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Bioresources Technology Unit

Research Profi le

National Center for GeneticEngineering and Biotechnology

Foreword

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The Bioresources Technology Unit was founded in 2007 and includes researchers each with at least 10 years of research experience in biodiversity utilization at BIOTEC. These scientists had established themselves internationally in the fields of microbial taxonomy and natural product chemistry and as members of this new unit their initial task was to strengthen cooperation and realign the focus of the members of this new group to work on the ex situ conservation and utilization of microorganisms. Although world-wide, survey, collection, identification and utilization of microorganisms are common research activities of research institutes, systematic exploration and subsequent discovery of useful compounds require a highly coordinated work environment to achieve rapid results.

The Unit now consists of scientists with expertise in a wide variety of fields ranging from microbial taxonomy, ecology, molecular biology, chemistry and information technology. In addition, because government regulators are currently struggling to keep up with rapid changes in biotechnology and microbial resource management, legal experts are also incorporated into the Unit in order to define guidelines and conduct research on bioresources management in aspects that are not currently regulated by existing Thai laws.

Understanding biodiversity while advancing its utilization is a complex task. The Bioresources Technology Unit has demonstrated that with the efforts of many scientists working as a team and with partners both local and international, Thailand can discover under-explored and under-utilized microorganisms, as well as conserve them and harness their useful properties for the benefit of Thailand and others.

(Dr. Kanyawim Kirtikara)Director

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)

Foreword

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Bioresources Technology Unit (BTU) Microbes are important sources of various biological compounds and enzymes that are useful for humans, from food to essential therapeutic proteins. The Bioresources Technology Unit (BTU) was established in recognition of the need to explore the rich diversity of microorganisms in Thailand. Our main interests are thus to collect, identify, preserve and systematically utilize Thai-indigenous microorganisms. Several environmental challenges, including global warming underlie the urgency to collect and identify new microbial strains from environmental habitats all over Thailand. In the near future, the BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) which currently houses more than 30,000 microbial strains will act as a Biological Resource Center (BRC). The BRC will not only continue its previous role as a depository of microbial strains, but will also provide other types of biological materials such as DNA, and all associated information.

To maximize the bioresources’ potential, several systems for systematic storage of biological extracts and chemical libraries, together with semi-high throughput capability in conducting various biological assays have been established. Our bioresource management system set up in the unit allows us to speed up the vast amount of information. This will not only facilitate us in utilization of our resources efficiently, but also in connecting us to other leading research institutes. Over the past few years, BTU has also established several collaborations with world-leading pharma and biotechnological companies, e.g. Novartis for the scientific exchange of techniques and expertise. BTU also plays a role as a training hub for our neighboring countries in microbial preservation and identification. Our vision is to be a Center for bioresources research for this region.

(Dr. Lily Eurwilaichitr)Director


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BIORESOURCES TECHNOLOGY UNIT

• Introduction VI

BIORESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROGRAM

1. BIOTEC Culture Collection Laboratory (BCC) 15 The BCC Collections 15 Database Management 16 Services Provided 16 Award 17 Collaboration with Local Scientists 17 Collaboration with International Scientists 17 Research Staff 17

2. Biotechnology Law 18 Research Experiences 18 International and National Legal Developments 19 Collaboration with Local Scientists 19 Collaboration with International Scientists 19 Research Staff 19 DISCOVERY PROGRAM

1. Bioresources Research Laboratory (BRL) 21 Award 23 Collaboration with Local Scientists 23 Collaboration with International Scientists 23 Technical Services 24 Research Staff 24

2. Bioassay Laboratory 25 Collaboration with Local Scientists 26 Collaboration with International Scientists 26 Research Staff 26

3. Enzyme Technology Laboratory 27 Enzyme Discovery 28 Optimization of Large-Scale Enzyme Production 29 Enzyme Application in Industry 29 Awards 30 Collaboration with Local Scientists 31 Collaboration with International Scientists 31 Research Staff 31

4. Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering 32 Laboratory

Cultivation and Media Development Technology 32 Metabolic Product Optimization Technology 33 Bioprocess Development Technology 34 Collaboration with Local Scientists 35 Collaboration with International Scientists 35 Collaboration with Privates Sectors 35 Research Staff 35

5. Microbial Cell Factory Laboratory 36 Our Current Work in the Laboratory Involves: 36 Development of Cell-Surface Display Expression System Improvement of Protein Production 37 Development of Thai-Isolated New Yeast Strains as Alternative Host 37 Gene Expression in Lactobacillus 37 Collaboration 37 Collaboration with Local Scientists 38 Collaboration with International Scientists 38 Collaboration with Private Sector 38 Research Staff 38

