit, Zn – 4.61 mg/lit. With Cu – 3.65mg/lit., Cr – 0.64 mg/lit. , Cd – 0.48mg/lit., Co – 0.08 mg/lit. With electrical conductivity in the range of 15-23ds m-1 .

Indian spent wash contains very high amounts of potassium calcium, chloride, sulphate compared to spent wash in other countries. Organic compounds extracted from spent wash using alkaline reagents are of humic in nature. Similar to those found in the soil excepting that fulvic acid predominates over humic acid.

Indicative spent wash quality of typical sugarcane molecules based distillery in India

Parameter Units Concentration Range

Color - Dark brown

Odor - Sugar smell

Temperature Deg C 80-90

P.H. 4–5

Total solid mg/lit 52000 - 86000

Total suspended solid mg/lit 3000-5000

Total volatile solid mg/lit 40000-60000

BOD mg/lit 30000-70000

COD mg/lit 65000-130000

Chlorides (Cl) mg/lit 1000-1500

Sodium (Na) mg/lit 40000-60000

Calcium (Ca) mg/lit 2000-3500

Potassium (K) mg/lit 8000-11000


Environmental hazards of distillery spent wash

wash is often termed as ‘distillers’ distress.

The spent wash poses a very serious pollution problem, as it has very high COD (60-140 kg/ m3), BOD (45-70 kg/ m3), TDS—21000 ppm, inorganic load, low pH and dark brown color. The pollution load of spent wash is ~ 7 times that of the entire municipal and domestic pollution load of the country.

The distillery spentwash is acidic (pH < 4.0)

The typical odour emanating from distilleries is a major nuisance. The color of the spent wash interferes with its oxygenation and selfpurification.

The distillery and brewery effluents, when drained into a water source, make it susceptible for the propagation of harmful microbes. Thus creates serious biological hazards like the generation and propagation of the water borne diseases.

The estimated LC50 for distillery spent wash was found to be 0.5%.

Therefore, the distilleries have been classified as one of the highest polluting industries by the Central Pollution Control Board..

The Central Pollution Control Board engaged Prof. R. H. Siddiqi as a consultant under the GTZ project to review the irrigation and composting protocols prescribed by the Board visa-vis the current practices followed by distilleries in the country and to evaluate the performance of new technologies for concentration of spent wash. Prof. R. H. Siddiqi has submitted a draft document in October 2005.

The report suggests that TDS and chlorides value will control the dilution rate of spent wash for its use in irrigation. Based on practical values of TDS, sodium, chlorides and BOD it has been suggested that a 12-15-fold dilution may be required in case of ferti-irrigation . It has been observed that discharge of effluents having the prescribed quality may result in concentration of salts in the soil. Further, the report emphasizes consideration of salt balance and annual salt leaching rates in various types of soils and climatic zones while reviewing the protocol so that problem of salinity and alkalinity do not develop with continuous use of spent wash for irrigation. The final report is under preparation.

The road map traced by the Task Force on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) for achieving zero discharge of spent wash by 2005, has not been implemented fully as yet.

Most of the distilleries are facing the environmental issue of treatment and disposal of distillery spent wash.


The treatment of distillery wastes is a priority area for environmental sustenance and its quality.

Many technologies have been tried for the treatment of spent wash; however none of these methods are found to be effective and economically viable to achieve the standards set by the Pollution Control Boards. "Composting" technology may be one of the best options. It could result in zero pollution and further compost process can produce valuable organic and inorganic ingredients to enhance soil fertility. However, space becomes a major constraint for adopting this method on long term basis. Considering the problem of treating distillery spent wash to meet the regulatory standards need arises to adopt modified fermentation process and latest biotechnological tools and strategies.

The treatment of effluent will increase the overall cost of the production of alcohol. If effluents are utilized, the profitability shall not suffer, as the products produced as a result of this utilization shall give additional revenue. Useful materials such as biogas, compost, potash etc. may be reclaimed

Treatment technologies for distillery spent wash

Most common treatment is to use filler which can adsorb moisture and then compost the residual solid.

However, recent years have seen many techniques being developed to treat spent wash. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the knowledge base of the professionals and functionaries of Pollution Control Boards as also those of distilleries and design and consulting organizations on different aspects of treatment of distillery wastes so as to meet the goals of clean environment

One of the recent treatments of spent wash involve its energy recovery through bio methanation. It is also used in the bio-composting of the press mud to produce good quality manure.

