BIOSECURITY FOR BIOSECURITY FOR CONTROL OF BIRD CONTROL OF BIRD FLU AND FUTURE FLU AND FUTURE STRATEGY WITH STRATEGY WITH REFERENCE TO REFERENCE TO

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL SCENERIOSCENERIO

BY-BY-Dr. A.T.VenugopalanDr. A.T.Venugopalan

RECENT DEVELOPMENTSRECENT DEVELOPMENTS

H1:15 H1:16 H1:15 H1:16 N1: 09 N1:10 N1: 09 N1:10

ENDEMIC IN 16 COUNTRIESENDEMIC IN 16 COUNTRIES SOUTH-EAST ASIA: 11 COUNTRIESSOUTH-EAST ASIA: 11 COUNTRIES 140 MILLION POULTRY CULLED140 MILLION POULTRY CULLED PERSISTENT RESERVOIRPERSISTENT RESERVOIR HUMAN 228 CASES – 130 FATALHUMAN 228 CASES – 130 FATAL LARGEST CLUSTER OF HUMAN INFECTION IN LARGEST CLUSTER OF HUMAN INFECTION IN

INDONESIAINDONESIA AI INFECTED COUNTRIES – 57 AI INFECTED COUNTRIES – 57

PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION AGAINST AIAGAINST AI

USED IN FRANCE AND NETHERLANDSUSED IN FRANCE AND NETHERLANDS FOR SPECIFIC BIRDS IN SPECIALIZED FOR SPECIFIC BIRDS IN SPECIALIZED

REGIONSREGIONS VIGOROUS SURVEILLANCE AND VIGOROUS SURVEILLANCE AND

CONTROL MEASURESCONTROL MEASURES 14/25 EU COUNTRIES REPORTED AI14/25 EU COUNTRIES REPORTED AI H5N1 IN MAMMAL: CAT & MARTENH5N1 IN MAMMAL: CAT & MARTEN

IMPACT OF AI – FAO/OIE/WHO

ENDEMIC IN 16 COUNTRIES POTENTIAL FOR A PANDEMIC HUAN

INFLUENZA WORLD BANK ESTIMATES LOSS OF

2% GDP OF WORLD

RECOMMENDATIONS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND

SURVEILANCE FOR INTERNATIONAL CO-ORDINATION

NATIONAL/REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL CO-ORDINATION

SURVEILLANCE VACCINATION POST VACCINATION SURVEILLANCE BIOSECURITY RESEARCH PRIORITIES

HUMAN INFLUENZAHUMAN INFLUENZA

CASES DEATHCASES DEATH20032003 3 3 3 320042004 46 32 46 3220052005 95 41 95 412006 to 2006 to 06/06/200606/06/2006 81 52 81 52

TOTALTOTAL 225 128 225 128

OIEOIE

• NAINAI• HPNAIHPNAI• LPNAILPNAI• Notifiable poultry diseasesNotifiable poultry diseases• Freedom from NAIFreedom from NAI• Freedom from HPNAIFreedom from HPNAI• TAHC OF 2006TAHC OF 2006• International Veterinary CertificatesInternational Veterinary Certificates• Disease free Country / Zone / Disease free Country / Zone /

CompartmentsCompartments

DIRECTIVE 2005/94/EC

Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfares

EFSA TAHC – OIE MDTV – OIE ECDC

CONTROL OF LPAICONTROL OF LPAI

Control measures of LPAI ; differ from Control measures of LPAI ; differ from HPAIHPAI

R 853/2004 – Specific Hygienic Rules R 853/2004 – Specific Hygienic Rules for foods of animal originfor foods of animal origin

R 852/2004 – Hygiene of Food StuffsR 852/2004 – Hygiene of Food Stuffs

SUSPECTED OUT BREAKSSUSPECTED OUT BREAKS

POULTRY STATISTICSPOULTRY STATISTICS NO POULTRY OR OTHER CAPTIVE NO POULTRY OR OTHER CAPTIVE

BIRDS MAY ENTER OR LEAVE THE BIRDS MAY ENTER OR LEAVE THE HOLDINGSHOLDINGS

NO EGGS LEAVE THE HOLDINGSNO EGGS LEAVE THE HOLDINGS MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONMOVEMENT RESTRICTION PROTECTION ZONE : 3 KMPROTECTION ZONE : 3 KM SURVEILLANCE ZONE : 10 KMSURVEILLANCE ZONE : 10 KM