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6. Microbial Engineering Laboratory 39 Exploration of Biocontrol Agents 40 Molecular Mechanism of Mosquito Larvicidal Toxins 40 Resistance Mechanism in Mosquito Larvae 41 Development of a host cell for Production of Insecticidal Proteins 41 Production of VIP3Aa for Effective Control of Insect Pests 42 Collaboration with Local Scientists 42 Collaboration with International Scientists 42 Research Staff 42 MICROORGANISM PROGRAM

1. Mycology laboratory 44 Biodiversity of Fungi in Thailand 44

Insect Fungi 45 Seed Decay Fungi 45 Coelomyceteous Fungi 45 Palm Fungi of a Peat Swamp Forest 46 Fungal Herbarium 46 Collaboration with Local Scientists 47 Collaboration with International Scientists 47 Research Staff 47

2. Phylogenetics Laboratory 48 Invertebrate-Pathogenic Fungi 48 Marine Fungi 48 Molecular Identification of Endophytic and Non-Sporulating Fungi which 49 Produce Antimicrobial Subtances Saprophytic and Endophytic Fungi from Nypa fruticans 49 Aquatic Fungi 50 Polyketide Synthases (PKS) 50

Awards 50 Collaboration with Local Scientists 51 Collaboration with International Scientists 51 Research Staff 51

INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROGRAM

1. The Information Systems Laboratory 53 Bioresource Data Management 53 Sharing and Networking Microbial Information Resources 55 Omics Data Analysis and Tools 56 Development of Interactive Training Digital Media 57

Award 58 Collaboration with International Scientists 58 Research Staff 58

2. Geoinformatics Laboratory 59 Ecosystems of the Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Their Impact Assessment 59 Flora Survey in the Nature Trail of Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary 60 The Sugarcane (Saccharum) Spatial Database Development for Production 61 Improvement and Supply Management Biology Study and Pollen Distribution of Papaya by Computer Modeling with GIS system 61 Collaboration with Local Scientists 62 Collaboration with International Scientists 62 Research Staff 62

3. Ecology Laboratory 63 The Mo Singto Research Site 63 Smaller Research Plots 65 Future Research Directions 65 Awards 66 Collaboration with Local Scientists 66 Collaboration with International Scientists 66 Research Staff 66 Publication (2004-September 2009) 67


The Bioresources Research Program was established in 1996 with the focus on research and development of the preservation, utilization and conservation of bioresources. The program has a special emphasis on the utilization of biotechnology as a core technology to increase the value of commercial products, such as food and feed products, enzyme products, drug and bioactive compounds and bio-control products. Since the Program was established over a decade ago under the BIOTEC Central Research Unit, the program has generated a substantial amount of research output. In 2007, the Bioresources Research Program was separated from the BIOTEC Central Research unit to set up a new research unit called the Bioresources Technology Unit with the aim of conducting research focused on conservation and effective utilization of bioresources. The Bioresources Technology Unit is now the major research program of BIOTEC, taking up one-third of BIOTEC’s research staff whose research is coordinated to strongly support BIOTEC’s Bioresources Technology Program.

The mission of the Bioresources Technology Unit is: i) to exploit the unique natural resources available in Thailand using biotechnologies to convert into value-added products required in the pharmaceutical, food and feed, and enzyme industries ii) to develop both platform and innovative technologies to build national infrastructure and research and development on the utilization of bioresources.

The vision is to become a leading bioresources technology research unit that promotes sustainable use of biodiversity for deriving high value added products and economic development.

Objectives

• The utilization of bioresources for high value added products such as enzymes, bio-control, food and feed for the benefit of agriculture and industry in the country.

• To set up the state-of-the-art biotechnology research facilities for sustainable development of bioresources.

• To build technology platforms to strengthen the national bioresources research and development capability.

• To collaborate with other institutions/ organizations/ universities nationally and internationally in bioresources.

The Bioresources Technology Unit houses 13 laboratories ranging from survey and identification of microorganisms, preservation, utilization, conservation and legal management of bioresources. This research unit is the most advanced bioresources research unit in Thailand as it is made up of researchers in different fields in order to utilize and scientifically manage biodiversity. Researchers in the unit are working together with the aim of using biotechnology to explore novel high value products, such as drugs and enzymes (Figure 1, 2). Areas of expertise include:

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• Taxonomy of microorganisms especially fungi, yeasts and actinomycetes

• Developing throughput biological assays

• Natural product chemistry

• Pre-pilot scale production of commercially valuable bio-products

• Enzyme discovery

• Recombinant expression systems

• Biodiversity and ecology of plant, animal and microorganism

Structure Elucidation and Modification (Chemistry laboratory)

Enzymes for IndustryThailand National CultureCollection (TNCC)

BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) Screening for Enzymes(Enzyme technology laboratory)

Microbe collection (Mycology laboratory

and BCC)

Phylogeny study (Phylogenetics laboratory)

Growing fungi (Fermentation technology and biochemical

engineering laboratory)

Screening for Active Compounds(Bioassay laboratory)

Potential ‘Lead’ Compounds forFurther Drug Development

Figure 1 Diagram illustrating the connection of research activities between laboratories under the Bioresources Technology Research Program

Commercial Benefit

Structure Elucidation and Chemical Modification of Bioactive Compounds

Bioactivity Screening

Fermentation Technology for Culturing Microbes

Study on Phylogenetics

Culture Collection

Taxonomy

Microbes from the Environment

MIC

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BIA

L VA

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Figure 2 Process of increasing microbial value

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Research and Development Programs

The Bioresources Technology Unit aligns with the goal of Thailand’s National Biotechnology Policy Framework on Biotechnology and NSTDA’s Cluster for Environment by research and development for sustainable social and commercial use of biological resources. The Bioresources Technology Unit aims to build National infrastructure and research and development on the utilization of bioresources.