About 12000cum biogas per day being produced from Bio methanation plants installed for treating distillery Wastewater (Spent wash) at K.M. sugar mills (Distillery) Faziabad, U.P. is being utilized for generating power through the steam turbine route for meeting the total electricity requirement of their distillery as well as that of their residential colony. The project has been performing satisfactorily for last four years and has been generating an avg. of about 4 lakh units of electricity every month. The payback period for such a project works out to be about 3 - 4 years.


About 21000 cum. Biogas per day being produced from Biomethanation plants treating distillery wastewater (spent wash) at kanoria chemicals and industries Ltd. Ankelshwar, Gujarat is being utilized from generation of power required for their captive use. The project is based on two internal combustion energies fuelled of own biogas, each of 1.003 cum capacity. The waste heat of the flue gases of the engines, which is at a temp of more the 5000C, is also being utilized for generation of about 1.5 tones per hour steam at about 1300C. The steam is used for meeting process heat requirement. A H2S removal plant based on a bio-chemical terminology has also been installed to avoid the corrosion of biogas engines. The project has been performing satisfactory for the last

three years and generating about 10 lakh units of electricity every month. The payback period of project works out is about 3 years.

Some of the other methods employed are:

• Adsorption using material like Hydrated Sodium Aluminum Silicate, Vermiculite, • Aerobic systems • Anaerobic batch reactors • Anaerobic fluidized bed reactors • Anaerobic lagooning • Coagulation and flocculation • Cyanobacterial/algal systems • Fungal systems • High rate anaerobic reactors • Novel anaerobic reactors • Phytoremediation/constructed wetlands • Reclamation of Biogas • Reclamation of Potash • Single-phasic and biphasic anaerobic systems • Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors • Use of Oxidising Compounds

etc.

Physiochemical treatment

Physiochemical treatment such as sedimentation with the addition of coagulant and other additives such as alum, lime, ferric chloride, activated charcoal etc. have been found to be unsatisfactory.

Ammonification and Nitrification Process

This process is dependent on Ammonification and nitrifying bacteria which are sensitive, slow growing, Temperature and PH dependent. 2.3.3 Incineration This is direct wet catalytic combustion process and causes air pollution problem.


Anaerobic lagoons

The treatment from the anaerobic lagoon is not very effective and requires large area of land as the residence time is very high the reduction in BOD, COD level of waste water is not more than 80% even with residence time of more than 3 months.

Despite installing huge anaerobic lagoons, aeration tanks and solar drying pits, the problems of pollution control in cane molasses distilleries in India have not been solved yet therefore, severe water pollution problems in the nearly rivers and lakes are frequently encountered as the partially treated effluents find access to water bodies.

Anaerobic systems.

When Spent wash is treated anaerobically, it releases millions of kilo calories in the form of methane rich biogas that can be fed into boiler or biogas engines to generate electricity.

Anaerobic Filter

filter is the first innovative reactor developed in 1969 Lat Young and Mc carty. It contains insert packing material to support bio-film development. The process found potential application for treatment of dilute soluble waste water. Waste water in an anaerobic filter was carried out at 4-8 days HRT and 516Kg. COD per m3 organic loading the COD removal of more than 80% was found at an avg. loading 12.5Kg. COD per m3 at 5 days HRT. Few full scale anaerobic filter plants installed in sugar industries in India for the treatment at combined sugar mill waste water.

Anaerobic fluidized Bed

In this treatment waste water is mixed with an approximate amount of recycled effluent and introduced at the bottom of a column with sand particle (0.30.4mm) at a rate sufficient to fluidize the medium. It is more suitable treatment of soluble waste. Sufficient power input may be required for maintaining the fluidization.

