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BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONFOR SEPTUAGINT AND COGNATE STUDIES

Volume 17 Fall, 1984

Minutes of the IOSCS Meeting, SalamancaFinancial ReportNews and NotesRecord of Work Published or in ProgessThe Stratigraphy of the Text of Daniel andthe Question of Theological Tendenzin the Old Greek

Sharon PaceThe Use of a Computerized Data Base forSeptuagint Research: The Greek-HebrewParallel Alignment

Emanuel TovThe Use of the Computerized Data Base forthe Study of Septuagint RevisionsPaul Lippi

1237

15

36

48

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BULLETIN IOSCSPublished Annually Each Fall byTHE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FORSEPTUAGINT AND COGNATE STUDIES

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEPresidentAlber t PietersmaDept. Near Eastern StudiesUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5S lA l

CanadaVice PresidentRobert Hanhar tSeptuag in a- Un ernehmenTheaters t rasse 7

3400 GottingenSecretaryLeonard GreenspoonDept. HistoryClemson UniversityClemson, South Carolina29631TreasurerWalter R. Bodine

Dallas TheologicalSeminary3909 Swiss AvenueDallas, Texas 75204Associate EditorMel vin K. H. PetersDept. ReligionDuke UniversityDurham, North Carolina706

Honorary PresidentHarry M. OrlinskyHebrew Union CollegeJewish Inst . ReligionOn e W. Fourth Stree tNew York, NY 10012

Immediate Past PresidentJohn Wm WeyersDept. Near Eastern StudiesUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5S lA lMembers-at-LargeGeorge HowardDept. Philosophy andReligionUniversity of GeorgiaAthens , Georgia 30602

Robert A. KraftDept . Religious StudiesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

19174

Emanuel To vDept. of BibleHebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael

Dame: r 1 i d i a l ~ a 46556

MINUTES OF THE lOSeS MEETING27 August 1983 - Salamanca, Spain

Albert Pietersma, President of the lOSeS, presiding1. E. Ulrich gave the minutes of th e December 1982 meeting of th elOSeS in New York. These were accepted.2. A. Pietersma reported:

A. The proceedings of th e Salamanca meeting will be published,edited by N. Fernandez Marcos. Gratitude wa s expressed toProfessor Fernandez Marcos fo r this in a formal motion byJ; W. Weyers and seconded by E. Ulrich.B. The roses will no t meet with th e SBL.in Dallas in December1983 because of th e timing an d location of th e SBL meeting;because th e IOSCS has had its meeting with th e IOSOT inSalamanca; because th e lOSCS is an international organization,separate from th e SBL.C. The lOSCS ha s approximately $1385, reported in th e absenceof the Treasurer.

3. E. To v expressed thanks to the President fo r hi s work in organizing th e Salamanca meeting.4. J. W. Wevers moved that a letter of protest be sent to the SB Lfo r scheduling a meeting opposite th e meeting of th e IOSCS.This wa s carried.5. C. Cox reported that the membership of th e SC S editorial committee will be N. Fernandez Marcos (Spain), E. To v (Israel) .M. Mulder (Holland). an d 1. Soisalon-Soininen (Finland).6. J. Lust inquir,ed about the payment of IOSCS dues for Europeanmembers: there is a problem of banking charges . E. i l lr ich suggested adding a couple of people outside Holland (where A. va nde r Kooij can be sent funds) who would be able to receive dues.

Claude Co xfo r th e S e c r ~ t a r y

1

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4 BULLETIN lOses

[ I l l studies on th e LXX and the Hebrew t ex t , including th e en tangled relationships of t ex tual and l i terary his tory (Barthelemy),th e develop men of a II read ing tradition" of th e Hebrew t ex t (Revell),th e LXX t rans lators ' misunderstanding of their Hebrew text (Tov) ,an d a complete 'list of th e varian t readings in th e Qumran LXX MSSplus th e publicat ion of th e newly-identified fragments of 4QLXXDeut(Ulrich) ;

[III] studies on th e linguistic an d translational aspects of th eLXX, including the originality of Kyrios or the Tetragram in th eLXX (Pletersma), the problem of the numbers in Numbers 1 , 2 , 26(Quast ) , the t ransla tion of the Hebrew personal pronoun when i tfunctions as subject (Soisalon-Soininen) , and the milieu of 1 Esdrasin th e l igh t of i ts vocabulary (Talshir); an d

[IV] stud ies on exegetical, recensional, an d translational aspects of th e transmission of th e LXX, including early exegesis inth e Greek of Deut 21: 1- 9 (Dian), th e Lucianic text in th e Books ofKingdoms (Fernandez lvfarcos), Josephus ' textual witness to th egenealogies in Ge n 5: 3-28 an d 11: 10-26 (Fraenkel ) , the form of th etext of Is a 59:20f in Rom 11:26f (Schaller), a Cicilcian Revision ofth e Armenian Bible (Cox), the place of Sy hTwithin th e LXX t ex tualtradition of Deuteronomy (Perkins) , and the textual affiliations ofGc n 1: 1-4:2 according to Papyrus Bodmer II I (Peters ) .

Th e rich volume begins with a biographical note an d concludeswith a bibliography of this bene meritus Septuagintalist .

Julio Trebolle pubLished this year Jehu y J06s: Texto y com-posicion l i teraria de 2 Reyes 9 ~ 1 l , a book-length s tudy paral le l inghis earlier Salomon y J e l ~ o b o 6 n an d utilizing th e methodology hedescribed in his article in BIOSeS 15 (982) 12-35.

The first par t of th e book analyzes both on the broad scale andwith specific examples th e main ancient textual witnesses: the VetusLatina (which a1. t imes l eads to th e recovery of th e Ol d Greek whenth e la tter is no longer extant) , th e Ol d Greek (which sometimeswitnesses to a Hebrew text at variance with an d superior to th e MT),an d th e MT , in order to la y a reliable basis fo r th e l i terary an d

NEWS AND NOTES 5

historical analysis whieh follows.Th e sec

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6 BULLETIN IOSCS

In a volume entitled Simposio Biblico Espanal (Salamanca, 1982)N. Fernandez Marcos, J . Trebolle Barrera, and J. F ernandez Va11inahave collected and edited the papers presented at th e national symposium celebrated at th e University of Salamanca, 26-29 September1982. Th e double purpose of th e symposium was to reflec t th e pres -ent s tate of Spanish scholarship in the diverse fields which relateto the s tudy of th e OT. and to anticipate th e f irst meeting in Spainof th e rOSOT in conjunction with th e lOSeS an d th e lOMS [also heldat Salamanca, 26 August - 4 September 1983; th e lOSeS paper s willbe edited by Fernandez Marcos, th e lOMS papers by E. FernandezTejera, an d th e publication details listed in next year1s Bulletin].

The volume is quite large (772 pages) and covers a broad rangeof topics . Thus , mention ca n be made only of th e categories intowhich the papers are grouped and the names of authors t reat ingsubjects related to th e LXX: th e bibliographic details of th e la tterca n be found in th e IIRecord of Work. 11

Th e paper s are grouped into nine categories: [I ] Archaeologyand the Bible; [II] The Ancien t Orient and th e Bible, including anarticle by J. Teixidor: [III] The Hebrew Text, including L. F . GironBlanc, L. Vegas Montaner, E. Fernandez Tejero, and M. T. OrtegaMonasterio; [IV] The Greek Text , including J. C. Trebolle Barrera,N. Fernandez Marcos, M. V. Spottorno y Dlaz Caro, an d J. GonzalezLuis; [V] Books of th e O T; [VI] Themes of th e O T: [VII] Th eTargum, including J. Ribera i Florit, R. Vicent Saera, J. FernandezVallina, D. Munoz Leon, an d A. Rodr{guez Carmona: [VIII] Intertestamental Literature, including L. Diez Merino, F. GarCIa MartInez,an d A. Pinero Saenz: an d [IX] Hispanohebrew Exegesis. The volumecloses with a discourse on ITThe Bible in Spain: History and th ePresent. I To each article is appended a summary in English.

The volume is well printed and, though large, well bound. Th eplates . the ma p (with th e exception of a few of th e smaller names onp . 44). and th e archaeological and textual char ts are clearly reproduced.

RECORD OF WORKPUBLISHED OR IN PROGRESS

Abercrombie, John R. 11 Computer Assisted Alignment of th e Greekan d Hebrew Texts-Programming Background 11 Textus 11 (1984)125-40. 'Ackroyd, Peter R . ITThe Book of Jeremiah-Some Recent Studies II47-54. 'SOT 28 (1984)Adler, William. lIComputer Assis ted Morphological Analysis of th eSeptuagint , T Textus 11 (1984) 1-16.Altha:r:-n, Robert . A Philological Analysis of Jeremiah 4- 6 in

LIght of Northwest Semitic. BibOr 38. Rome: BiblicalInsti tute , 1983.th e

Bampfylde, G. "The Prince of th e Host in th e Book of Daniel an dth e Dead Sea Scrolls, 1 JS J 14 (1983) 129-34.B a r t ~ e 1 ; m J . ' . D . lIUenchevetrement de Phistoire textuelle et de Phistoire

h t t ~ r ~ l r e d l ~ n s le s relations entre la Septante et le Texte Massoret lque. pp. 21-40 in De Septuaginta [see under Pietersma] .Ben-!av id , Yisrael. lIPausal Forms in Verses Lacking th e 'etnahta'th e Twenty-One Books,11 Textus 11 (984) ' lb - t{) ( H e b r e ~ ) .Brodie , T h . ~ . I I L u ~ e 7,36-50 as an Internalization of 2 Kgs 4,1-37:A Study m Luke s Us e of Rhetorical Imitation,lI Bib 64 (1983)

457-85. [Includes section: 11 Luke and Us e of th e LXX".]Casaline. Nello, ? F .M . "2 Sam 12.14: problema litterario e crit icode l testo,lI Llber Annuus Studii Bibl ici Franciscani 33 (1983)57-74.Cook, J. IIResente tekstuele verwikkelinge m di e Targumim,lINederuits Gereformeerde Teologlese Tydskr i f 24 (1983) 272-77.Cox, Claude. (1 ) 1I0rigen 1s Us e of Theodotion in th e Elihu Speeches 11The,S,econd Century 3 (1983) 89-98. (2) lIConcerning a Cilician '

Revls,lon of th e Armenian Bible," pp . 209-22 in De Septuaginta.(3 ) Pletersma, A . . r:-d Cox, C., eds. De Septuaginta: Studies inH,onour of John WtllIam Wevers on hi s Sixty-f if th bir thday, Miss lssauga. Ont . : Benben. 1984.

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8 BULLETIN lOSCS

Crown, Alan D. IIAn Unpublished Fragment of a Samaritan TorahScroll," BJRL 64 (1982) 386-406.

Denis. A.-M. tiLes genres l i t teraires dans les pseudepigrapbesd'Ancien Testament , 1 JSJ 13 (1982) 1-5.