The Bioresources Technology Unit has four core research programs, namely Bioresources Management System Program, Discovery Program, Microorganism Program and Information System Program (Figure 3). These research programs are categorized as follows:

Bioresources Management System Program aims to collect and preserve microbial cultures and their relevant data for BIOTEC in house research programs and for the country’s official depository and to conduct legal and policy studies with the focus on legal management of bioresources and intellectual property management. The Bioresources Management System Program consists of the following two laboratories.

- BIOTEC Culture Collection Laboratory

- Biotechnology Law

Discovery Program aims to utilize bioresources for high value added products such as enzymes, bio-control, food and feed for the benefit of agriculture and industry in the country, to build up research facilities on screening for bioactive compounds which are typically present in very low concentrations, with rapid, low cost and highly sensitive detection methods, to develop cultivation technology and bioprocesses for efficient production of various valuable bio-products from microorganisms and to isolate and identify bioactive substances produced from various microorganisms, especially insect pathogenic fungi by using activity-guided fractionation and structure modification for increased biological activity. The Discovery Program consists of the following six laboratories.

- Bioresources Research Laboratory

- Bioassay Laboratory

- Enzyme Technology Laboratory

- Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory

- Microbial Engineering Laboratory

- Microbial Cell Factory Laboratory

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Microorganism Program aims to provide data on the biodiversity of fungi in Thailand, to isolate fungi for the BIOTEC culture collection and screening program and to develop and expand the advancement of molecular phylogeny for a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of fungi and other organisms. The Microorganism Program consists of the following two laboratories.

- Mycology Laboratory

- Phylogenetics Laboratory

Information Systems Program aims to develop information technology in order to establish and enhance the information infrastructure such as the systematic collection, preservation and distribution of bioresources and the search and discovery of exploitable bioresources using our custom-designed program namely, Microbial Information Management (MIMs) to develop high quality needed spatial database for bio-ecological resources and land resources management and monitoring and to study of the dynamics of and changes in ecosystem for ecological monitoring. The Information System Program consists of the following three laboratories.

- Information Systems Laboratory

- Geoinformatics Laboratory

- Ecology Laboratory

Figure 3 Organizational Structure of the Bioresources Technology Unit

Microbial EngineeringLaboratory

Director

Research Support

BioresourcesManagement

System Program

DiscoveryProgram

MicroorganismProgram

Informationsystems Program

BIOTEC Culture Collection Laboratory

Bioresources ResearchLaboratory

Mycology Laboratory Information SystemsLaboratory

Biotechnology Law

Bioassay Laboratory GeoinformaticsLaboratory

Enzyme TechnologyLaboratory

PhylogeneticsLaboratory

Ecology Laboratory

Fermentation Technologyand Biochemical

Engineering Laboratory

Microbial CellFactory Laboratory

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Personnel

As of September 2009, the Bioresources Technology Unit had 141 staff members in the research section, of these, 36 hold Doctoral Degrees, 48 hold Master Degrees, 49 hold Bachelor Degrees and 8 hold professional diplomas (Table 1).

Program

Academic standing

TotalPh.D. M.S. B.S. Professionaldiploma

Bioresources Management System Program

3 4 7 1 15

DiscoveryProgram

25 30 28 5 88

Microorganism Program

6 9 8 2 25

Information System Program

2 5 6 0 13

Total personnel 36 48 49 8 141

Table 1 Number of BIOTEC personnel working at the Bioresources Technology Unit in all four research programs classified according to academic standing

* Note: This table shows staff working at the various program in September 2009

Human Resources Development

The Bioresources Technology Unit recognizes the importance of personnel development when it comes to the transformation of young scientists into professional researchers who are able to achieve their career goals. To this end, the unit has introduced a mentoring system for new scientists, and periodically seeks assistance from renowned professors from universities to provide valuable suggestions for the researchers.

The Bioresources Technology Unit also offers research training for undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels to both local and foreign institutions. The unit currently has 50 undergraduate and 40 graduate students training each year. Most of the Master and Doctoral students receive scholarships supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Program [Thailand Research Fund (TRF)], the Thai Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST) research fund and Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT).