Anaerobic fixed film reactors

Amongst the various support materials studied the reactor having coconut coir could treat distillery spent wash at 8 d hydraulic retention time with organic loading rate of 23.25 kg COD m−3 d−1 leading to 64% COD reduction with biogas production of 7.2 m3 m−3 d−1 having high methane yield without any pretreatment or neutralization of the distillery spent wash. This study indicates fixed film biomethanation of distillery spent wash using coconut coir as the support material appears to be a cost effective and promising technology for mitigating the problems caused by distillery effluent.(Bhavik K. Acharyaa, Sarayu Mohanaa and Datta Madamwar; Anaerobic treatment of distillery spent wash – A study on upflow anaerobic fixed film bioreactor; Bioresource Technology; Volume 99, Issue 11, July 2008, Pages 4621-4626)


Oxidation processes

Removal of colour and odour from the spent wash using chemical agents such as CaO, H2O2 and an adsorbent commercial activated carbon (CAC). Odour has been completely removed from the 5% diluted spent wash when treated with calcium oxide, hydrogen peroxide and commercial activated carbon. About 95% of colour 85.2% TDS and 88% COD have been removed when the diluted spent wash was treated with 750 mg of CaO, 0.35 mL of H2O2 and 500 mg of (CAC).(EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF DISTILLERY SPENT WASH BY USING CALCIUM OXIDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED CARBON; M. Vasanthy, C. Thamaraiselvi and M. Sangeetha)

Potash Recovery

It uses multiple effect evaporators with incinerator. But it is cost intensive and consume lot of energy.

Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (USAB)

Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reader was developed in the Netherlands with unique features of biomass Immobilization, without supporting media. The reactor was extensively evaluated in laboratory, pilot and full scale plant mainly with sugar industry waste water in these studies both single and two phase mode of digestion. Bio methanation of cane-sugar waste water has been examined in laboratory scale USAB reactor. The process was how to satisfactorily handle organic loading up to 13 Kg.

corresponding to 4 HRT. The COD removal of above 90% was achieved. The biogas production as high as 0.5m3/kg. COD applied was achieved with methane content of 70-75% . The reactor was maintained at 30oC temp. 2.3.8 Up-flow Blanket Filter(5) The up-flow blanket filter which is a hybrid reactor mode by combining on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket and anaerobic filter has recently been evolved. Plastic ring floating in the top third of the reactor 2/3rd volume occupied and USAB system. The reactor was operated as 27oC for treatment of sugar waste water at loading rates varying from 5-51kg COD/m3d were obtained the filter at the top of reactor was found very efficient in retaining biomass. 2.3.9 Acid – Methane Segregation Process This is modified version of anaerobic activated sludge process in which acid and methane formed are separated. It is more efficient than anaerobic activated sludge process because of low HRT. If is more efficient for energy recovery provided, the symbolic relationship between two organisms (acid and methane forms) is clearly understood.


COMPARISON OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESSES

Aerobic Process

• CO2 and biomass produced

• Compact Plant

Costly

• High power requirement

• Large produced

• More nutrient required amount of sludge

• Nearly complete treatment

• Short detention time

Anaerobic Process

• Less nutrient required

• Less sludge production

• Low power requirement

• Particle treatment

• Usually CH4 produced in addition to CO2

• Usually cheap

• Very large area required

ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS FOR WASTE WATER

Distillery waste treatment can be Classified into four groups

1. Biogas generation of about 25 lit of biogas can be produced per lit of Spent wash.

2. Potash recovery – About 44 tones of K2SO4 per day can be produced from 2,30,000 Gallons of spent wash.

3. Production of Dried and Inactivated Yeast as an animal feed from spent wash.

4. Treatment for removal of organics for water pollution control.


alternatives for treatment of distillery spent wash may be identified as solar drying, Ammonification and nitrification process, incineration, potash recovery, anaerobic lagoon, anaerobic filter, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, up flow blanket filter, anaerobic fluidized bed, acid-methane segregation process.

However, all these methods are capital investment oriented and demands a pay back period 3-5 years.

Potential applications of distillery spent wash

In Agriculture:

It can be used as a source of plant nutrients and organic matter for various agricultural crops, particularly, under dryland conditions.

The spentwash is acidic (pH 3.94-4.30) and loaded with organic and inorganic salts,resulting in high EC (30-45 dS/m). Being plant originated, the spentwash also containsconsiderable amounts of plant nutrients and organic matter. Nitrogen content in spentwash ranges from 1660 to 4200 mg/L, phosphorus from 225 to 3038 mg/L and potassium from 9600 to 17475 mg/L. Calcium, magnesium, sulphate and chloride are also present in appreciable amounts. Thus, it can effectively be used as a source of plant nutrients and as soil amendment.

Recently, the presence of appreciable amounts of plant growth promoters viz., gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid have also been detected which further enhances the nutritient value of spentwash. The high concentration of calcium (2050 – 7000 mg/L) in spentwash may have the potential in reclaiming the sodic soils similar to that of gypsum effect.