Dlez Merino, Luis. I 'Los 'vigilantes T en la l i teratura ~ n t e r t e s t a -t . " P 575-610 in Simposio Biblico Espanal [see underme n arla , p.Fernandez Marcos] .

D" PIE liThe Greek Version of Deut 21: 1-9 an d it s Variants:lon, au . 6 . D St' aA Record of Early Exegesis;' pp . 151- 0 II I e ep uagm[see under Pietersmal .

Emerton, J. A. "A Note on th e Alleged S e p t u ~ g i n t a l E v i d e ~ c e fo r *_th e Restoration of th e Hebrew Text of Isalah 34: 11-12, pp.36* in Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and GeographIcalStudies. 16. H. M. Orlinsky Volume. Jerusalem: IsraelExploration Society, 1982.

Fernandez Marcos, N. (1 ) liThe Lucianic Text in th e Boo:s ofK. d "p 161-74 in De Septuamnta [see under Pletersma] .ln g oms, P . 1;1' J d'" II(2) liLa Septuaginta Y lo s hallazgos_ del Desierto de u a,pp . 229-44 in Simposio BibIico EspanaI lsee next entry] . .-(3) Fernandez Marcos, N .; Trebolle Ba.::rera, J .; and FernandezVallina, J .; eds. Simposia Biblica Espanal (Salamanca, 1982).Madrid: Universidad Complutense, 1984.

Fernandez Tejero, Emilia. (1 ) "Masora y Exgesis,1I pp . 183-92 inSimposio Biblico Espanol [see under Fernandez Marcos] . . 2)ed . Estudios Masoreticos (V Congreso de Ia lOMS). Madrld:Insti tuto "Arias Montano ll C.S. I .C . , 1983.

Fernandez Vanina, Javier. "Targum y exegesis c o ~ t e m ? o r a . ~ e a :Algunos problemas m e t o d o l o g i c o ~ , 1 1 pp . 513-22 il l StmpOslOBiblico Espanol [see under Fernandez Marcos].

Fraenke1, Detlef. IIDie Uberlieferung der G e n e ~ l o g ~ e n Gen 5:.3-28un d Ge n 11 : 10-26 in den 'Antiquitates Iudalcae des F l a v ~ u sJosephus , II pp . 175-200 in De Septuaginta [see under Pletersma1.Garcla MartInez, Florentino. (1) "Salmos Apocrifos en Qumran,lIEstudios Biblicos 40 (1982) 197-220. (2) "El Rollo de l T ~ m p l oy la halaka. sectaria,'1 pp. 611-22 in Simposio Biblico Espanol

I se e under Fernandez Marcos] .GauO'er, J . D. "Zitate in der Judischen Apologet:ik un d di e Authen

t iz itat del' Hekataios-Passagen bei Flavius Josephus un d imPs . Aris teas-Brief , " JS J 13 (1982) 6-46.

""'!

RECORD OF WORK 9

Giron Blanc, Luis F. "El hebreo samaritano. Estado de la cuestion IIpp . 143-48 in Simposio Biblico Espanol [see under Fernandez 'Marcos] .

Globe, Alexander. IISerapion of Thmuis as Witness to the GospelText Used by Origen of Caesarea," NovT 26 (1984) 97-127.Gonzalez Luis, ~ o s e . "Los 'targumim ' y la version de Sfmaco, IIpp . 255-68 m Simpasio Biblico Espanol [see under Fernandez

Marcos] .Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. "The Textual Criticism of th e Ol d Testament,Rise, Decline, Rebirth,lI JB L 102 (983) 365-99.Grabbe, L. L. liThe En d of th e World in Early Jewish and ChristianCalculations, I RevQ 41 (1982) 107-8.Greenspoon, L. II Theodotian, Aquila, Symmachus, an d th e OldGreek of Joshua,lI pp . 82*-91* in Eretz-Israel 16 [see under

Emerton] .Grossfeld, Bernard. 0 ) The First Targum to Esther: According

to the Manuscript Paris Hebrew 110 of the Bibliotheque Nationale.(A Critical Edition). New York: Sepher-Hermon, 1983. (2)

C o n ~ o r ~ a n c e . of the First Targum to the Book of Esther. Societyof BIbhcal LIterature Aramaic Studies 5. Chico: Scholars, 1984.(3) ."The Translation of Biblical Hebrew lPEl in the Targum.PeshItta, Vulgate an d Septuagint , " ZAW 96 (1984) 83-101.

Hanhar t , Rober t . (1 ) ed . Tobit. Septuaginta. Gottingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1983. (2) Text un d Textgeschichtedes Buches Tobit. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1984.(3 ) "Z um gegenwartigen Stand del' Septuagintaforschung,1Ipp . 3-18 in De Septuaginta [see under Pietersma].

Hoegenhaven, Jesper. liThe First Isaiah Scroll from Qumran (1QIsa )an d th e Massoretic Text. Some Reflections with Special Regardto Isaiah 1-12,11 JSOT 28 (1984) 17-35.

Horsley, G. H. R.of th e Bible, I"Divergent Views on the Nature of th e GreekBib 65 (1984) 297-329.

Howard, G. IIRevision Toward th e Hebrew in the Septuagint Textof Amos, II pp . 125*-33* in Eretz-lsrael 16 [see under Emerton].Irwin, WUHam H. ITThe Punctuation of Isaiah 24: 14-16a an d 25:4c-5,"CBQ 46 (1984) 28-30.

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:11'"':II

10 BULLETIN IOSCS

Kilpatrick, G. D. Review of: K. H. Rengstorf , A Comple!e Concondance to Flavius Josephus. Volume IV: P - Q. (Lelden:E. J. Brill . 1983). in NovT 26 (1984) 191.

Klein, Ralph W. (1 ) 1 Samuel. Word Biblical ~ o m m e n t a r y 10 .Waco Texas: Word Books. 1983. (2) ReVIew o f : EmanuelTo v 'The Text-Crit ical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Resear'ch. (Jerusalem Biblical Studies 3; Jerusalem: Simor ,1981). in JBL 102 (1983) 448-50.

Kutsch, E. !'Die Textgl iederung im hebr . Ijobbuch," BZ 27(1983) 221-8.Ladouceur, David J . tiThe Language of Josephus , I JS J 14 (1983)

18-38.Larsson, Gerhard. liThe Chronology of the Penta teuch: A Compar ison of th e MT an d LXX, II JB L 102 (1983) 401-9.Levenson , Jon D. IIEzekiel in the Perspect ive of Tw o Commentators:Ezekiel 2, by Walther Zimmerli. H e r m e n e i a ~ A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible. Philadelphia: Fortress , 1983,an d Ezekiel 1 ~ 2 0 , by Moshe Greenberg . AB 22; Garden City,

Ne w York: Doubleday, 1983, In t 38 (984) 210-17. [Includesmusings on th e II wild-goose chase ll (p . 216) of textual crit icism.]Lippi , Paul. liThe Translation Technique and Textual Value of th e

MSS bo c 2e z in 2 Kings, II Ph .D. disserta t ion , Hebrew University(dir . : E. Tov) [in progress ] .Loader, J. A. liThe Model of the Priest ly Blessing in lQS,'1 JS J

14 (1983) 18-38.Lohfink, N. IIZ ur deuteronomischen Zentral isat ionsformel , I Bi b

65 (1984) 297-329.McNamara, Martin . IISome Recent Writings on Rabbinic Literaturean d th e Targums,1I Milltown Studies 9 (1982) 59-101.Marquis, Galen. liThe Transla t ion Technique Reflected in th eSeptuagin t of Ezekiel" [Hebrew], M.A. thes is , Hebrew

Universi ty , 1982 (dir . : E. Tov) .Mazor, Leah. liThe Septuagin t Transla t ion of Joshua. II Ph .D.disser tat ion, Hebrew University (dir . : E. Tov) [i n progress ] .Munoz Leon, Domingo. IITradiciones targumicas en el Baruc Sirfaco(I I Baruc) , I pp . 523-52 in Simposio Biblico Espanol [see under

Fernandez Marcos] .

RECORD OF WORK 11

Munnich, Olivier. 0 ) !IEtude lexicographique du Psaut ier de sSeptan te . 1 Doctorat de IIIeme cycle, Universite de Paris Sorb.. ~ n e , 1982 (dir . : M. Harl ) . (2 ) "Tradui re la Septan te :Eccleslaste XII, 1-8, I pp . 105-11 in LaZies 3 (Pari s , 1984).(3 ) IlLes fragments hexaplaires at t r ibues a 'Theodotion ' :contributi0r; a ' e tude des recensions de la Bible grec'que."Doctorat d'etat , Univers i te de Paris-Sorbonne (dir . M. Harl)[i n progress] .

O'Ca11aghan. J . 0 ) Review of: B.M.Metzger , Manuscripts of th eGreek Bible: An Introduction to Paleography (New York: Oxford,1981), in Bib 64 (983) 283-4. (2 ) Review of: Zaki Ali-LudwigKoenen, Three Rolls of th e Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy (Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen 27; Bonn:Rudolf Habel t , 1980), in Studia Papyrologica 21 (1982).

Oesch . J. M. IITextgliederung im Alten Testament und in de n Qumranhandschri f ten ," Henoch 5 (983) 289-321.Olofsson, Staffan . liThe Translation Technique of th e Septuagin t inth e Book of Psalms 41[42]-71[72J.1I Ph .D. disserta t ion , Uni

vers i ty of Uppsala [in progressJ .Ortega Monasterio, Marla Teresa . 1IE1 t ex to de los Codices Modelosegun el 'O r Torah de Menal}em de Lonzano, II pp . 193-212 in

Simposio Bib/ico Espanol [see under Fernandez Marcos].Pace , Sharon. liThe Ol d Greek Transla t ion of Daniel 7 - 12 . " Ph .D .d isserta t ion , Universi ty of Notre Dame [University Microfilms],

1984 (dir . : E. Ulrich).Perkins , Larry J . liThe Place of SyhT within th e LXX Textual

Tradition of Deuteronomy, II pp . 223-32 in De Septuaginta [seeunder PietersmaJ.Pete r s , Melvin K. H. 0 ) liThe Textual Affiliations of Genesis 1:1

4: 2 according to Papyrus Bodmer I I I , I pp . 233-46 in De Septuaginta [see under Pietersma]. (2) A Critical Edition of the Coptic, _(Bohairic) Pentateuch, vol. 1 Genesis [in press] . (3) Re view of: Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagintin Biblical Research. (Jerusalem Biblical Studies 3; Jerusalem:Simor, 1981), in JAOS [i n press ] . (4 ) Review of : J. A. Lee,A Lexical Study of th e Septuagint Version of th e Pentateuch(SCS 14 ; Chico: Scholars , 1983) in RelSRev [i n press ] .

Pietersma, A. (1) The Acts of Phileas Bishop of Thmuis. Cahiersd'Orientalisme 7. Geneva, 1984. (2) an d Cox. C., eds. DeSeptuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Weyers on hissixty-fifth birthday. Miss issauga, Ont . : Benben, 1984. (3 )IIKyrios or Tet ragram: A Renewed Quest fo r th e Original Septua-

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gint,lI pp . 85-101 in De Septuaginta. (4) ' ~ S e p t u a g i n t R e s e a r ~ h :A Plea fo r a Return to Basic Issues , I VT [m press l . (5) RevIewof : Joseph Zieg ler , ed . lob (Septuagin ta 11/4; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1982) in JB L [i n press ] .