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Research Funding

The period of October 2006-September 2009 showed a significant increase in the level of funding coming to the unit. The Bioresources Technology Unit receives research funding on the basis of technical merit from the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) / National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC). This accounts for the largest proportion of the unit’s funding, making up around 72 percent of the total funding. Other funding comes from a wide variety of funding agencies, both local and international. Local funding bodies include the Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT) (accounting for 27 percent of the total) and other sources such as the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), and Mahidol University (which together account for approximately 1 percent of the total). International funding is derived from numerous agencies such as the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which together provide around 1 percent of the budget as a whole (Table 2 and Figure 4).

Table 2 Overall funding by research program at the Bioresources Technology Unit (October 2006-September 2009)

Program Number of projects Funding (million Baht)

BioresourcesManagementSystem Program

21 12

Discovery Program 87 39.6


36 13

Information System Program

12 5.1

Total 156 69.7

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Industrial Col laboration and TechnologyTransfer

To effectively translate research advances into commercial products and processes, collaboration with industry is crucial. Bioresources Technology Unit is establishing relationships with enterprises in a range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, feed, energy, environment and cosmetics. These partnerships incorporate interactive contract and cooperative research. For cooperative research, industrial sponsors participate in specific research programs and projects. The result is mutually beneficial partnerships that stimulate research with marketable applications.

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BIOTEC72%

Note: NSTDA/BIOTEC = Cluster and Program Management Office (CPMO, NSTDA)

Platform Technology (BIOTEC)

Bioresource Research Network (BRN) International Org. = UNESCO Others = Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT), Thailand Research Fund, Private Sector

BIOTECOthersInternational Org.

International Org.1%

Others27%

Figure 4 Sources of research funding for the Bioresources Technology Unit (October 2006-September 2009)

Publications, Patents and New Technology

During the period October 2006-September 2009, the Bioresources Technology Unit has filed 13 patents and had one accepted, disclosed new inventions and had 170 international publications. At home and abroad, the unit continues to be recognized as an outstanding national science research unit, as evidenced by the fact that it has received several distinguished awards over the past few years. Notable pieces of research are outlined in more detail later in this profile.

International Col laboration

The unit collaborates with research centers across the world in the exchange of knowledge and scientists (Table 3).

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Table 3 Example of international collaborative partners of the Bioresources Technology Unit (September 2009)

Research Center Country Laboratory

Bioresources Management System Program

1 Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology

Korea


2 Culture Collection of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

China

3 Institute of Tropical Biology Vietnam

4 Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) Japan

5 Netherlands Culture Collection of Bacteria (NCCB) Netherland

6 NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation

Japan

7 NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation

Japan.Biotechnology Law

8 University of London UK

Discovery Program

1 Novartis Switzerland Bioresources Research Laboratory

2 Kunming Institute of Botany China Bioassay Laboratory

3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Japan

Enzyme Technology Laboratory4 The University of Tokyo Japan

5 The University of Florida USA

6 Anhui Agricultural University China

Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory

7 Chalmer University Sweden

8 Copenhagen University Denmark

9 Technical University of Denmark Denmark

10 University of Maryland USA

11 Vinh University Vietnam

12 Laboratories of Applied Bioscience, Niigata University

Japan

Microbial Engineering Laboratory

13 Public Health Entomology Research & Education Center, Florida A&M University

USA

14 University of Maryland USA

15 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California

USA


1 Portsmouth University UK

Mycology Laboratory

2 Oregon State University USA

3 Bhutan Government Bhutan

4 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China

5 Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR Taiwan

6 Food Research Institute China

7 Institute of Fermentation, Osaka Japan

8 Landcare New Zealand

9 University Malaya Malaysia

10 National Taiwan Ocean University Taiwan

11 Oregon State University USAPhylogenetics Laboratory12 Vinh University Vietnam

13 National Taiwan Ocean University Taiwan

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National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

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Microorganisms are the largest and most diverse group of all living organisms. They are generally single celled and can not be seen by the naked eye. They are divided into four major groups: fungi, bacteria, protists and viruses. In nature, microorganisms play an important role in nutrient recycling. Their roles can be producers where organic compounds are synthesized from carbon dioxide (CO2) and other inorganic substances, or decomposers where accumulated or organic substances are degraded and mineralized. Numerous microorganisms are isolated from nature and exploited in several different areas such as the production of food, agricultural and pharmaceutical products. The isolated cultures need to be properly preserved in order to maintain their viability, purity and authenticity for future use.

1 . BIOTEC Culture Collection Laboratory (BCC)

Recognizing the importance of the microorganisms, especially those isolated from natural environments in Thailand, BIOTEC founded the BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC), in 1996. The primary objective of BCC is to collect and preserve microbial cultures and their relevant data for BIOTEC’s in-house research programs, mainly the Bioresources Research Program which focuses on isolation of valuable products such as secondary metabolites, enzymes and bioactive short peptides from microorganisms. Besides the maintenance and distribution of cultures for in-house research, BCC provides training, identification, and lyophilization services to the public.