EUEU

RESTRICTION ON MOVEMENT OF —RESTRICTION ON MOVEMENT OF —

VEHICLESVEHICLES PERSONS FOR FEED SUPPLY, EGG PERSONS FOR FEED SUPPLY, EGG

COLLECTIONCOLLECTION TRANSPORT TO SLAUGHTER HOUSETRANSPORT TO SLAUGHTER HOUSE VETERINARIANS OR PERSONS VETERINARIANS OR PERSONS

SUPPLYING FARM EQUIPMENTSSUPPLYING FARM EQUIPMENTS

EUEU

LPAI CONFIRMEDLPAI CONFIRMED

CONTROL MEASURES SIMILAR TO CONTROL MEASURES SIMILAR TO HPAIHPAI

DEPOPULATION:DEPOPULATION:

1.1. KILLEDKILLED

2.2. SLAUGHTERSLAUGHTER RESTRICTION ZONE : 1 KMRESTRICTION ZONE : 1 KM

DIAGNOSIS OF AVIAN INFLUENZA DIAGNOSIS MANUAL OF OIE

MINIMUM BIOSECURITY REQUIREMENTS & QUALITY STANDARD TO BE OBSERVED BY APPROVED LABS CARRYING OUT TESTS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF AI

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS : HPAI / LPAI

DIVA

AI VIRUSES, GENOMES, ANTIGENS,VACCINES FOR RESEARCHES, DIAGNOSIS OR MANUFACTURE OF VACCINES SHALL BE MANIPULATED OR USED ONLY IN PLACES OR ESTABLISHMENTS OR LABS APPROVED BY COMPETENT AUTHORITIES.

REFERENCE LABORATORIES NATIONAL LABORATORIES FIELD LABORATORIES

EU VACCINATIONS

EMERGENCY VACCINATION

An Outbreak Within the Member States An Outbreak in a Nearby Member State AI Confirmed in Poultry or Other Captive

Birds in a Nearby Third Country DIVA Vaccine

EU VACCINATIONS

PREVENTIVE VACCINATION IN POULTRY OR OTHER CAPTIVE BIRDS

Long term measures Risk assessment Types of husbandry DIVA vaccine Record of vaccinated animals Serology of vaccinated stock Surveillance on vaccination area Approval of Preventive Vaccination Plan

EU BIOSECURITY

Approval of the Disinfectants A thorough soaking of bedding and litters as

well as fecal matter with disinfection Dismantling of equipments and installations Cleaning by brushing and scrubbing Final disinfection

EU BIOSECURITY

CONTAMINATED BEDDING, MANURES, SLURRY

Steam treatment at 70°C Burning Deep burial Stacked to heat sprayed with disinfectants for

at least 42 days

MASS VACCINATION AGAINST POULTRY

ECDC WARNING Surveillance for human cases may becoming

harder

Silent circulation of H5N1 in poultry

Indonesian episodes

Monitoring in the Vaccination zone

20 serum samples per flock HI titer greater than 1:16 in more than 70% tested

samples to prove that vaccination is effective. 30 to 60 clearly identified unvaccinated sentinel birds

must be placed in each house. 10 to 20 serum samples collected from sentinels

must be tested every 30 – 45 days (ELISA/HI). If the sentinels seroconvert the flock is considered

avian influenza positive and must be culled.

H9N2 H9N2 is a potential pathogen H9N2 has got genetic relationship with

H5N1 Since 1990 always H9N2 is followed by H5

or H7 H9 alone in SPF chicks – 0% mortality; but

along with E.Coli or coliforms- 80% mortality Under field conditions H9 is a potential

pathogen: PAKISTAN – 80% IRAN -- 60%

Vaccination Against AI – FACTS

ADVANTAGES

1. Vacc. Reduces risk of infections

2. Higher amount of viruses needed for infecting vaccinated animals

3. Vacc. Flock is less likely to have AI

4. If outbreaks occurs in vacc. flock-

a) Slower spread b) Reduced mortality

DISADVANTAGES

1. Vacc. Doesn’t provide 100% protection

2. Vaccinated flock still become infected if there is field exposure with high levels

3. Mask the outbreak of disease4. Risk of spreading5. Vaccination without

surveillance may lead to endemic infection of LPAI

6. Strict surveillance is absolutely essential

7. Strict surveillance in large scale - expensive

TRADE IMPLICATIONS

Fresh meat, meat products and table eggs from vaccinated poultry can be traded.