Philonenko Marc. (1 ) l 'Andre Dupont-Sommer et la Sag-esse deS a l o m o ~ , II pp . 35-54 in Academie des Inscriptio .ns & B e l ~ e s - .Lettres: Comptes rendus des seances de Pannee :984, JanvIe!,,-.mars. Paris: Boccard, 1984. (2) ilLes ParaIipomenes de JeremlBet l a t raduct ion de Symmaque, II RHPR 64 (1984) 143-5.

Pinero Saenz, A. I lJose y Asenet y e1 Nuevo Testamento,lI pp . 623-35in Simposio Biblico Espanol [see under Fernandez Marcos].Polak, Frank H. I IJer. 23 :Z9-An Expanded Colon in th e LXX?11

Textus 11 (1984) 89-118.Portnoy, Stephen L . , an d Pete r s en , David L. "Biblical T ext s an d

Stahs hca l Analysis: ZecharIah and Beyond, 11 JBL 103 (1984) 11-21.Quast , Udo. nZahlen und Zahlenreihen in Numeri 26,11 p p . 103-14 inDe Septuaginta [see u n d e r Pietersmal .Raurell , F. IIMatisos septuagmtico-isai"tics en llus neotestamentari

de Idoxa,!l1 Estudios Franciscanos 84 (983) 297-314.Rengstorf , Karl Heinr ich , ed . A Complete Concordance to Flavius

Josephus. Vol. IV : P-Q. Leiden: Br:ill, 1983.Revell, E. J . ITLXX an d MT : Aspects of Relationship,ll pp . 41-51 in

De Septuaginta [see u n d e r Pietersma].Riaud , J . Review of: M. de Jonge, The Testament of Twelve.

Patriarchs: A Crit ical Edition of the Greek Text (Lelden: Brill,1978). in RevQ 41 (1982) 116-7.Ribera i Flori t , Josep . "Elementos comunes de l ~ a r ~ u m a .105 ?r

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Waard, J. de . (1) Review of: H. Heater , A Septuagint Translat ionTechnique in the Book o f Job (CBQMS 11;. Washington: Catholi c Biblical Associat ion , 1982). in RevQ 43 ( 9 8 3 ) 433-5. (2 ) Re view of: A. Aejmelaeus, Parataxis in the LXX: A Study of theRenderings of the Hebrew Coordinate Clauses in the GreekPentateuch. Annales Acaderniae Scient iarum Fennicae, Dissertahones Humanarum Lit terarum 31 (Helsinki, 1982). in Bib -65(1984) 121-4.

Zipor , Moshe. "I Sam. 13: 20-21 in th e Light of th e Ancient Vers i o n s - A Textual and Lexical Study, l l Textus 11 (1984)(Hebrew) .

BIoses 17 (1984) 15-35

THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL ANDTHE QUESTION OF THEOLOGICAL TENDENZ

IN THE OLD GREEK

Sharon PaceMarquette University

IntroductionPast s tudies of th e Ol d Greek (OG) text of Daniel have concen

trated on discovering the OG translator S unique theological per spective by isolating th e variants in the text of lithe Septuagint I(0 ' = LXX) as judged agains t th e Massoretic Text (MT) an d th eTheodotionic text (8 ' ) . Although such studies ar e not numerous, 1they reveal a consensus on th e issue: variants can often be attributedto the fact that th e OG translator intentionally depar ted from hi sSemitic text in order to substitute readings flavored with th e historical developments an d theological interpretat ions of hi s own day.

I t ma y be noted, however. that methodological errors have oftenbeen made. tw o of which are explored in th e present s tudy. First ,these investigations have failed to distinguish between th e originalOG . which must be critically reconstructed. an d it s later. secondaryform in Origen S Hexapla or even in much la ter MSS. Secondly, theyhave assumed that th e Vorlage of th e OG of Daniel was identical withou r received MT, an d thus they have not adequately sought afterth e Vorlage of th e OG , which text . of course. ra ther than necessarilyth e MT. is that against which th e OG should be compared. Consequently, they have assumed that any differences ar e du e to th e OGtranslatorls penchant fo r altering the text in view of hi s ow n concerns.

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16 SHARON PACE

Clearer insight into th e character of th e OG itself and into th eques t ion of poss ible Tendenz on th e par t of th e DC t ranslator ca nbe gained by avoiding these methodological errors as wen as byutilizing additional MS evidence, viz . , 4QDana ,b ,c an d Papyrus 967,in determining the st rat igraphy of th e text of Daniel for perspect iveon var iants.

By inqui ring in to th e nature of th e OG and its Vorlage. th iss tudy of th e history and st rat igraphy of th e Semitic and Greek tex tof Daniel will at tempt to provide a more adequate bas is fo r an in vestigation of theological Tendenz on th e par t of th e OG t ranslator .I t will conclude by present ing one sal ient example of th e implicationsof th e s t r a t i g r aphy of th e t ex t fo r assess ing a specif ic pas t claim oftheological Tendenz.

Textual WitnessesAs a foundation fo r text-cr i t ical inves t igat ion of th e OG of Dan

iel, familiarity with the manuscrip ts and edi t ions which provide th ereadings of th e OG , e' , and th e MT is required. Assessment of th enumber of manuscr ipts avai lable and thei r reliability helps sharpenth e text cr i t ic]s judgment in determining prefer red readings of anoriginal text or of i ts translation.Hebrew an d Aramaic Witnesses

The Hebrew and Aramaic text of Daniel used as the cus tomarys t andar d , Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, edited by W. Baumgartner ,is based upon th e Leningrad Codex B 19 A , dated to 1008/9 C.E .Included in th e BHS apparatus to th e MT of Daniel ar e both th evar iants in th e fragmentary Hebrew-Aramaic manuscr ipts from th eCairo Geniza and the Massoretic var iants collected by Kennicott andde Ross i .

In addit ion, there ar e fragmentary manuscr ipts from Qumran:ab abc 2IQDan ' , 4QDan ' ! , an d 6QDan. The f ragments [rom caves

1 an d 6 show l i t t le var iat ion from th e tex t preserved .in th e MT , an dthei r most in terest ing contribution fo r th e study of th e text of Daniel IIl

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL

is th e witness of lQDan a , in agreement with th e MT , that th eAramaic section begins a t 2: 4b . 3

17

4QDana , b , c , present ly being prepared fo r prel iminary publ i cation by E. Ulrich, with f inal publicat ion in Discoveries in th eJudaean Desert b y F. M. Cross and Ulr ich, 4 ar e in general agreement with th e MT , al though t he r e ar e a fe w s ignif icant var iants.At pr esen t , we call at tent ion to th e following selected examples:

8 :3 b'1)'lPTTi b'1)'lj;:l m]4QDanb Cvid)

8 :4 T T ) i ~ : : t i ilD'1 m)

Thes e var iants suff ice to indicate that the history of th e tex t ofDaniel is more complex than is often assumed and to caution ust ha t t he MT , albei t th e main witness, fully pr ese r ved as i t i s , isb u t one witness among several to th e text of Daniel .

Bes ides these Hebrew an d Aramaic texts there ar e tw o f u r the rsources of Hebrew quotat ions , 4QFlor (4Q174) an d th e referencesin th e midrashim to Daniel. 4QFlor ha s tw o br ief quotat ions fromDa n 12 : 10 an d 11 : 32 . 5 These readings are in agreement with th eMT , except i E l ' l ~ ~ " ' 1 in 4QFlor fo r l B ' l ~ ' 1 i in th e MT a t Da n 12:10. 6References to Daniel in later midrashim on th e Ketuvim are found inMekilta Shirta 2 : 32 , 4 : 26 - 30 , 5 , 7 : 3 , 9 . A discussion of th e personDaniel is found in b. Ber. 7b,92b and b. Sanh. 97a-99a, esp. 98h.But these references do not provide any s ignif icant var iants for thetext-cr i t ical s tudy of Daniel.Witnesses to -the Old Greek

The OG text , i. e. , th e oldes t recoverable form of the or iginalt ransla t ion in to Greek of th e Hebrew-Aramaic text of Daniel, mustbe reconstructed cr i t ical ly , no t simply accepted from whatever MSSar e available, as has sometimes been done. Fo r Daniel th is reconst ruct ion is hampered by the pauci ty of manuscr ipt evidence and

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secondary wi tnesses . The sources include the hexaplaric manuscript 88 , the Syro-Hexapla, Papyrus 967, patristic quotations, an dmany readings of 8 ' wherein 8 ' actually preserves th e DC (see below). Th e manuscript evidence fo r 8' , on the other hand, is no tnear ly so meager. Several uncial an d minuscule MSS are extant ,as well as many patr is t ic quotations. 788 an d Sy h

Th e main witnesses to th e OG , viz., 88 an d Syh, derive fromth e 0' column of Origen 's Hexapla. Only one complete Greek MS isextant which witnesses to that 0' text, namely, Codex Chisianus,from th e nin th-e leventh centur ies . This MS is numbered 88 inRahlfs an d Ziegler (87, erroneously , in Swete).

There is also ex tan t the literal Syriac translation (the SyroHexapla) of th e fifth column of Origen's Hexapla, done by Paul ofTella in 615-617. Ziegler concludes that there is indeed a close re -lationship between these tw o MSS which preserve common mistakes.Th e Syriac sometimes changes word order, but this is in keepingwith Syriac idiom an d does no t reflec t true var iants . In most places88 and Syh preserve th e same placement of obeli, as ter isks , an dmetobeli. 8 Ziegler concludes that, when they differ in th e placementof these symbols, th e Sy h text is th e more accurate.Papyrus 967

Papyrus 967 ha s been known since 1931 an d is very importantfo r recons truct ing th e OG of Daniel, since i t is th e only pre-Hexaplaric Greek MS of Daniel preserved. Th e sections of 967 containingDaniel were brought to England, Cologne, an d Barcelona, and havebeen published in four distinct works. 9 This MS has been dated byKenyon to the f i rs t half of the third century as the terminus adquem. Fo r th e terminus a quo Hamm sugges ts 130 C.E. Although967 often confirms that 88-Syh is accurate in i ts textual readingsan d it s placement of as ter isks and metobeli, it does provide inter-esting var iants . As with an y MS , these var iants must be usedjudiciously. Some ar e original readings . bu t others are simply

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL

e r ro rs or glosses. Original readings in 967 include:7: 139: 29:26

npoonyayovKUP L-OU 967

aUTW 967 ) tenapnaav aUTW 88-Syh

SaOL-AEUs 967Tn Yn 88-Syh

SaolAEla 88-Syh.Errors in 967 include:9: 1911: 4

IapanA 88-Syh lpouoaAnU 967TOU ovpavav 88-Syh] Tns yn s 967.