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percent of the cultures BCC hold are filamentous fungi, which are taxonomically and ecologically diverse. One quarter was isolated from insects (insect pathogenic fungi). The rest were isolated from soil, seeds, decayed wood, plants, lichens, dung, fresh water and sea water.

Almost all strains in the collection are cryo-preserved at –80oC as working cultures. Freeze drying, liquid drying or storage in vapor phase of nitrogen is also used for long term preservation of strains with special characteristics, such as new species and those that produce biologically active compounds. Duplicate collections of valuable strains are held at different locations in Thailand.


The BCC Collections

At present, BCC has more than 25,000 strains of filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria in the collection. Eighty


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Services Provided

1. BCC cultures BCC cultures are made available for

education and research in Thailand and overseas. The client can order BCC cultures electronically through BCC’s on-line catalogue (http://bcc.biotec.or.th).

2. Deposit cultures to BCC Researchers are encouraged to make

microbial cultures available for public access through deposition of the cultures into BCC. BCC accepts most groups of bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts classified in Hazard Group 1 or 2. BCC also provides safe and patent deposit facilities by preserving microbial cultures in optimal conditions with all proprietary rights retained by the depositor or the patent owner.


and through the internet for the general scientific community. MIMS and e-BCC assist BCC staffs not only to rapidly retrieve general microbial information, but select strains for cataloging. Using two different sets of criteria, two different lists of cultures are published electronically, one through the intranet for BIOTEC’s in-house use, the other through the internet for public access.

Database Management

Microbial Information Management Systems (MIMS) and e-BCC have been developed by the Information Systems Laboratory in order to ease the management and utilization of the large amount of data generated by BCC’s researchers. MIMS is used to manage strain data, mainly for storage and distribution, while e-BCC is used to facilitate access to BCC strains through the intranet for BIOTEC researchers

3. Culture preservation BCC offers a culture preservation service

in which cultures are expertly preserved and returned to the clients for storage by themselves. BCC offers freeze-drying and preparation of cultures for storage in freezers and in the vapor phase of nitrogen of most groups of bacteria, yeasts and sporulating (in vitro) fungi classified in Hazard Group 1 or 2.

4. Identification BCC offers a service to identify

isolates of eubacteria, sporulating (in vitro) fungi, and ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. BCC also offers a service to purify microbial strains from contaminated sources.

5. Training BCC offers personalized training on

preservation techniques, culture collection management and identification of eubacteria and yeasts based on molecular techniques upon request.

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1. Department of Agriculture (DOA), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

2. Department of Medical Sciences (DMST), Ministry of Public Health

3. Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy

Research Staff

1. Wanchern Potacharoen, M.Sc. (Microbiology, Kasetsart University, Thailand)

2. Pattaraporn Rattanawaree, Ph.D. (Bioresources, Gifu University, Japan)

3. Sasitorn Jindamorakot, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Kasetsart University, Thailand)

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Award

1. Best Dissertation Award 2006 from Graduate School of Kasetsart University for the project entitled “The Species Diversity of Yeasts in Some Natural Habitats of Thailand”. (Dr. Sasitorn Jindamorakot)

Collaboration with Local Scientists


1. NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Japan

2. Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), Japan

3. Culture Collection of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

4. Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korea

5. Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam

6. Netherlands Culture Collection of Bacteria (NCCB), Netherland

Collaboration with International Scientists


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2. Legal management of bioresources: Recognizing the importance of bioresources and keeping pace with legal developments of biodiversity at international and national levels, BIOTEC invests its vast efforts on not only the utilization of bioresources but also the legal management. Legal management of plant genetic resources for biotechnology research is an on going research project with the aim of developing practical guides for researchers who utilize plant genetic resources.

Research Experiences

1. Legal protection of traditional knowledge: BIOTEC’s BRS conducted an important study legal framework of protection of traditional knowledge with the commission of the Department of Intellectual Property. The study aims at solving the problems of misappropriation and misuse of Thai traditional knowledge. The knowledge gained from this study leads to the drafting of law on promotion and protection of traditional knowledge.

Advances in biotechnology in the 20th century offer promises of technological innovation in a wide array of applications, viz., agriculture, health, environment and energy. With rapid technological development, the potential applications of biotechnology will be beyond estimation. Keeping pace with technological development, more legal issues disputes and challenges concerning biotechnology have been witnessed. BioLaw issues cover growing areas of intellectual property, environmental law, human right, and most importantly

biodiversity law. In Thailand the knowledge of legal aspects and management is critically lagging behind.

Recognizing the importance of biolaw knowledge, BIOTEC established BioLaw Research Section (BRS) in 2008. The BRS aims to conduct legal and policy studies with the focus on legal management of bioresources and intellectual property management. BIOTEC hopes that the newly developed BioLaw knowledge will be useful for biotechnology research organizations.