The unpleasant odour due to the presence of skatole, indole and other sulphur compounds, which are not effectively decomposed by yeast or methanogenic bacteria during distillation, is also an issue of public concern.

Studies revealed that, though at higher doses (> 250 m3/ ha) spentwash application is found to crop growth and soil fertility, its use at lower doses (125 m3/ha) remarkably improves germination, growth and yield of dryland crops. Further, it has been revealed that conjoint application of spentwash and organic amendments (farm yard manure, green leaf manure and bio-compost) is found suitable under dryland conditions.

Large amounts of soluble salts have been found to be leached from calcareous and high pH sodic soils amended with spentwash. Notably, application of spentwash has resulted in leaching of high amounts of sodium from high pH sodic soils reflecting its potential in ameliorating these soils. However, exceptionally high loading of the leachate with organic and inorganic contaminants may pose potential risk for groundwater contamination.

(SUSHEEL KUMAR SINDHU et al. )


Though the spentwash generally does not contain any toxic metals, but is characterizedby a high BOD and COD levels. Therefore, high BOD, COD and other organic compounds like phenols, lignin and oil and greases in spentwash are likely to deteriorate soil and environmental health and as such when these detrimental factors are redressed, spent wash can be used in agriculture safely.

Seed Hardening:

It has been consistently shown that the seed hardening with the spentwash at a concentration of 10 and 20% (v/v) markedly improved the germination of ragi groundnut, gingelly, sorghum and green gram by 16, 30, 28, 27, and 28%, respectively, over the control.Similarly, such seed treatment with spentwash was also found to improve the root length(420%), plant height (500%), biomass production (161%) and vigour index (315%). Marked increase in N (11-13%), P (17-20%) and K (16-27%) contents of crops was also recorded due to spentwash treatment over the control. This effect was more pronounced in green gram than other crops. The seed hardening with spentwash at higher rate (20%) was found more effective than the lower rate (10%) and other chemical treatments in improving the growth parameters. These effects could be ascribed to the nutrients and the growth promoters like gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid present in the spentwash.

(SUSHEEL KUMAR SINDHU et al. )

Effect of spentwash and organic amendments on total amount (mg) of cations and anions leached calcareous vertisol

Ions Control SW SW+FYM SW+GLM SW+BC

Ca2+ 910 3007 3511 3840 4283

Mg2+ 132 351 315 224 479

Na+ 36 126 140 151 215

K+ 5 11 9 17 17

Cl- 495 1739 1887 1984 2025

SO4 1351 3493 2329 1827 3502

SW=Spentwash (500 m3/ha); FYM=Farmyard manure (12.5 t/ha);GLM=Green leaf manure (6.25 t/ha); C=Biocompost (3 t/ha)

(395 SUSHEEL KUMAR SINDHU et al.)


Effect of spentwash and organic amendments on total amount (mg) of cations andanions leached from sodic soil.

Cations/ anions Control SW SW+FYM SW+GLM SW+BC

Ca2+ 574 1523 1569 2205 1915

Mg2+ 203 1403 1872 1365 1263

Na+ 1026 2044 1869 2135 2412

K+ 5 28 28 27 25

Cl- 1372 2856 3381 2699 2268

SO4 1050 1953 3206 3395 4291

SW=Spentwash (500 m3/ha); FYM=Farmyard manure (12.5 t/ha);

GLM=Green leaf manure (6.25 t/ha); C=Biocompost (3 t/ha)

Targets of Biosolve-DSW

1. To increase the production capacity 2. To reduce the quantity of spent wash generation. 3. To dispose the spent wash in the most competitive environmental friendly manner above

the standards of Pollution control board and to make more useful input replacing some of the nutrients needed.

This can be achieved in two steps.

1. Change in the fermentation process. 2. In situ treatment of the spent wash.

These two steps are not interdependent. One may choose one of them or employ both.


S T E P O N E

FERMENTATION PROCESS Molasses obtained from sugar industry are fermented by normal yeast to produce alcohol.