19

88 S hand 967, indirectth e d ; rect witnesses of - yn addition to. f I Christian l i terature, somef d 'n quotatIons 0 ea r Yvidence IS ou n ,

f th OG or from a traditIonof which ma y be judged to come ro m e , These references are util izedclose to i t and dis t inct from e . ,

b found in hi s extenslVe ap throughout Ziegler's work an d ma y eparatus.

Witnesses to the e" Text of Daniel. MSS are extant which preserveSeveral uncial an d mmuscule S' 11

e ' , 10 and several early Greek Christian wri ters also quote Ziegler's crit ical editionThe Rahlfs edition is no w superseded by

in th e Gottingen ser ies .The History and Strat igraphy

of the Text of DanielTheoretical Considerations

. f the text of Daniel is actuallyTh e his tory and s trat igraphy 0 t fin g the textual develop men 0bdivision of the theory concern , a1 h ' _

a su . f th e Greek translation with it s recenSlOn ISth e Hebrew BIble, 0 1 t d since th e discoveries ind of the other vers ions . po st u a etory, an c t Nal).al l;Iever. an dth e Judaean wilderness . including Murabba a ,Qumran. 12

il bl e for identifying whatBefore 1947 only tw o sources were av a a h' f Daniel would have looked l ike before t eth e Hebrew-Aramalc text 0 , t' halted its growth and

S es of standardization an d canonlza lonroces

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development. They ar e th e MT , a medieval text which ha s ancientroots in one t rad i t ion pre-da t ing standardizat ion . an d th e 0' textinsofar as i t preserves th e OG which t ransla ted a Semitic Vorlagewhich also pre-dated standardizat ion . Other wi tnesses, viz., a' 0'e ', OL. Vg . Syh, other daughter vers ions , an d Rabbinic an d Pa tristic dta t ions , post-da te the beginning of the standardizationper iod af ter the turn of th e era .

1,l,7ith th e discovery of th e Qumran MS S a ne w se t of sourcesbecame available. demonstrating th e fluidity of texts circulating inJewish communities prior to standardization. Though th e case ma ybe d i fferent fo r par ts or al l of Daniel 1-6, th e evidence in Daniel7-12 is not sufficient to warrant a claim tha t the MT , th e Q MSS,an d th e G have characteristics which fall into patte rns tha t ca n beidentified as belonging to a particular locale, or tha t these textshave typological differences. Thus , there is insufficient evidenceto claim tha t the MT of Daniel follows a typological patte rn seen inth e MT of other biblical books, tha t th e Q MSS of Daniel follow apart icular 1Ttext-type, l iar that th e G of Daniel must be linked withth e G of other books. 13 Rather , the relationship of th e MT , th e QMSS, an d th e G of Daniel to each other is complex; each text hasboth agreements and disagreements with each of th e others. 14

The oldest recoverable Semitic text of Daniel (10 ca n be attainedonly eclectically, bu t th e three available witnesses yield readingswhich e i ther very closely approximate it or actually preserve it .Although th e question of an Vrtext is debated, it is evident thatth e development of th e Semitic text began at some point soon af te rit s written composition. One ma y not proceed with text-criticaljudgments about individual readings until th e hypothesis is takeninto account that th e Semitic text, t rans la ted texts , and recensionaltexts all indeed undergo changes as they develop. On e must keepin mind tha t the MT i tself is one text among others . The MT , th e QMSS, an d th e G must be examined on the ir ow n merits in each individual reading, without a prior i prejudice toward th e assumed purityof th e MT or against the assumed aberrance of other witnesses.

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL 21

The aspect of the theory which is important here is tha t anoriginal Hebrew-Aramaic text underwent independent developmentsbefore standardization and tha t the MT , th e Q MSS. an d th e Vorlageof th e G developed independently from tha t text .Oral Stage

There are gro d f 1n s or specu ating that th e tex tual his tory ofth e Book of Daniel ma y be traced back to an earlier, oral stage. ThePrayer of Nabonidus and the OG of Daniel 4- 6 appear to preserve

e uc a nezzar to tha t found in th elternate forms of th e legend of N b h dMT; these may ultimately go back to oral trad,t,on. Moreover, th etenuous references to IIDanieP in Ezek 14 14 20 d 28 3 (, an : not to men-tion th e traditions of Dan)el from th e Canaanite Aqhat myth) showtha t the name (and possibly legends associated with it) wa s familiarto persons in th e land of Israelwritten composition of th e BookFirst Written Form

at a point muchof Daniel. 15

earl ier than th e

The l i te rary composition of the ent ire ty of Daniel 1-12 occurredca . 166 B.C.E. The debate concerning it s composition in Aramaic orHebrew and its b tu sequent ranslation into the alternate languagecontinues. For thO t dS S U Y we simply note that th e early witnessesto th e original written text , th e MT an d th e Q MSS, agree tha t th eAramaic begins at 2: 4b and ends with 7: 28.Subsequent Hebrew-Aramaic Textual Forms

The earliest forms of the text from which preserved MSS ar ederived are the MT , th e Q MSS, an d th e posited Vorlage of th e OG .Commentators have pointed out prevl 'ous1y tha t h ere are verses ofDaniel in th e MT which ar e corrupt an d which defy any attempts atreconstruction whose accuracy ca n be assured. Moreover. an in vestigation of 4QDana ,b ,c shows that th e superl'orl'ty or inferiorityof readings must be judged individually with reference to othertexts an d to th e context. I 8 5: , e.g., th e MT correct ly reads

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1'1,I,!,!

22 SHARON PACE

' l J ! ) ?} ) where 4QDana ha s '1)8 fH', bu t in 11: 15 th e MT reads1BW"'1 where 4QDana ,c have the preferable lBtlll .

Some variants ma y be purely orthographic , e. g.:

Other variants ma y offer no true change, e. g. !

Bu t some variants show additions or omissions in th e MT or th e QMSS, such as in 5: 7, where we find:m H''lIW:J K'lBWH'14QDana K' l]W[) jK 'nb ln X' l E:ltllH'70 ,[DUe; EnaO LOOUe; Kctl., c p a p l l a K O U ~ Ka L xuJ\6aLOu

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Ye t if we examine these passages . we find tha t there is no truel i te rary dependence of Maccabees upon th e OG of Daniel:(1) 1 Mace 1: 9 ETIAn8uvav KaKa EV vn

Dan 12:40 ' TIAnOen n vn a6LKLuc;;8' ITAn8uv8n n YVWGC,

(2 ) 1 Mace 1:18 Ka L EITEOaV "tpaUIlCtTlCH" rrOAAOLDa n 11 : 26 0' 8' xa L TIEOOVVTct L TpaUI1(X"( La!,.. TIOAA O L

(3 ) 1 Mace 4: 41 KUeaP LOn TO ay La1 Mace 4:43 EKa8apLoav 1:a aYLctDa n 8: 14 0' S' Ku8apL08nOE'CUL TO ayl.OV

(4 ) 1 Mace 1: 54 {36E:AUYllct EOnIlWOEWC;;Da n 11: 31 0' e ' 136EAUYIlct EpnIlWOEWC;;

Of these four , only the las t is identical with th e OG of Daniel. Inthe f i rs t example, th e verbs , though from th e same root , ar e indi fferent forms; n vn is the subject in Da n 12: 4, whereas vn isth e object of th e preposition EV in Mace, an d th e words for lIeviPare unrelated. 1 Maccabees were quoting Daniel , on e would no texpect these differences. In the second example, th e verbal tensesare dis t inc t , an d in th e t h i r ~ example, no t only are the verbal tensesdifferent , bu t aYLOV occurs in different forms.

Even more important than th e grammatical differences is th erecognition tha t such phrases as lIevils were multiplied on th e earth,l1IImany were wounded unto death, II an d "abomination of desolation Iwere common expressions from th e period of Antiochus ' persecut ionan d in fact ar e found in other biblical texts outside Daniel; thus, toassert tha t they signify direc t borrowing is clearly an exaggerat ion .19

Rather than grasping fo r evidence in alleged quotations to dateth e OC of Daniel, one should ra the r rely on indirect witnesses, suchas in the Lette r of Aristeas, Ben Sirach, an d the la te r recensions ofaD a" 8 '. The f irs t tw o texts tell us when the translation of Danielcould possibly have been made, an d th e la tter texts , especially 8",provide a terminus ante quem fo r th e OG .

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL 25

Although the Lette r of Aristeas is laced with legendary material,it does indicate tha t the t ransla t ion of th e Pentateuch wa s beingundertaken by th e third or at least th e second century B.C.E.Bickermann suggests a date fo r the Lette r between 145 an d 127 on

basis of greeting formulae, names of court officers , and otherformal characteristics which correspond to papyri of th e second20century. The actual composition of th e Letter of Aristeas itselfindicates, according to Tcherikover , that by th e second century,and possibly earlier,

Alexandrian Jewry attained a suffic ient degree of Hellenizationto create Jewish l i te ra ture in Greek [and] there were Jewishwriters in Alexandria wh o wrote on Jewish subjects for theJewish audience in Greek. 21Sure ly, if Jews were composing in Greek, i t would no t be surpr is ingthat the Scr iptures were being translated as well.

Klein refers to three ancient authors who also a t tes t to th eexistence of an OG translation of par ts of th e Hebrew Scriptures . 22Demetrius, wh o wrote at the end of th e third century B.C.E., quotesGenesis according to the t ransla t ion of th e LXX; Eupolemus in th esecond century B.C.E. re fers to th e LXX of Chronicles; and 1 Mac-cabees makes us e of th e Greek text of some Psalms.

Th e Prologue to Ben Sirach (not long af te r 132 B .C .E . ) indicatesthat not only wa s this work i tself t rans la ted into Greek but also th et rans la tor was apparently familiar with t ransla t ions of other biblicalbooks:

The La w i tself, and the Prophets , an d th e rest of th e bookshave no small difference when they are spoken in the ir originalform.These texts show tha t the translation of th e Semitic text of Dan-

iel into Greek wa s possible and plausible at a point short ly a f te r it swri t ten composition.

'The Date and Character of the e'" TextAs a terminus ante quem fo r th e t ransla t ion of th e OG of Daniel

s tand the recensions of a ' cr' 8' , especially 8 ', since it is the earliest

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an d s ince i t is clearly based on th e OG . Barthelemy showed th,atDan-S' i s part of th e larger kaige recension which he discoveredwhile analyzing th e Greek scroll of th e Minor Prophets from Na:qalI:;!ever, an d that scroll has been dated palaeographical ly to ca. 50B. C. E. - 50 C.E. 23 This dat ing receives confirmation in the fact thatthe 8 ' t ex t of Daniel is quoted in th e NT. And Barthelemy l s thes is .t ha t e' is a recension based on th e OG bu t revising toward th e protoMT an d t ha t or in tUrn is based on 8' has been solidly confirmed fo r

24th e Book of Exodus by K. O'Connell.Fo r th e Book of Daniel , however, A. Schmit t chal lenges that the

sis. maintaining that the 9" t ex t is no t of th e same general type asS' outside Daniel . 25 Although Schmitt 's s tudy is still accepted asdefinitive by Di Lella, 26 W. R. Bodine h

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th e Greek text could become cor rup ted , he believed that it ha d begunas a miraculously produced t ransla t ion which agreed with that hebra-ica veritas. Origen sa w hi s task to be the restorat ion of the text circulat ing in his day as l i the Septuagine l to its original state as th e un corrupted t rans lat ion of th e Seventy Elders . This would then beidentical with th e Hebrew t ex t which, he believed, ha d exis ted backat th e t ime of the t ransla t ion and continued unchanged unto his ow nday. Since he not only accepted th e static quality of th e Hebrewtext uncri t ical ly , bu t also assumed that th e Greek was corrupt wheni t diverged from th e Semitic [Ioriginal , II he included inser t ions fromee and uP in order to make th e Greek conform to th e rabbinic t ex tcur r en t in hi s day, t he r eby compounding er ro r s in th e OG .