Once accompanied by a veterinary certificate verifying that they have come from healthy virus free poultry.

The same stipulations applies to third countries who are seeking trade with EU

CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR HPAI (H5N1) IN ASIAINCIDENT ACTION PLAN

Preventing contact b/w susceptible animals and HPAI agents is accomplished by the following actions: quarantine and movement controls, biosecurity measures and epidemiological investigations with risk assessments, tracing and surveillance.

Stopping the production of the agent by the infected animals.

Increasing the disease resistance of susceptible animals. This is accomplished by strategic vaccination.

LIVESTOCK LAWS OF MONGOLIA Under existing laws owners of animals are

required to report infectious diseases including AI, to veterinarians.

Veterinary authorities are empowered to take appropriate action against infected farms and pay compensation for livestock that are destroyed.

The main livestock law is supported by a number of regulations.

DIAGNOSIS IN MONGOLIA

A small nos. of antigen detection kits for use in the event of a suspected outbreak of disease.

Reagents for immunofluroscence on impression smears from dead birds.

Reagents for performing HI tests. Reference antiserum for H5, H7, and H9

viruses to allow partial identification of AI viruses.

IDENTIFIED BIOSAFETY LABORATORIES NATIONAL REFERENCE CENTER1. National Institute of Virology, Pune REGIONAL REFERENCE CENTERS1. National Institute of Communicable

Diseases, Delhi2. King Institute of Preventive Medicine,

Chennai3. Virology Section, AIIMS, New Delhi4. NICED (Virus Unit), Kolkata

TESTING OF LOCAL POULTRY FARMS IN MONGOLIA

Local poultry farms will be tested for AI antibody

A total samples of 14 will be collected from each poultry farm. Samples will be tested initially by gel diffusion. Any positive samples will be tested by HI using H5, H7 and H9 antigens.

TESTING OF WILD BIRDS

MONGOLIA

RT-PCR for influenza virus will be conducted on all samples.

LIVESTOCK LAWS: MONGOLIA

Under existing laws owners of animals are required to report infectious diseases to veterinarians.

Veterinary authorities are empowered to take appropriate action action against infected farms.

The main livestock law is supported by a number of regulations.

AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCESURVEILLANCE

► No country can declare itself free from avian No country can declare itself free from avian influenza in wild birdsinfluenza in wild birds

► Surveillance for NAI should be in the inform of Surveillance for NAI should be in the inform of continuing programme designed if established continuing programme designed if established that the country, zone or compartments for that the country, zone or compartments for which application is made is free from NAIV which application is made is free from NAIV infection.infection.

► A surveillance system in accordance with A surveillance system in accordance with appendix 3.8.1 should be under the appendix 3.8.1 should be under the responsibility of the veterinary administration in responsibility of the veterinary administration in particular.particular.

AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCESURVEILLANCE

► NAI surveillance programme should:NAI surveillance programme should:

1.1. Early WarningEarly Warning

2.2. Approved laboratoryApproved laboratory

3.3. Serological/ Virological monitoringSerological/ Virological monitoring

4.4. Active / Passive surveillanceActive / Passive surveillance

NAI FREE ESTABLISHMENT NAI FREE ESTABLISHMENT WITH IN HPAI FREE WITH IN HPAI FREE COMPARTMENTSCOMPARTMENTS

3.X.X.63.X.X.6 Absence of NAIV INFECTIONSAbsence of NAIV INFECTIONS Random testing of virus Random testing of virus

detection/isolations and serology interval – detection/isolations and serology interval – 21 days21 days

Lab results 3.X.X.7Lab results 3.X.X.7 Official test – HI test is reliableOfficial test – HI test is reliable AGID – NP/H antibodies in chickenAGID – NP/H antibodies in chicken

ARTICLE 2.7.12.12ARTICLE 2.7.12.12

When importing from a HPNAI free country, zone When importing from a HPNAI free country, zone or compartment veterinary administrations or compartment veterinary administrations

should require:should require:Eggs for human consumptionEggs for human consumption

Come from a country, zone or compartment Come from a country, zone or compartment free from HPAI.free from HPAI.