The sugar in the form of disaccharide in molasses gets converted to alcohol by yeast as per the reaction C6H12O6 + Yeast 2CO2 → 2C2H5OH 100 kg 48.89 kg → 51.11 kg Glucose CO2 Ethanol

The factors affecting the fermentation reaction and their effects are briefly described below: Temperature The optimum temperature of fermentation is 32oC and the optimum temperature of reproduction for the yeast is 28oC. The increase in temperature above 32oC will have a tendency to reduce the fermentation process efficiency, as the yeast cannot handle higher temperatures. Furthermore, it encourages the increase in the growth of Lactobacillus, the principle microorganism that competes with yeast. Lactobacillus consumes glucose to produce lactic acid which is the second major factor affecting the yield of alcohol in fermentation. Although Yeast produce some organic acids during fermentation, their concentrations are relatively low as compared to the concentrations of acids produced by lactobacillus and other contaminating bacteria.

When Lactobacillus is achieved, the generation of lactic acid substantially increases the titrable acidity and often these high acid levels will cause the yeast fermentation to reduce or slow down considerably. Alcohol concentration in fermenter: High alcohol beers have a tendency to reduce fermentation at premature stage. It has been found that when yeast is in the reproductive phase it produces alcohol thirty times faster than the normal rate.


Suggested Change in the conventional Fermentation Process

BATCH TO DUAL

Alcohol is produced by fermentation of molasses with S Pombe yeast. In Conventional process only one fermenter is used. As alcohol concentration rises with time the reaction rate is becoming slower and the optimum alcohol concentration that could be achieved was only 7%.

In this newly suggested process, two fermenters and a spent wash holding tank are to be used. This results in faster reaction rate in first fermenter and increased alcohol concentration yield i.e 9% in second fermenter. The alcohol from second fermenter is part pumped to distillation column and part to filter through a strainer to remove yeast cream and recycled for use in first fermenter reducing yeast consumption. The clear fermented wash is collected in the spent wash holding tank and is pumped to distillation column for alcohol recovery. In this process twenty five percent of spentwash from distillation column is recycled and used for fermentation, thus reduction in equivalent quantity of water utilisation and effluent generation can be achieved. By adopting reboiler for concentrating spent wash from distillation column another fifteen percent of effluent quantity can be reduced. Thus total of forty percent waste minimization can be achieved.

Process Benefits

1. Production capacity is increased.

2. Achieves High fermentation efficiencies in the range of 89-90% 3. Results in High ethanol concentration of 8- 8.5% v/v in the fermented wash 4. As 25% spentwash is used for fermentation process less water is required and utilized. 5. Effluent quantity generated is less and hence the cost of treatment of spentwash can be reduced considerably 6. Pre-clarification of molasses is not necessary 7. The process is simple and economical 8. Addition of Bakers yeast is not essential like in Batch type plant.

9. Production costs are reduced.

12. Effluent quanitity is reduced ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL BENEFITS Capital cost incurred in conversion of Batch type distillery to this suggested Dual Process may be around Rs.75 lakhs for an existing 30KLPD Plant now converted to 60 KLPD plant.


Benefits due to increased alcohol yield: Increase in the yield of Alcohol = 1000 lit of Alcohol per day (@10 lit/ton of Molasses)

Savings due to increased alcohol yield is about Rs.18,00,000 per annum (@Rs.6per lit of alcohol) Thus total increase in profit available =Rs.18,00,000/ annum. (due to 100 more production days)

Pay back period for the change in process is about 2 yrs Table showing the benefits in a 30 KPLD Plant

Parameter CONVENTIONAL BATCH PROPOSED DUAL

Fermentation efficiency 80-83% 89-90%

Ethanol concentration 7% 8-8.5 % v/v

Spent wash water generation 172 m3/day 134.5 m3/day

% spent wash reuse Nil 25%

Steam used 59.3 T/d 51.9 T/d

Effluent Generation 450 m3/day 240 m3/day

S T E P T W O

SPENT WASH TREATMENT

CONVENTIONAL

The filler material is wetted with distillery spent wash water and then composted. In batch process the spent wash water generation is high and the requisite amount of filler material is not available. As a result the distillery is being run for 200 days only.

When Step One is implemented

With the proposed dual process the reduction in spent wash water helps the unit to run the distillery for 300 days i.e through out the year increasing overall profit.


SUGGESTED NEW METHOD OF IN SITU TREATMENT OF DISTILLER SPENT WASH AND GRAIN SPENT WASH

Rather than using a filler to absorb the spent wash and then compost the spent wash, we suggest to use the present spent wash collecting and storage pits to treat in situ with our Biosolve-DSW for obtaining water with reduced BOD, COD and color which will result in the following.