On e final but important point needs to be s tated about th es trat igraphy of th e t ex t of Daniel: th e e' text sometimes containsthe authent ic OG where th e 0' text does not . That is , th e 8 ' t ex t ,bas ed on th e OG bu t revising it , preserves th e OG intact, whereverthrough conscious choice, inadver tence, or incons is tency, th e bas ictext w as allowed to s tand unrevised. No t cognizant of this textualhis tory, Origen sometimes changed th e authentic original text (preserved in eO) in l ight of th e MT ; an d thus th e OG will be found inth e e" t ex t , not in th e 0' text .

Implications fo r th e Investigation of Theological TendenzTh e his tory an d s trat igraphy of the text help us unders tand ho w

var iants in th e 0' t ex t which a t f i rs t glance ma y appear to pres en t atendentious translation on th e par t of th e OG t rans lator ma y in factno t do so. T he II variant" reading may, of course , be exactly that .But it ma y also be simply a faithful translation of a var iant Vorlage.O r again, the reading no w at t r ibuted to 0" ma y come from a secondarystage in th e his tory of th e Greek t ex t , being a corruption of anoriginally accurate t ransla t ion . It is this third possibility which willno w be inves t igated in th e following analys is .

On e of th e most important verses cited as evidence for theologicalTendenz on th e par t of th e OG t rans lator is 7: 13 . F. F . Bruce claims

STRATIGRAPHY OF TH E TEXT OF DANIEL 29

to have uncovered interpretat ive material here which reveals "a nas tonishing s tatement about th e lone l ike a so n of man' -that heappeared la s (the) Ancient of Days.111 307,13ill

0 ' U L O ~ avepwrrou npXTO KUL rruAaLou n ~ E p W Vrrupnv KUL OL r r a p a T n K O T E ~ rrpoanyayov UUTOV

88-Syh w ~ U L O ~ aY8pwnou nOXE'O KNl 'r r a / ~ a L O ~ n ~ E p W Y

B'rrapnv KaL OL r r a p E a T n K O T E ~ napnaav aUTW

U L O ~ ave. P X O ~ E V O ~ KaL Ewe:;: TOU rraJ\aLOU TWV n ~ E p W v$8aaE KaL npoanx8n QUTW

It is important to note th t Ba ruce pres en t s as lithe Septuagint vers ion Ith e reading of 88-Syh (cf . th e Swete edition) an d no t that of th e text

ex -stabl ished b y Ziegler in th e Gottingen edit ion. Bruce of fers tw oplanations to account fo r the reading KaL w ~ n a A a L o ~ . 31 (1 ) isposs ibly used as Ilan adverbial conjunction of time ll with th e followingsense: lias (when) th e Ancient of Days arr ived, then (KaL) th e by s t ander s were pres en t bes ide him, II o r II then (KaL) the bys tanderspresented him, II depending on whether on e accepts napnaav aUTWor th e apparent reading of th e margin in th e Syro- Hexapla rrpoanyayov aUTOY.

(2 ) If , however , before naAa.Lac;; T1I1EPWV has th e samef o r ~ e as p reced ing WC;; before u t . 6 ~ eXv8pWJIou, and the follOWIng KaL IS no t apodotic b u t an ordinary conjunction then wehave an as tonishing s tatement about th e Iione like a of manl ' that he appeared lias ( the) Ancient of Daysll_but a s tatementwhich is not unparal leled. 32

Bruce finds other evidence which points to this interpretat ive activi tyin th e Book of Revelat ion, in which th e descr ipt ion of the one like aso n of ma n is modeled on th e Ancient of D ays . Also, in Markls gospel when Jesus speaks of th e So n of Man coming on th e clouds ofheaven, he is convicted of blasphemy, perhaps , Bruce sugges ts ,because the high pr ies t understood that th e so n of ma n does come

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T I a A a L O ~ nllfpWV an d t hus he knew that Jesus wa s claiming to bethe equal of God.

If Professor Bruce's recons truct ion were accurate fa y th e OG , hewould indeed have appropria te data to argue th is case . In fa i rnessto hi m it should be said t ha t he does consider Zieglerls text , that hedoes weigh whether lithe Septuagin t reading![ might be a corrupt ion ,an d that he does consider the possibili ty of Christian inf luence. Bu ti t is difficult to avoid th e overwhelming impression that these factorsare no t of predominant impor tance and that "the oldes t Greek versionof DanieP probably Ilintended il the read ings and meanings whichBruce describes . This impress ion is given by the t i t le, structure,wording , and balance of his article.

Ziegler , however , ha s recons tructed th e OG as KaL w

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ConclusionThis investigation of Da n 7: 13 shows that to make a judgment

about putat ive Tendenz in th e OG based solely upon Origenls 0'text without knowledge of th e his tory of th e text of Daniel constitutes a serious methodological e r ro r . I t is essent ial f i rs t to es tab-l ish critically th e OG t ex t an d to inqui re into th e Vorlage of th e OG.In this example, th e OG t rans lator accurately conveyed th e text,but later on corrupt ions and changes infi l t ra ted the t ex t , accountin g for the variations no w found in th e t ex t of 88-Syh. A s tudy ofth e layers of textual development opens th e possibilities fo r moreclearly focused judgment concerning textual variants and fo r a moreaccura te assessment of th e OG t rans lat ion.

NOTES

IThese s tudies include: August Bludau , Die alexandrinischeUbersetzung des Buches Daniel un d ih r Verhaltniss zum massorethischen Text (BibS[FJ 2/2-3: Freiburg i.B.: Herderlsche Verlagshandlung, 1897) esp . pp . 104-130; F. F. Bruce, liThe Earliest Ol dTestament Interpretat ion, II OTS 17 (1972) 37-52; liThe Oldes t GreekVersion of Daniel,1I OTS 20 (1975) 22-40; IIProphetic Interpretat ionin the Septuagin t , I BIOSeS 12 (1979) 17-26; J . Lust , IIDaniel 7,13and the Septuagin t , I ETL 54 (1978) 62-69: A . McCrystall, I Studiesin th e Ol d Greek of Daniel, 1 unpubl ished doctoral dissertation,University of Oxford , 1980.

2lQDana, b ar e found in D. Bar thelemy an d J . T. Milik, QumranCave I (DJD 1; Oxford: Clarendon, 1955) ISO-52: d. J. C. Trever,IICompletion of th e Publication of Some Fragments from Qumran CaveI , l l RevQ 5 (1964-66) 323-44. 6QDan is found in M. Baillet, J. T.Milik. an d R. de Vaux, Le s 'Petites Grottes' de Qumran (DJD 3; Ox ford: Clarendon, 1962) 114-116. lQDan a contains 1:10-17; 2:2-6;lQDanb contains 3: 22-30. Both lQ MSS date from th e Herodianperiod . 6QDan, dated ca. 50C.E contains 8:16-17?,20-21?;,10:8-16;11:33-36,38. There are tw o further fragmentary MSS of Damel:4QDan d with 13 small, nearly illegible f rgs . , an d 4QDan e with 5 tinyf rgs . from Daniel 9.

3C f. the statement of A. Di Lella that lI instead of th e MT gloss'aramtt, IAramaic,1 1QDan a leaves a space between th e Hebrew an dAramaic text ll (L . Hartman and A. Di Lena, Th e Book of Daniel [AB

,!

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TEXT OF DANIEL 33

23; Garden Ci ty , NY: Doubleday, 1978J 73; d . similarly, p. 138). Th ecase should be s tated more precise ly . Th e r igh t half of th e columnwith th e lines containing 2: 2-6 is pres erved , while the left half hasbeen lost . 2: 4b begins on a ne w l ine with indentation, t hus with aspace before th e Aramaic sect ion . Bu t 2: 4a is mostly of f the leather;there is space for r P b l ~ to have been included at th e en d of th eline before the ne w line with 2: 4b . Thus , though the gloss is no tpreserved in 1QDana , we cannot s tate or presume that it wa s omitted.

4I am gratefu l to Professors Cross and Ulrich fo r their permis-sion to use the photographs and to consult the or ig inal fragments.

5Se e J . M. Allegro, Qumran Cave 4: 1 (4Q158- 4Q186) (DJD 5;Oxford: Clarendon, 1968) 54, an d PI . XIX, frg .3 . Se e in conjunctionand correction, J. StrugnelL IINotes en marge du volume V de s IDiscoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan, II I RevQ 7/ 2 (1970) 177,220-37.

6A. Mertens explains that I 'Statt 1 l t 0 ~ ' l 1 ha t MT '1.91:::-'1 [bu tr ead 'l.9l::t'l '1 1, doch findet sich in paHistinensischen Handschriftenauch die Form "1 E l I ~ t l . . , [read ,'! 1 J, freilich ohne Metathesis un d Umwandlung des nil (Das Buch Daniel im Lichte deY' Texte vo m TotenMeer [Stu t tgarter , Biblische Monographien 12; Wiirzburg: Echter;Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1971J 29).

7Fo r a comprehens ive listing, se e J. Ziegler , ed . , Susanna.Daniel, Bel et Draco (Septuaginta: Vetus Tes tamentum GraecumAuctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gott ingens is editum 16/2; Vand enhoeck und Ruprecht , 1954) 28-36. Fo r additional information se eJames A. Montgomery, A Crit ical and Exeget ical Commentary on theBook of Daniel (ICC; New York: C. Scribner 's Sons, 1927) 11-57,an d Hartman an d Di LelIa, The Book of Daniel, 72-84.

8Ziegler (Susanna, Daniel, 13) repor ts tha t of 48 as ter isks found.37 ar e ident ical in 88 and in Syh , an d 11 belong to the Syh alone. Of38 obeE, 34 ar e ident ical in the tw o manuscrip ts , and 4 ar e found inSy h alone.