2. Biotechnology Law

(BioLaw)


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1. Chulalongkorn University

2. Thammasart University

3. Naresuan University

4. Government institutes such as Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court, Department of Intellectual Property, Department of Agriculture

Experienced in legal management of bioresources and intellectual property, BIOTEC’s BRS has involved in several international legal negotiations and advancements. BIOTEC is one of Thailand delegations in the negotiation of an

international regime of access and benefit sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity. BRS also takes part in developing access and benefit sharing regulations for Thailand.

3. Intellectual property management: With firm belief of intellectual property driving innovation in Thailand, BIOTEC has long committed in building human resources in the knowledge of intellectual property law. Intellectual property law is the core BRS

knowledge. BRS conducts several research projects on intellectual property law and management. One vital project is on the development of intellectual property management office for universities and innovative organizations in Thailand.

Research Staff

1. Tanit Changthavorn, Ph.D. (Intellectual Property, University of

London, UK)


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International and National Legal Developments

1. University of London, United Kingdom

2. NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), Japan

3. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)



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The Bioresources Research Laboratory (BRL) aims at utilization of Thai bioresources, especially microorganisms. Since 1996, over 60,000 crude extracts from microorganisms have been evaluated for biological activities, including antimalarial, anti-fungal, anti-herpes simplex virus, anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor against three cancerous cell types (MCF-7, KB, and NCI-H187). The on-going search for bioactive substances produced by various microorganisms, especially insect pathogenic fungi involves first biological activity-guided fractionation. Spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible (UV), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are then routinely employed for structure determination, which have led to the development of a chemical profile library of isolated metabolites.

The major successes on insect pathogenic fungi were reviewed by us in the journal “Accounts of Chemical Research” in 2005. Since then, many new compounds have been isolated and their chemical structures have been published. These include hirsutellones A-E and hirsutatins A-B from Hirsutella nivea, hirsutellic acid A from Hirsutella sp., ascherxanthone A from Aschersonia sp., verihemiptellides

A-B from Verticillium hemipterigenum, cordyheptapeptide A, bioxanthracenes, and cordyols A-C from Cordyceps spp. The results show that insect fungi (entomopathogenic fungi) are an excellent source of chemical diversity, both in terms of structures and biological activities. Other organisms such as seed fungi, endophytes, marine fungi, etc. have also been investigated, which have also proven to be excellent sources of bioactive substances; for example, sesquiterpene connatusins A-B from Lentinus conatus, hirstutellone F from Trichoderma sp., lachnones A-E from Lachnum sp., depsidones from the unidentified endophytic fungus BCC8616, bioxanthracenes from Cordyceps sp., hamevellones from Hamigera avellanea, and new benzofuran derivatives from Hypocrea sp. were amongst isolated compounds from these groups.

1 . Bioresources Research Laboratory (BRL)

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Production of natural product analogues has successfully been carried out, including beauvericin analogues from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 1614 by precursor-directed biosynthesis. Structure modifications and structure-activity relationshi study of these modified compounds have been undertaken.

In addition, in order to find lead compounds to be used as novel antimalarial drugs, our scientists have synthesized several new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, (dihydrotriazine and diaminopyrimidine derivatives), and evaluated their activity against parasite

enzymes resistant to current anti-malarial drugs targeting the same enzyme. Many synthesized compounds exhibited very good binding affinity and showed promising anti-plasmodial activity. Consequently, large scale synthesis has become of great significance in order to prepare potential compounds in sufficient amount for further testing. Accordingly, the facility for large scale synthetic chemistry has been set up. This facility will be used in the scale up process, not only for antimalarial compounds but also for other active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), which will be beneficial to all of the Thai pharmaceutical community.

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1. Novartis, Switzerland Since 2005, the Bioresources Research Laboratory (BRL) has collaborated with Novartis, Switzerland, on the search for new bioactive compounds from insect fungi. The primary aim of the BIOTEC-Novartis collaboration is to find potential compounds suitable for further drug development.

2. Nagasaki University, Japan BRL researcher Dr. Smanmoo has collaborated with Professor Masaaki Kai, graduate school of pharmaceutical science, Nagasaki University on the chemiluminescent detection of biologically significant compounds.