Come from establishments in which there has Come from establishments in which there has been no evidence of NAI in the past 21 days.been no evidence of NAI in the past 21 days.

Have had their surfaces sanitized (in Have had their surfaces sanitized (in accordance with Article 3.4.1.7) and are accordance with Article 3.4.1.7) and are transported in new packing material.transported in new packing material.

LABORATORY NETWORKSLABORATORY NETWORKSAPPROVED LABS FOR AI WORKSAPPROVED LABS FOR AI WORKS

STATE VETERINARY COLLGES REGIONAL DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC LABS (RDDLS) OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRYING HSADL, BHOPAL IVRI, IZZATNAGAR IVRI, BANGALORE IVRI, KOLKATA IVRI, MUKTESWAR

ALL TOGETHER MORE THAN 40 LABSALL TOGETHER MORE THAN 40 LABS

RANBAXY, INDIA – 14.02.06 – 350 CENTERS – RESULT IN 24 Hrs. – 14.02.06 – 350 CENTERS – RESULT IN 24 Hrs.

File No: 5091/2003. LDT (Aq) 27.5.05; Notification of AHD: 3.2.04; File No: 5091/2003. LDT (Aq) 27.5.05; Notification of AHD: 3.2.04; Press Release: 3.2.04Press Release: 3.2.04

IN OTHER COUNTRIESIN OTHER COUNTRIES

USA > 40 LABORATORIESUSA > 40 LABORATORIES

Pakistan > 12 LABORATORIESPakistan > 12 LABORATORIES

Canada > 7 LABORATORIESCanada > 7 LABORATORIES

DOMESTIC BIRD SURVEILLANCEDOMESTIC BIRD SURVEILLANCEPOULTRYPOULTRY

CANADA:12 birds from about 60 farms in each CANADA:12 birds from about 60 farms in each sectorsector

USDA: 60 birds/month at each establishmentUSDA: 60 birds/month at each establishmentBreeder flocks: tested through out lifeBreeder flocks: tested through out lifeSentinel birds: DAHD 3%Sentinel birds: DAHD 3%Namakkal:3 croresNamakkal:3 croresSentinel: 9 lakhsSentinel: 9 lakhsBhopal Lab: 1,00,000 per yearBhopal Lab: 1,00,000 per yearNamakkal Alone: 9 years for one set of samples Namakkal Alone: 9 years for one set of samples

CREATION OF DISEASE FREE COMPARTMENT /

ESTABLISHMENT Draft is prepared by State Government as per

updated international guidelines. OIE FAO WHO WTO SPS

TAMILNADU

1. Tamilnadu is largest exporter of: Table eggs and Egg products.

Without export the price stability can not be maintained. The industry is day by day detoriating due to financial crisis. As on date a farmer of Namakkal ( 1 lakh layer population is incurring loss of Rs. Of 15,000/-to Rs. 20,000/- per day). 80% of egg exported from India originates from Tamilnadu.

TAMILNADU

2. For creation of Disease free compartment/Disease free establishment

One or two compartmentTotal establishment – 50 unitsEgg products – 15Export of egg – 35

3. Approved Labs :TANUVAS – 3 ( as per WHO/OIE/FAO guidelines)AHD 17 – as per FAO guide lines.

4. No additional expenditure:Already man power/equipments buildings available.

BIOSECURITY

1. FARM ENTRANCE2. SHED3. WATER4. FEED5. ENVIRONMENT6. MORTALITY7. PRODUCTION8. EVALUATION OF BIOSECURITY

CHEMO-STERILANT

1. ETHYLENE OXIDE2. CHLORINE DI OXIDE3. HYDROGEN PER OXIDE4. PAR ACETIC ACID5. GLUTERALDEHYDE6. FORMALDEHYDE

USE OF CHEMO STERILANT

• WATER: HP• FEED: FORMALIN• ENVIRONMENT: Clo2• Laboratory Evaluation

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES FOR POULTRY

1. GARLIC2. COLLOIDAL SILVER3. OIL OF OREGANO4. ECHINACEA5. GRAPE SEED EXTRACT6. ANTIOXIDANTS