9A. Geissen, DeY' Septuaginta-Text des Buches Daniel (Papyrologische Texte un d Abhandlungen 5: Bonn: R. Habelt, 1968). W.Hamm, D er Septuaginta-Text des Buches Daniel nach dem KolnerTeil de s Papyrus 967: Rap. I - I I (PTA 10; Bonn: R. HabeIt, 1969);an d Rap. I I I- IV (PTA 21; Bonn: R. Habelt , 1977). R. Roca-Puig ,ITDaniel: Do s Sernifolis de l Codex 967, II Papir de Barcelona (Barcelona:1974) = Aegyptus 56 (1976) 3-18.Th e papyrus l eaves apparent ly were separa ted without any par t i -cular order. Fo r a l ist ing of the conten ts of th e papyrus , se e Geissen,DeY' Septuag in ta-Text , 12-16: F. G. Kenyon, Th e Chester BeattyBiblical Papyri (London: Emery Walker. 1938), fascicles 1, 7 T ext ,an d 7Pla tes . I t is important to note that th e leaves of 967 in th eCologne collection were no t ye t available to Ziegler in 1954.

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34 SHARON PACE

lOFor a complete l ist ing see Ziegler . Susanna, Daniel, 28-31.l l Ib id . , 32-35.12Important studies include th e following: D . Barthelemy.

"L'Ancien Testament a muri a Alexandrie," pp . 127-39, an d IINotescri t iques su r quelques points d1histoire du texte,'1 pp . 289-301 inEtudes d1histoire du texte de IIAncien Testament (OBO 21; Fribour g , Suisse : Editions Universi ta i res; Gottingen: Vandenhoeckund Rupr ech t , 1978). F. M. Cross, liThe History of th e BiblicalT ex t in th e Light of Discover ies in the Judaean Desert , I HT R 57(964) 281-99: liThe Evolution of a Theory of Local Texts , l l pp.306-20 in F. M. Cross and S. Talmon, eds . , Qumran and the Historyof the Biblical Text (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1975). S. Talmon,IIAspects of the Textual Transmission of th e Bible in th e L i g h t ofQUmran Manuscripts," Textus 4 (1964) 95-132, and "The TextualStudy of th e Bib le -A New Outlook,lI pp . 321-400, esp . pp . 321-7in Qumran and th e History.

13Se e Sharon Pace , liThe Old Greek Translation of Daniel 7-12,11(Ph .D. d iss . , University of Notre Dame [University Microfilms],1984), an d Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint inBiblical Research (Jerusalem Biblical Studies 3; Jerusalem: Simor,1981) 272-75.

14Aware of these -cautions and uncerta in t ies we a re able to proceed to examine th e re la t ionships between these tex ts and judge individual readings .

15Se e references to Daniel an d Da n J el in 1 C hr 3: I, Ezra 8 :2 ,an d Ne h 10: 7.16C f.l '?X in 4QSamc : Eugene Ulnch, 114QSamc : A Fragmentary

Manuscript of 2 Samuel 14- 15 from th e Scribe of th e Serek Hay-ya1).adOQS) ," BASOR 235 (979) 1-25. esp . pp . 3. 5, 7.17A. Bludau , Die alexandrinische Ubersetzung, 8 Hartman an d

Di LelIa, The Book of Daniel, 78.18Ibid .19For the f i r st se t of passages above, note th e following similarreferences in earlier biblical books: T[AnOSn n v n 06 LKlUC; in Ge n

6: 11,13 , an d n v n UUTWV s n A n a 8 n U6lKLU

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iI'IIi .iiI!

BIoses 17 (1984) 36-47

THE USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATABASE FO RSEPTUAGINT RESEARCH, THE GREEK-HEBREW

PARALLEL ALIGNMENTEmanuel Tov

Hebrew University

I. Nature of th e Data Base

The computer ized data base of Septuagin t studies which isbeing prepared at the University of Pennsylvania an d th e HebrewUniversity has been described in several earlier publicat ions :

R. A. Kraft an d E. Tov, IIComputer Assis ted Tools fo rSeptuagint Studies , II BIOSeS 14 (981) 22-40.W. Adler, IIComputer Assis ted Morphological Analysisof the Septuagint,l1 Textus 11 (984) 1-16.

J . R. Abercrombie, lIComputer Assisted Alignment ofth e Greek an d Hebrew Biblical Texts - ProgrammingBackground, lI Textus 11 (984) 125-139.

E. Tov, l1Computer Assis ted Alignment of the GreekHebrew Equivalents of th e Masoretic T ext and theSeptuagint , I in press .

E. To v an d B . G. Wright , II Computer Assis ted Studyof the Cri teria fo r Assessing the L i tera lness ofTransla t ion Units in th e LXX, II in press .B. G. Wright . IIA Note on th e Stat is t ical Analysis ofSeptuagintal Syntax, II JBL, in press .

J. R. Abercrombie. W. Adler, R. A. K ra f t an d E. Tov,Ruth. Computer Assis ted Tools fo r Septuagin t Studies ,vol. I, for thcoming.E. Tov, A Computerized Data Base for SeptuagintStudies - The Parallel Aligned Text of th e Greekand Hebrew Bible, CATSS, vol. 2, forthcoming.

The pres en t ar t ic le intends to indicate some of the uses and a d-vantages of t ha t data bas e . Th e more on e is acquainted with th edetai ls of the data base, th e be t t e r us e can be made of it s featuresan d notat ions . In th e presen t contex t , however, th is will be doneonly in br ief . Fo r a fu l ler description of th e nature of the data

36

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE 37

bas e , on e is referred to Computer Ass is ted Tools fo r SeptuagintStudies (CATSS) , volume 2.

Th e main purpose of th e CATSS pro ject is to ,create a f lexiblem u l t i ~ p u r p o s e data base which contains th e main types of dataneeded fo r th e s tudy of th e LXX an d it s relation to th e MT an dother sources an d l i teratures . In the perusal of the data base ,t ypes of information can be disregarded when necessary, an dother information ca n be added according to specific needs .

Th e main sect ion of th e data base is composed of th e followingelements:

A. A parallel alignment of all elements of th e MT an d LXX.The t ex t of th e MT follows th e Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia,encoded under th e direct ion of Professors R. Whitaker an d H.Van Dyke Parunak with a gran t from the Packard Foundation an dno w verified by th e Jerusalem team. Th e t ex t of th e LXX ( theedition of Rahlfs) wa s obtained from th e Thesaurus Linguae Graecaein I rvine, CA . The initial al ignment of th e LXX an d MT wa s createdin 1982-83 by an automatic program wri t ten by Dr . J . Abercrombieof th e University of Pennsylvania, and the resul ts are correc tedin accord with the projectls conception of th e equivalence of th eMT an d th e LXX by E. Tov and his team in Jerusalem. The workis performed on the basis of a se t of detai led inst ruct ions specifyingth e types of equivalence and th e problems ari s ing in th e course ofth e work (CATSS, vol. 2) . The al ignment of th e MT an d th e LX Xcreates exact equivalences of all elements in both texts in tw opara11el columns:

1. Column a of th e Hebrew records th e full se t of formalequivalents of al l elements of th e tw o texts , as if th e LXX werea mechanical t ransla t ion from th e MT . In this formal recording,severa l t ypes of symbols a re used indicating special phenomenaan d features which ca n be l i s ted an d analyzed separa te ly afterth e completion of the record ing .

l

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2. Column b of the Hebrew records a selection of presumedequivalents of th e LXX r e t rover t ed from th e Greek, where th eGreek seems to reflect a reading different from th e MT . I t alsorecords select differences between th e LXX an d MT in the area oftranslational techniqu e. The main purpose of this column is toprovide data which ar e no t available through the use of col. a.

Progress. A draf t of th e alignment of th e MT an d LXX hasbeen created fo r all books with th e ai d of computer programs. Th emanual correction of th e LXX an d col. a of th e Hebrew (formalequivalences) has been finished for all books of th e LXX. Inaddition. th e following apocryphal books have been included inthe data base: Sirach (together with al l extant Hebrew texts ) an d1 Esdras ( together with parallels from th e canonical books). Workon col. b is progress ing, an d several books have al ready beenfinished. A sample of th e alignment is appended to this article.

B. The variant readings to th e Greek t ex t . The main Greekt ex t incorporated in the data base follows th e t ex t of Rahlfs (tobe changed later to t he t ex t of th e Gottingen edit ions when avail-able) , an d to this t ex t t he full evidence of the variants is added,ei ther from th e Gottingen edit ions or those of th e Cambridge series .For th is purpose the contents of the apparatuses of these editionsare reformat ted to th e s t ruc tu re of the data base , that is , on eGreek word per l ine. Th e variants ar e encoded by the Philadelphiateam under the direct ion of R. A. Kraft , an d th e system of re -cording th e variants is described by Kraft in CATSS, vol. 1.

Progres s . The apparatus of tw o books has been enteredmanUally: Ruth and 2 Kings. The apparatus of other books isbeing entered automatically with th e KDEM Optical CharacterReader in Oxford an d Philadelphia, and, af ter the proofreadingof th e work produced by KDEM, th e data ar e reformatted in to thedesi red form. Work is in progres s on th e following books:Deuteronomy, th e Minor Prophets , Ezra, Nehemiah, an d 1 E s dras .

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE 39

C. A full morphological analys is of all words in th e LXX,that is , all grammatical information re levant to th e identificationof th e words , including thei r dictionary forms ( e .g . , E)/RXOMAI[Pxow.aL] fo r H)=LQEN [fjA8s:v]). This includes such informationas the person, number, tense, mode and type fo r verbs , an d th ecase , number, gender and declens ion for nouns. The initialmorphological analys is of th e Greek words is produced with th e ai dof an automatic program for morphological analysis of Greek, wri t tenb y David Packard and adapted fo r th e LXX. The resul ts of th eautomatic analys is ar e ver if ied and analyzed by the team inPhiladelphia. (See th e detailed description by W. A. Adler inCATSS, vol. 1 an d Textus 11.)

Progress . The initial automatic analys is of al l books of th eLXX has been completed, an d th e manual corrections have beenincorporated .

D. Morphological analys is of al l words in th e MT , t ha t is ,grammatical information relating to al l words in th e Hebrew text .

Progress . The morphological analys is of th e Hebrew liesoutside th e immediate aims of th e CATSS project , an d th e necessarydata will be obtained from s is ter projects . So far , th e morpho-logical analys is of three books ha s been obtained.

II . Limitations of th e Data Base

I t should be s tressed from th e outset that th e data base doesnot provide answers to al l questions in the s tudy of th e LX X o rof it s relat ion to the underly ing Hebrew t ex t . The data basecontains many data scholars would like to be available when ana-lyzing such issues , an d many problems can be investigated onlywith th e aid of a computerized data base . At th e same time, t he r ear e many sets of data which are not included in th e data base ,especially those which involve complex judgments, bu t th e

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flexibility of the data base implies t ha t they ca n be added a t alater stage.

While most of th e information in col. a is as objective aspossible, it cannot be stressed suff iciently t ha t the recording inthat column also entails subjective aspects . In an undertakingof th is k ind absolute object ivi ty is impossible. At th e same time,col. b contains many more subjective elements. Yet, these dataar e so important that scholars will likely want access to th is typeof material in spi te of it s subjective na tu r e . Th u s , while col. arecords mainly objective information, col. b is pr imari ly subjective.