1. Chulalongkorn University

2. Mahidol University

3. King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL)

4. Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)


UNESCO-L’OREAL International Fellowships 2007 from L’Oreal Thailand Company Limited and Thai National Commission for UNESCO for the project entitled “Scale-up Process for the Anti-malarial Leads Synthesis” (Dr. Chawanee Thongpanchang)

CST-Wiley Outstanding Publication Award 2009 from Chemical Society of Thailand (C.S.T.) for the project entitled “Immobilization of Malarial (Plasmodium falciparum) Dihydrofolate Reductase for the Selection of Tight-binding Inhibitors from Combinatorial Library” (Dr. Chawanee Thongpanchang)

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Award

To date, our on-going research is focused in many areas concerning the utilization of bio-resources, namely:

1) The search for novel bioactive substances from microorganisms,

2) Synthesis of compounds with good anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum,

3) Large-scale synthesis of potential compounds for further testing (API included), and

4) Development of compounds for other applications, for example, compounds for use in bio-sensors



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7. Srung Smanmoo, Ph.D (Organic Synthesis, University of

Sheffield, UK) 8. Chollaratt Boonlarppradab, Ph.D (Oceanography (Marine Chemistry),

University of California, San Diego, USA)

Research Staff

1. Prof. Yodhathai Thebtaranonth, Ph.D (Organic Chemistry, University of

Sheffield, UK)2. Masahiko Isaka, Ph.D (Organic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Japan)3. Pattama Pittayakhajonwut, Ph.D (Organic Chemistry, University of

Bradford, UK)4. Chawanee Thongpanchang, Ph.D (Organic Chemistry, Mahidol University,

Thailand)5. Taridaporn Bunyapaiboonsri, Ph.D (Chemistry, Louis Pasteur University,

France)6. Sasithorn Teeveerapanya, Ph.D (Organic Chemistry, University of

Oxford, UK)


BRL also gives support to universities in Thailand and the private sector in terms of technical services including NMR, IR, MS, and SFE techniques.

1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

2. Mass Spectrometer / LC-MS spectrometer

3. Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometer

4. Supercritical Fluid CO2 Extraction (SFE)

Technical Services

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Since its establishment as part of the Bioresources Program in 1996, the primary goal of the Bioassay Laboratory has been to evaluate the medicinal potential of Thailand’s biological resources, with particular emphasis on microbes. As the program progresses into its second decade, the value of microbes in the BIOTEC culture collection (BCC) has been increasingly recognized by us. Therefore, the laboratory directs its effort toward the identification of potential lead compounds for further development in specific areas of utilization.

For the medicinal purpose, screening assays that target whole organisms are carried out routinely to identify microbial-derived compounds with activities against disease targets that are major health problems in Thailand, including malaria and tuberculosis, as well as opportunistic infectious pathogens, such as Candida albicans and Bacillus cereus. To increase our capacity for the identification of potential lead compounds against specific enzyme targets, we have also developed target-based assays. Assays for compounds inhibitory to the malaria pathogen’s plasmepsin II and dihydrofolate reductase enzymes are in hand, while assays are being developed for the avian influenza virus neuraminidase enzyme and the enzymes for cell wall synthesis in Candida albicans.

For the agricultural purpose, our laboratory seeks to alleviate problems regarding the outbreak of crop diseases and the excessive use of toxic pesticides by developing assays to identify naturally-derived compounds that inhibit crop disease pathogens. At present, assays against rice disease pathogens, such as Magnaporthe grisea and Curvularia lunata are routinely performed;

a dual-assay that will simultaneously screen for compounds with activities against two chilli anthracnose pathogens, Colletotrichum glocosporoides and Colletotrichum capsici, is being developed for future use.

The role of the Bioassay Laboratory is not limited to in-house research; we also provide significant contributions to Thailand’s scientific infrastructure by providing screening services to the general scientific community. Aside from developing and improving screening assays, the Bioassay Laboratory staff also conduct research in different areas to serve the needs of Thailand.

For instance, in line with the laboratory’s focus on the search for anti-infective agents, an initiative has been taken to develop a systematic approach for the detection of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), a group of fungal metabolites known to have diverse biological activities. We have shown that fungi in the BCC are potential sources of diverse peptide metabolites; therefore, we intend to isolate the peptides from these fungi to create a collection of fungal derived peptides. Subsequently, the chemical data generated

2. Bioassay Laboratory


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from these metabolites will be deposited in a chemical profile library, whose availability will expedite the search for novel peptide metabolites and ultimately lead to the discovery of novel antibiotic treatments.

In addition, we also investigate the control of prostaglandin biosynthesis enzymes in mammalian cells, which may have implications for the treatment of patients with anti-inflammatory drugs, and possibly alternative therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Recently, our research interest has focused on the prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway in the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), which is Thailand’s most economically important aquaculture export. Although the farming of giant tiger prawns has been performed

6. Kwanta Thansa, Ph.D. (Animal Sciences, University of

Nottingham, UK)

Research Staff

1. Kanyawim Kirtikara, Ph.D. (Genetics, University of Connecticut,

USA)

2. Vanicha Vichai, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of Virginia,

USA)

3. Chanikul Chutrahul, Ph.D. (Microbiology, University of Nottingham,

UK)

4. Chotika Samarkchan, Ph.D. (Biomedical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand)

5. Wananit Wimuttisuk, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, Brown University, USA)


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in Thailand for over two decades, the industry has experienced problems in propagating prawn larvae from captive broodstock. Based on previous knowledge that the prostaglandins and related metabolites could influence the ovarian development in other crustaceans, we have begun examining this pathway in the giant tiger prawn to shed light on the pathway that regulates ovarian development in this organism.