• All pathogens are removed. • CoD and BoD are under control. • Foul odours are minimized. • Hardness is reduced. • Heavy metals are precipitated • pH becomes neutral • Solids are flocculated so as once in a while say once in an year the accumulated sludge

can be removed and composted.

After one week from the start of the treatment with BiosolveDSW, the inflow and the out flow can be matched so that each storage pit/Tank becomes a continuous process. The resulting supernatant can be safely fed to agricultural fields.

In flow and out flow of the tank can be kept around 0.2% of the sorage capacity of the tank/ hour.

Salient Features:

• BOD reduction upto 90% • COD reduction of upto 70% • Higher resistance to toxicity and shock loadings

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOSOLVEDSW

• Acid accumulation • Carbon to Nitrogen ratio • Mixing or stirring or agitation. • Nutrients • PH or the hydrogen ion concentration • Pressure. • Retention time • Inoculation volume • Temperature • Total solid content of the Feed material • Toxicity due to end products. • Type of Feed stocks.


1) PH or Hydrogen ion Concentration

PH of the slurry changes as various stages of the digestion in the initial acid formation stage in the fermentation process. PH is around six or less and more of carbon dioxide is given off. In the latter two three weeks time, the PH increases as the volatile acid and nitrogen dioxide components are digested and CH4 is produced.

The ideal values of PH for digestion of sewage solid are reported to be in the range 7 to 7.5. But slightly higher value of 8.2 has been reported to be optimum for digestion of raw material.

2) Temperature Microbes present in BiosolveDSW work best at a temp between 32 to 38 .The fall inproduction starts at 20 and stops at 10 .The temp is very important factor since it affects the bacterial activity directly.

3) Total solid content

The total solid content in raw material should be 8 to 10%. The adjustment of total solid content helps in bio-digesting the material at faster rate.

4) Loading Rate

Loading is defined as the amount of raw material fed to the earlier Storage Tanks Now treatment ponds per day per unit volume. Optimum loading rate is about 0.5 to 1.0 kg. of volatile solid per m3 per day. If loading rate is so high, feed will accumulate and fermentation may stop.

5) Inoculam Dose

In non ambient conditions increase the dose rate of Biosolve DSW.

6) Uniform Feeding

One of the factors of good digestion is the uniform feeding of the treatment tank so that the micro organisms present in BiosolveDSW is kept in a relatively constant organic solid concentration at all times.

7) Carbon Nitrogen Ratio of Input Material

All living organisms require Carbon and Nitrogen.

The optimum carbon Nitrogen ratio that best suits for maximum microbiological activity is 30:1.

8) Diameter to Depth Ratio

Research investigation reveals that when the diameter to depth ratio was in the ranges 0.66 to 1.00.

9) Nutrients The major nutrient required by the bacteria in the Biosolve DSW are C, N2,02, H2, P & S of these nutrients

N2 and P are always in the short supply.


10) Mixing or Stirring

Since bacteria in the Biosolve DSW have very limited reach to their foods, it is necessary that the slurry is properly mixed and bacteria get their food supply. It is found that slight mixing improves the fermentation, however a violet slurry agitation retards the digestion.

11) Retention Time

The period of retention of the materials for bioremediation inside the treatment ponds is known as the retention period. It depends upon feed stock and temperature normal value of retention period is between 21 to 30 days and in some case 45 days.

12) Type of Feed Stocks

When feed stock is woody or contains more lignin than bio digestion of these feed stocks are in proportions.

13) Toxicity

The digested slurry if allowed to remain static in the treatment ponds beyond a certain time, it becomes toxic to the micro organisms and might cause fall in fermentation rate.That is reason for the advise of Inflow and outflow being made same after about 3-5 days.

14) Pressure

The pressure on the surface of slurry also affects the Fermentation. The rate of biodegradation is higher at low pressure.

15) Acid Accumulation inside the treatment Ponds:

Intermediate products such as acetic propionic acid, butyric acid are produced during the process of bio digestion.