III . Nature and Purpose of th e Greek-Hebrew Alignment

The philosophy of th e alignment is to record as precisely asposs ible th e Greek- Hebrew equivalents of th e LXX an d MT .These equivalents a re clear to t he r eader of the running paral leltext. The re levant information is , as much as poss ible, containedin a single l ine of th e alignment with a minimum of cross-referencesto other l ines, so that it ca n be easily accessed with an indexingprogram. I t should be remembered that th is type of recordingcannot produce detailed information regarding the context ofindividual words. A full analys is of the context ha s guided ourdecisions in th e course of determining th e equivalents , bu t thesedecis ions have not been r ecorded in th e data base itself.

Th e bas ic principle followed in recording the equivalents isthat of formal representat ion . I t is not easy to define this formalism,an d it is equally difficult to t rans late this approach into practicalguidelines, since it ca n be applied in different wayS. The discussions with th e members of th e team have helped much in th eclarification of th e i ssues, bu t even af t e r those discuss ions manyproblems remain.

The formalistic approach underly ing the recording of th e

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE 41

equivalents of th e LX X an d col. a of th e Hebrew implies that fo rthe sake of argument th e LXX is regarded as a translation of th eMT . This is a mere convention adhered to b y all biblical scholars ,an d it certa in ly r ep res en t s th e most useful approach to th e s tudyof th e LXX, promising th e most object ive resul ts . Yet , the procedure itself is problematic. Firs t , th e LXX simply was no tt ransla ted from th e MT . In a book like Jeremiah it is difficult torecord th e detai ls of th e LX X as having been derived from th e MT ,since th e LXX probably reflects an earl ier s tage in th e developmentof th e book than the MT . Second, we do not know to what extentth e pres en t eclectic tex t of th e LXX r ep res en t s th e original translation. After all, Rahlfs 1 tex t is a mere reconst ruct ion . In sp i teof these difficulties th e margin of e r ro r for Rahlfs reconst ruct ion(o r that of th e Goett ingen edit ions) is small. Furthermore, th ecomparison of th e LXX with th e MT yields th e most object iveresul ts fo r fur ther research in th e absence of an y sound knowledgeabout the paren t t ex t of th e LXX.

The main purpose of th e alignment is t hus to identify th eHebrew elements which are equivalent with elements in th e LXX,or, put different ly , which s tand in the place of thei r counterpar tsin th e LXX. In other words , th e alignment records the Greekequivalents which the t ransla tors ha d in mind in th e course ofthei r t ransferr ing th e message of th e Hebrew into Greek. Necessari ly , on e often records th e Greek equivalents of Hebrew wordswhich differ from th e words the t rans lators ha d in mind or had infront of them because of textual differences between th e paren tt ex t s of th e LX X an d th e M T. In th e course of recording th eequivalents , these textual differences ar e temporar i ly disregarded.These differences are not d isregarded in the data base , but theyar e excluded from col. a which presents, as much as possible,object ive data . Information of th is k ind is t ransferred to col. b .

Likewise, in the course of recording th e equivalents, exegesisis disregarded in th e notation. Very free , paraphras t ic, s t range

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42 EMANUEL TOV

an d unusual render ings are recorded as regular equivalents incol. a, since they ref lec t in some wa y the ir counterpar t in th e MT.Fo r a detailed discuss ion of th e problems connected with recordingth e equivalents , se e CATSS. vols . 1 "lnd 2.

IV. Use of th e Data Base

The data base ca n be used in various ways. In orde r totain the maximum amount of information from the data base , thevarious components described above must f i rs t be mer'ged, es-pecial ly for indexing and concordancing. For these purposes thecomputer must combine words which ar e found in completely different places in the alphabet, such as HLK [l '7n 1 an d W YLK[ 1 7 " ") J. This information is found in th e aforementioned morphological analyses of th e Hebrew an d Greek words .

On e of the major reasons for creat ing a data base is to enableeasy access to the data . These data ca n be stored in on e form,and reformat ted in various ways , no t only as running (consecutive)t ex ts , bu t also in other configurat ions. The data ca n be accessedin th e following ways:

A. Searches for individual words, combinations of words, orle tter patterns. Any computer system is capable of making suchsearches a t some level, bu t fo r purposes of th e larger data base ,various relatively sophisticated search programs ar e needed.However, for th e limited data base described here , these programsar e no t needed.

B. Indexing ( l isor t ing") words in a particular par t of the database or in th e data base as a whole. Such an index ca n create asimple l is t of all words in the exact form in which they occur in th etext together with all other information pres en t in th e same computerrecord (l ine). The words can be sorted according to the desi redalphabetical order ( e .g . , English, Hebrew, Greek). A similar index

I

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE

ca n be made on the basis of th e "dict ionary form il ( e .g . , HLK1'711]) in addition to th e text form ( e .g . , W/YLK [1'7')1 J ).

43

C. Concordances . A concordance is based on th e same pr in -ciples as an index, bu t it also supplies th e context o th e indexedword.

D . ~ e c i a l programs. Other information that is no t easilyavailable through an y of th e three aforementioned formats can beobtained by means of various lltailor-made" programs created fo rspecific purposes . The only l imits to what is possible through th isapproach ar e the contents of th e data base and th e imagination an dprogramming ta lents of the person us ing it .

Th e special attraction of th e computer assisted research isthat all of th e individual segments of the data base as well as theent i re bank i tself can be accessed in all these d i fferent ways .Although we have not yet been able to take full advantage of allth e poss ibi l i t ies created b y th e newly available data base, it isclear t ha t ne w avenues are opened for al l aspects of th e s tudy oftextual criticism of th e Hebrew an d Greek Bible, l inguis t ic analys isof th e Hebrew and Greek, and the s tudy of all the corpora whichdepend on th e LXX.

In th is ar t icle attention is paid to th e us e of th e computerizeddata base , especially of th e Greek-Hebrew alignment. We want toshow in part icular what kind of information can be obtained fromth e computer ized data b ase . The greater par t of th is informationre la tes to th e s tudy of th e translational technique of th e LXX, and,in fact , most of i t is already available. The type of informationl isted below ca n be obtained at any computing center by anyone ,including those wh o have no prior education in computers. Mostof th e information is provided by a so-called edi tor, ex tant in a11computers .

Th e following data ca n be extracted easily from th e data base:1. Any word, word pa t t e rn , combination of words in th e MT

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an d lor th e LXX. OC P also provides stat ist ics on these searches .These searches do no t include var iants, but programs have beenwritten to include them.

2. All types of indices and concordances on the bas is of th eMT , th e LXX, or both, of individual books or the data base as awhole. In addit ion , l i sts an d analyses can be made of all individualfea tures and symbols used in th e data base, bo th fo r th e MT an d th eLXX.

3. Lists an d analyses of all th e fea tures of th e morphologicalanalys is of th e Hebrew an d Greek . Fo r example , separa te s tud iesca n be performed on the tenses of the Hebrew verb (with or withoutt he i r Greek equivalents ) or of the Hebrew equivalents of certa inGreek t enses , or word group s such as preposi t ions.

4. An y aspec t of th e translational technique on which information is included in th e data base (including morphological analys isof th e Hebrew an d Gr eek) . C f. th e ar t ic le by To v an d Wrightre la t ing to the cr i ter ia fo r assess ing the l i teralness of t rans la t ionun i t s .

We no w tu rn to certain detai ls in th e notation which can bes ingled out for separa te analys is . The number in parenthesesrefers to the re levant par ag r aph in CATSS, vol. 2.

5. List of verses added in th e LX X (o n th e bas is of Rahlfs )(4 .2 .1) .

6. List of aster isked words in th e LX X of Job (o n the bas isof Rahlfs) (4 .2 .1) .

7. Lis ts of all Ketib-Qere var iat ions in th e MT . including in formation on the relat ion of th e LX X to them (4 .3 .4 . 60).

8. Research on individual pref ixed and at tached elements ofth e Hebrew words , with or without thei r Greek equivalents, e s p e ~cially the pre f ixed WI [ -1] , an d th e var ious prepos i t ions (E/, K/,L / , MI [- n ,- 1 ,- :J , - J ] an d th e pronomina l suff ixes ( /Y, IW [ ,'1_,- I. etc.) (4 .4 .6) .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE 45

9. Differences in th e numbering of verses between th e MTand the LXX, often involving di fferen t text arrangements (4 .5 .5) .

10. Representa t ion of one Hebrew word by more than one GreekI1main Ti word (5 .3 .2 .1) . Fo r this purpose a spec ia l program mustbe wri t ten .

11 . The d i fferen t types an d frequency of dif ferences in se quence ca n be inves tiga ted fo r the var ious books . The f requencyof s ty l is t ic an d grammatical transpositions forms an indicat ion ofth e l i te ra lness of th e translation (7 .7) .

12. The na tu r e , f requency an d dis tr ibution of minuses an dpluses of th e LX X ca n be examined for th e var ious books of th eLXX. I t should , however , be added tha t th e notat ion does notdis t inguish between diffe rent types of minuses . Dif ferent categor ies of pluses ar e distinguished ( 8 .4 .4 ) .

13. Th e types an d f requency of doublets can be searched inth e various books . Proverbs, for example, contains a large numberof long doublets (10.1) .

14. T ype s an d f requency of "distributive" render ings,cated as II { . d ll , that i s , elements refer r ing to more than

indi-one

word in the trans la t ion. such as pronouns . conjunctions an d pre pos i t ions (10 .6 ) .

15 . Types an d frequency of "repetitive" r ender ings , indicatedas 'I { . r l', that i s , words occurring once in Hebrew. and r ep r e sented more than once in Greek (11. 4) .

16 . Re nde r ings of Hebrew prepos i t ions by Greek compoundverbs (16.3.2) .

17 . Frequency an d nature of prepos i t ions ad d ed in th e LXX inaccordance with th e t rans lat ional habits of th e var ious books (16.5.3) .

18. Renderings of th e cons truct ion Q+LTY Q+L [7l!Jv '1n/l!Jv ](17.5.1) .

19 . Fre que nc y an d nature of t ransl i terated Hebrew words (21.6) .

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20. Differences in verbs : act ive/passive (54.2.1.1) .21 . Differences in preposi t ions (54. 2.2. 1) .22 . Differences in vocalization (59.5) .23 . The var ious types of in terchanges of consonants between

th e MT an d th e presumed parent text of th e LXX. as well as metathesis an d differences in word-divis ion (61. 3) .

24 . All features of the data base which are denoted fo r individual ms s ca n be searched, as well as th e Hebrew equivalents ofthese mss. By th e same token. a running text of th e individualms s ca n be reconstructed. with or without th e Hebrew equivalents(69)

r

USE OF A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE

APPENDIXSample of th e Greek-Hebrew Alignment

(Ps 63,1-5 [62,1-5 LXX])

P 63 1 MZMWRP 63 1 L/DWD YALMO\S [62. 1)TH= f DAUID [62. 1 )

47

P 63 1 B/HYWT WP 63 1 B/MDBR E)N TW=l EI)=NAI AU)TO\N [62 .1)E)N TH=I E)RH/MWf [ 62 .1 )P 63 1 YHWDHP 63 2 )LHYMP 63 2 )L/YP 63 2 lT HP 63 2 )$XR/KP 63 2 CMlHP 63 2 L/ KP 63 2 NP$/YP 63 2 KMH = K/MHP 63 2 L lKP 63 2 B&R/YP 63 2 BnRCp 63 2 CYHP 63 2 W/(YPP 63 2 BLY MYMP 63 3 KNP 63 3 B/GD$P 63 3 XZYTYIKP 63 3 L /RHHP 63 3 (Z/KP 63 3 W/KBWD/KP 63 4 KYP 63 4 +WB { . . . M /}P 63 4 XSD/KP 63 4 M/XYYMP 63 4 &PT/Yp 63 4 Y$BXWN/KP 63 5 KNP 63 5 lBRK/KP 63 5 B/XY/YP 63 5 B/$M/KP 63 5 l& lP 63 5 KP/Y

TH=S IOUDAI lA S [62. 1)O( GEO\S [62 .2)O( GED/S MOU [62 .2)--- [62. 2)PRD\S SE \ O)RGRI/ZW [62 .2JE)DI/YHSE/N [ 62 .2 )SO l [62 .2)H{ YUXHI MOU [62. 2)POSAPLW=S [62. 2)SO l [62 .2JHe SA/RC MOU [62 .2JE) N GH= [ [62 .2JE)RH/MWi [ 62 . 2 ]KAI\ A)BA/TW: [62 .2]KAI\ A)NU/DRWI [ 62 .2 )OU(/TWS [62 .3JE)N TW=i A(GI/W: [62 .3)W)/FGHN SO l [62 .3JTOU= I )DEI=:N [62 .3JTH\N DU/NAMI/N SOU [ 62 .3 )KAI\ TH\N DO/CAN SOU [62 .3JO( /T I [ 6 2 .4 JKREI=SSON [62.4JTO\ E)/LEO/S SOU [62 .4]U(PE\R ZWA/S [62 .4)TA\ XEI/LH MOU [62 .4JE)PAINE/SOUSIIN SE [62 .4]OU(/TWS [62 .5]EU)LOGH/SW SE [62. 5]E) N TH=1 ZWH=1 MOU [62 .5)E) N n../= [ O)NO/MATII SOU [62 .5]AlRW= [ 6 2 .5 JTA\S XEI=RA/S MOU [62. 5]

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BIoses 17 (1984) 48-62

THE USE OF THE COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE FOR THESTUDY OF SEPTUAGINT REVISIONS

Paul LippiHebrew University

I . In t roduct ionTh e following ar t icle i l lus trates some uses of th e CATSS data

base no t previously t reated in th e publicat ions associated with this. I .proJect , m par t icular , the marking of the data base with tags fo r

specif ic l inguis t ic phenomena and their ret r ieval with s tandardcomputer programs. The al igned Hebrew-Greek text can be t aggedfor any number of morphological, grammatical, syntactical and tex-tual phenomena of interes t to th e r es ear cher . Th e occur rences ofthese phenomena, in combination with other data recorded in th eproject or by themselves , can then be accessed easily an d l isted inan y des ired format. In this wa y exact information for th e s tudy ofpar t icular t ransla tional character is t ics ca n be computer-generatedfrom th e CATSS data base.

Th e examples given here ar e all taken from the writer S workon trans lat ional and revisional technique in the Lucianic text of2 Kings. A fe w words of explanation concerning the format of th ealigned Hebrew-Greek text, which includes th e Lucianic MSS. ar enecessary before proceeding.

II . FormatTh e readings of th e Lucianic group of MSS have been culled

from th e appara tus of Brooke-McLeanls (B-M) edition of th e GreekBook of Kings . Every reading of these MSS which differs from th e

48

USE OF THE DATA BASE FOR REVISIONS 49

main text (Rahlfs) is given a separate line in the data bas e . 2 Th esiglum of th e re1evant MS or MSS an d a colon (a t character position38 of th e line) precede th e var iant reading. The correspondingHebrew en t ry is repea ted for each var iant l ine . A1l remarks incolumn b relat ing to var iants ar e preceded by a double equaJ sign(=-==). The s igla of th e MSS recorded are as follows:

v Codex Vaticanus (chosen to r ep res en t th e kaige group)bb$

b" in B-Mb in B-M

o 0 in B-Mr r in B-Mc C2 in B-Me e2 in B-M[ .. ] lacuna in th e MS

All variants ar e t reated ei ther as qualitative (marked simply byth e colon af ter th e MS siglum) or as quantitative. Additions areindicated by the p lus s ign immediately preceding th e colon. Differences in sequence ar e t reated by a combination of pluses and mi nuses marked with th e tilde exactly as in th e main t ex t . Plusesof MSS differ ing from that of th e f i rs t var iant are noted with th eplus sign af ter the colon (: +) ins tead of before it .

I I I . Descript ion of TagsIn addition to th e above sigla, an apparatus of tags ha s been

provided, descr ibing th e relat ionship of th e variant readings toth e main Greek text an d to th e MT in regard to assor ted l inguis t ican d textual phenomena. Such a system of tags is limited only byth e imagination of th e user , conciseness being the pr incipal considerat ion. However, by anticipating th e combinations of taggedphenomena most likely to be called for , the user ca n eliminate somelater file manipulation.

In th e following sys tem. al l tags are preceded ei ther b y th e

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50 PAUL LIPPI

sign < (less than) or the s ign> (grea ter than) . In cases wherethese phenomena involve revision toward grea ter conformity to th eMT they are tagged < ; the ar row points , as it were, to th e MTrecorded in column a . The other var iant group. which is far therfrom th e MT , is tagged with th e opposite a r r ow> . Th e abbreviation fo r th e phenomenon in question remains th e same whether it spresence or absence is being noted. In th is wa y both th e occur rences of a phenomenon an d th e instances where th e other MSgroup does no t display it ca n be searched in on e simple command.

Fo r example. a variant reading which is judged to be lexicallycloser to th e meaning of th e Hebrew than the t ransla t ion of feredby th e other MS group (a fine indicator of revisional 'activity) istagged lx. By searching fo r the shor tenedta g Ix we gain access to both l ines .

2 Kg s 5:215 21 W/YPL5 21 W/YPL KAI\ E)PE/STREYEN > lxbb$oce: KAI KATEPHDHSEN

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52 PAUL LIPPI

appropria te fo r Greek idiom are tagged >nu.

2 8 )T H/MYM2 8 )T H/MYM TO' U (jDWR >nubb$orce: TA UDATA pn22 19 YHWH KURI/OU pn22 19 YHl'iH 0: KURIOU

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54 PAUL LIPPI

They are marked < S D . The direct ion of the arrow is no t s ignif icant .1 13 L/NGO KATE/NANTl

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56 PAUL LIPPI

This also occurs a t 5: 4, 6: 11, 12,13, 7: 12, 8: 7, 9: 12,20, 18 : 37.4 31 W/Y$B4 31 W/Y$B4 31 W/Y$B4 31 W/Y$B

KAI\ E)PEjSTREYEN

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58 PAUL LIPPI

not taking this step ar e marked < if1 13 W/Y$LX1 13 W/Y$LX1 13 W/Y$LX1 13 W/Y$LX9 23 W/YNS9 23 W/YNS9 23 W/YNS

19 11 L/HXRYM/M19 11 L/HXRYM/M19 11 L/HXRYM/M

A)POSTEI=LAI >ib: I I

b$oce: APOSTEILE iv: KAI\ E)/FUGEN i fbb$: WS ECWLEQREUSEN AUTHN si; th e MSS which do not use the subjunctive ar e tagged ag, whereas MSS in which th e lamed is ignoredhave been tagged

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60

2 10 L/$)WL3 13 L/TT3 13 L/TT5 7 LjHMYT5 7 L/HMYT5 7 LjHMYT6 9 M/(BR6 9 M/(BR6 9 M/(BR6 9 M/(BR6 23 L/BW)6 23 LjBW)6 23 L/BW)

13 23 H$XYT/M13 23 H$XYT/M14 27 LjMXWT14 27 L/MXWT14 27 LjMXWT15 19 L/HYWT15 19 L/HYWT15 19 L/HXZYQ15 19 LjHXZYQ15 19 LjHXZYQ

PAUL LIPPI

TOU= AI)TH/SASQAI >a gTOU= PARADOU=NAI >agr: PARADOUNAI agbb$oce: QANATW=SAI

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62 PAUL LIPPI

Already severa l l ines of investigation have been opened which ha dreceived virtually no at ten t ion . e. g ., th e revision of Greek pre -fixes and preformatives without touching th e stem and vice versa.This is not due to an y past lack of diligence; ra the r , th e size ofthe corpus made th e consideration of such detailed informationimpract ical . With the arr ival of computer technology fo r t ex tuals tudies , th e situation is ent irely dif ferent . Th e only real limitationto what can profitably be investigated is th e scholar 's ow n resources ,familiarity with th e field. an d abili ty to define th e problems.

NOTES

1. Fo r details, se e E. To v above, p . 36. Th e present articleserves as a sequel to Tovls art ic le .

2. See also R. Kraft ' s descrip t ion of the record ing of var iantsin CATSS, vol. 1.

3. For an ex tended definition of quantitative representat ion,se e E. Tov, The Text-Crit ical Use of the Septuagint in Bibl icalResearch (Jerusalem Biblical Studies 3; Jerusalem: Simor, 1981)58-59.

4. E. Tov, IITransliterations of Hebrew Words in th e GreekVersions of th e OT--A Ne w Characteri s t ic of th e kaige-Th. Revision?"Textus 8 (1973) 78-92.

5. See E. Tov, A Computerized Data Base fo r SeptuagintStudies : The Parallel Aligned Text of the Greek and Hebrew Bible.21.1-5 (forthcoming).

6. Ib id . , 7.1-5 .

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The Following Contributions are Invited:1. Record of work published or in progress .

(Please print or type in publishable format.)2. Record of Septuagint and cognate theses

and dissertat ions completed or in progress.3. Reports s ignificant fo r Septuagint and cognate

studies. Items of newly discovered manu-scr ipts or of original groundbreaking researchwill be given primary consideration. Reportsshould be brief and informative and ma y bewritten in English, French , or German. Greekand Hebrew need not be t ransl i te ra ted .

4. Abst rac ts of Septuagint papers read beforein erna ional , national, and regional academicmeetings. Abst rac ts should be previouslyunpublished, not more than one page, double-spaced, including th e t ime, place, and occa-sion of the presentat ion.

All materials should be in the hands of th e editorby Ma y 1 to be included in tha t year ' s Bullet in.

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BULLETIN SUBSCRIPTION / IOSCS MEMBERSHIPSend name, address, and US$3 to Dr. Walter Bodine,Treasurer . In the Netherlands, send subscriptionprice to D r. Arie van der Kooij, Tortel laan 34,3722 WD Bilthoven, Holland. Giro: 742325.

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