Contents:

Aluminum Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Dolomite, Bentonite, Vermiculite, Calcium Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Macroporous Cation Exchange Resin, Macroporous Type I Anion Exchange Resin, OXY RICH, Poly Electrolytes, Chitin, Activated Carbon, Humic Substance, Protease, B.nitrobacter, B. nitrosomonas, Potash solubilising Microbes, S. boulardii, white rot-lignin-modifying fungus Flavodon flavus

SUGGESTED DOSE OF BiosolveDSW

In the Initial three days at the start of the treatment, Use @ 2g/ KL of Spent wash every day by mixing in suitable quantity of Wet sand and broadcasting evenly over the entire surface area.

Thereafter use @ 1g/ KL of Spent wash in similar manner as above.


For Better Results:

Keep the spent wash medium height around 7 m max.

Benefits:

• 5% of the storage is enhanced/ day • CoD and BoD are under control. • Confers to Pollution control Board parameters. • Continous process. • Easier disposal • Easy to operate • Economical • Increased output • No filler. • No Foul odours. • No Hardness in the Water used out for use in Agricultural fields. • No Heavy metals in the Water used out for use in Agricultural fields. • No solid management and handling • Resulting Spent wash is safe for aquatic animals, agricultural crops, birds etc. • No Capital expenditure.

References

1. , N. B.; Kapadnis, B. P. (School Environmental Sciences, Univ. Poona, Pune, India). Indian J. Environ. Health, 37(2), 84-7 (English) 1995. CODEN: IJEHBP. ISSN: 0367-827X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA 123:207790 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Patil & Kapadnis have studied decolorization of spentwash melanoidin pigment by chem. and biol. methods. Spentwash from an anaerobic digester was treated with hydrogen peroxide, calcium oxide and soil bacteria. At 144 h. of incubation at varied concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the maximum decolorization and COD reduction was 98.67 and 88.40%, respectively.

2. Chapman, J. A.; Correll, R. N.; Ladd, J. N. (Department of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia). Rev. Fr. Oenol., 152, 47-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: RFOEE4. ISSN: 0395-899X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:121955 Chapman et al has reported that wineries produce about 2-5 L wastewater/L of table wine manufactured. Wastewater is gaining recognition as a potential source of supplementary irrigation water, particularly in districts where restrictions have been placed on the use of groundwater for irrigation. Winery wastewater is usually lagooned, to allow solids to settle, before applying the effluent to soil. Lagooned winery and distillery effluents contain about 0.5-2 and 3-15 g organic carbon per liter respectively. This soluble carbon must be removed from the effluent to avoid unacceptable increases in the organic carbon in groundwater receiving excess water from the irrigated sites. The removal of soluble organic C from winery and distillery wastewater by adsorption and microbial decay in soils was detected under different levels of carbon loading.


3. Shen, X.; Bousher, A.; Edyvean, R. G. J. (Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK). IChemE Res. Event—Eur. Conf. Young Res. Chem. Eng., 1st, Volume 1, 469-71. Inst. Chem. Eng.: Rugby, UK. (English) 1995. CODEN: 61OUA9. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 45, 49, CA 123:122024

4. A study was conducted by Shen et alto remove color from a chemical manufacturing

effluent. The effluent contained high levels of soluble organic compounds. The effluent was intensely black, the high solubility of colored constituents made common coagulation or adsorption techniques unsuitable for color removal. Results showed that a combination of FeCl 2 .H 2 O (as a reducing agent), lime, and bone charcoal removed 97% of the color.

5. Brown, William M.; Trevino, Maria (Baker Hughes, Inc., USA). U.S. U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,536 A Mar. 7, 1995, 5 pp. (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-56. NCL: 210727000. APPLICATION: U.S. Ser. No. 93-57879 May 7, 1993. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:40265

6. After or during initial contact of the wastewater with the composition comprising polyaluminum chlorohydrate and a cationic polyelectrolyte, an organic liq. may optionally be added after which separation into an aq. phase and an organic phase occurs whereby the organic acids are removed in the organic phase which was reported by Brown & Trevino. The preferred polyaluminum chlorohydrate is aluminum chlorohydrate, and the preferred cationic polyelectrolyte is a high mol. wt. poly(di-Me diallyl)ammonium chloride.

7. Stuchl, Ivan (Vyzk. Ustav Cukrovarnicky, CUKRSPOL Praha-Modrany, a. s., Prague-Modrany, Czech Rep.). Listy Cukrov. Reparske, 111(1), 14-20 (Czech) 1995. CODEN: LCUREK. ISSN: 1210-3306. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 122:321440

8. Alexoiu, N. Elena (Intreprinderea pentru Industrializarea Sfeclei de Zahar, Tandarei, Rom.). Rom. RO 100158 B1 Oct. 25, 1991, 5 pp. (Romania). CODEN: RUXXA3. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-52. ICS: C02F001-72. APPLICATION: RO 87-131339 Dec. 28, 1987. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 119:55336

9. Alexoiu has reported that treatment of wastewater containing >10 g biodegradable organic substances/L includes (1) sedimentation for 40-140, (2) oxidation and chlorination for 120-160 min with 0.2-1.5 mol NaOCl/L and (3) 2-stage coagulation-flocculation with 50-500 mL Al sulfate/L followed by decantation. The treatment saves electrical energy and treatment agents. Typically, the treatment decreases the BOD5 value of the wastewater from 5000 to 60 mg/L.


10. 7. Thananonniwat, Direk; Jatikavanich, Suchada; Sihanonth, Prakitsin (Fac. Sci., Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok 10330, Thailand). Microb. Util. Renewable Resour., Volume Date 1990, 7, 457-64 (English) 1991. CODEN: MURRE6. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16, 44, CA 117:55118

11. Thananonniwat et al have screened of 380 fungal strains isolated from Thai soil, fungal strain D-1 to decolorize molasses wastewater and produce polysaccharides at the same time. Conditions such as environmental factors and medium compn that affects growth, decolorization efficiency, and polysaccharide production were studied. Molasses wastewater supplemented with 2.5% glucose and 0.1% yeast ext., with the initial pH adjusted to 5.0, agitated on rotary shaker at 200 rpm, and incubated at 30° C. gave the max. growth rate of ˜0.6257 g dried mycellal wt. per 100 mL of medium, max. decolorization activity of ˜97%, max. polysaccharide prodn. of ˜0.355 g, and the max dried matter wt. per 100 mL of medium.

12. 8. Ichikawa, Hiroyasu; Taira, Naohide; Wada, Shinji; Tatsumi, Kenji (Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Department, National Institute Resources and Environment, Tsukuba 305, Japan). Mizu Kankyo Gakkaishi, 19(12), 1004-1008 (Japanese) 1996 Nippon Mizu Kankyo Gakkai CODEN: MKGAEY. ISSN: 0916-8958. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 126:135031

13. A sol. of molasses wastewater, pretreated by activated sludge, was ozonated and then completely decolorized by ozone by Ichikawa et al. Total organic C (TOC) could be reduced only to ˜50% during a period of 60 min ozonization. The ozonated solution, after being mixed with activated sludge culture, was incubated for 10 days at 25° C., and biodegradability was then assessed by dissolved organic C (DOC) reduction. DOC of the nonozonated solution could hardly be reduced even after 10 days incubation, indicating biodegradability. For the ozonated solution of pretreated molasses wastewater, a DOC removal of >70% was achieved and DOC in the solution was <10 mg/L. Ozonization greatly improved the biodegradability of refractory organic compounds. A solution of molasses wastewater was ozonated directly. Ozone decolorized ˜90% of the molasses wastewater but TOC was reduced only to ˜8%. Biodegradability of ozonated molasses wastewater was improved.

9. Allen C J, Mackay M J, Aylward J H and Campbell J A, Keating and Wilson, Ed.,

CAB,International, Wallingford, UK, 1997, 267-285.

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11 Rajukkannu K and Manickam T S, Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Environment, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 1997, 286-290.


12. Valliappan K, Recycling of distillery spentwash and ecofriendly effective

reclamation technology for soils, Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore, India, 1998.

13. Murugaragavan R, Distillery spentwash on crop production in dryland soils. M. Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 2002.

14. Joshi H C, Pathak H, Choudhary A and Kalra N, Fertilizer News 1996, 41, 41.

Ramana S, Biswas A K and Singh A B , Bioresour. Tech., 2002, 84, 295.

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Process biochem., 1998, 33, 75.

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Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk

Reduction Engineering Laboratory, June 1991.

17. Rao T S and Viraraghavan T, Treatment of Distillery Wastewater (spentwash)-

Indian Experience, 40th PIWC,1985, 53-58.

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Joshi H C, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Management of Fisheries in

Inland Open Water Systems of India, Barrackpore, West Bengal,1988, 23-30.

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Environmental Pollution (ICPRP-3), Lucknow, 2005, p 505.


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