1. Novartis, Switzerland

2. Kunming Institute University


1. Prince of Songkla University

2. Ramkhamhaeng University


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Enzymes are produced by all living organisms, from microorganisms to plants and animals; enzymes are necessary for nearly all of life’s chemical reactions. These reactions include, but not limited to, the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones which often resulting in a release of energy (catabolism) and the biochemical synthesis of complex substances with the storage of energy (anabolism). With the advance of biotechnology, increasing numbers of enzymes have been identified and produced before being used in various industries including medicine, agro- industry, commodity production biofuel and modern biotechnology.

Currently, thousands of millions baht are spent for enzymes in Thailand each year. However, most of the enzymes used in Thai industries are imported. The Enzyme Technology Laboratory was established to identify and characterize novel enzymes with desirable characteristics by taking advantage of Thailand’s biodiversity, especially the hugely diverse variety of microorganisms. Research in Enzyme Technology Laboratory is focused on the identification and biotechnological utilization of enzymes for industrial processes. The laboratory’s activities include all aspects of enzyme biotechnology from screening of enzymes from microbial isolates and from metagenomic libraries, gene isolation, enzyme production in wild-type microbes and recombinant systems to development of enzymatic processes in industry. As a part of BIOTEC, our research aims for establishment of platform technology for the country together with the application of our technology for supporting the biotechnological research of the local academic and industrial sectors. With

strong collaboration with a number of leading institutes in Thailand and overseas, we aim to play a major contribution on the development of enzyme biotechnology of the country.

At present, research in the laboratory focuses on enzymes used by major national industries. Current

3. Enzyme Technology Laboratory


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• Enzyme Discovery The aim is to identify enzymes with desirable properties by two approaches:

(a) Culture-dependent approach: This approach is employed to identify potent enzymes from cultured organisms such as fungi and bacteria.

interest involves lignocellulose degrading enzymes, amylolytic enzymes and lipases/esterases as well as some other specialized enzymes of biotechnological value. Enzymes capable of working under extreme conditions applicable for industrial processes are also of special interest. Our work in the laboratory currently involves three aspects of research:

At present more than 28,000 microbial isolates at the BIOTEC Culture Collection provide a promising resource for enzyme screening.

(b) Culture-independent approach: This approach is employed to identify enzymes from microorganisms in the environment without the necessity of culturing. This approach is very useful to find a broad range of novel enzymes since only approximately 1% of microbes naturally residing in the environment can be grown in normal laboratory conditions. Advanced DNA technology is used to construct so-called “metagenomic libraries”, representing the genomes of all microbes from a particular environment. Then, genes encoding enzymes with desirable properties can be identified using several approaches, including activity-based screening, sequence-based screening and pyrosequencing. Metagenomic libraries have been constructed from various sources, including unique or extreme ecosystems e.g. hot springs, peat swamp forest, sugarcane bagasse compost and lignocellulolytic microbial

Lignocellulosic biomass degradation by a thermophilic lignocellulolytic microbial consortium

Enzyme discovery from metagenomes (Modified from K. J. Shelswell. 2009. Metagenomics: The science of biological diversity. (www.scq.ubc.ca/metagenomics-the-science-of-biological-diversity/)


METAGENOMIC DNA FRAGMENT

manipulation of DNA

Metagenomic library collection

Biodiversity conservation

Activity-based screening

Sequence-based screening

Pyrosequencing

isolation of DNA from environmental sample

EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS

analysis

CULTURED E. coli COLONIES

Construct library

CLONEDMETAGENOMIC DNA

ligation of fragmentswith vectors

BAC VECTOR

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• Optimizationof Large-ScaleEnzymeProduction: In close collaboration with the Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, BIOTEC, the research includes identification of appropriate conditions for enzyme production in large scale, so that particular enzymes can be produced in sufficient quantity by bioreactor to be used in industrial process optimisation and field trial. This includes both enzymes produced by native fungal strains and by recombinant systems. Various types of agricultural wastes are tested for their possible use in culturing media for high production of enzymes.

• Enzyme Application in Industry: Current research and development projects with industrial sectors include application of enzymes in a range of industries. These include the use of non-starch polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes and phytases in the animal

consortium as well as particular biological niches including termite gut and cattle digestive tracts.

The two approaches enable us to obtain enzymes from both cultured and uncultured microorganisms with high activity and functional stability suitable for biotechnological application. The work also attributes to the awareness for conservation and sustainable use of the nation’s biodiversity.

Enzyme purification by using AKTA Explorer FPLC system

feed industry, the application of lignocellulolytic enzymes in biomass conversion process of agro-industrial by-products to value-added products, including biofuels, bio-plastics and chemicals and also application of cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic enzymes for the pulp and paper industry.

Current collaborative researches with academic institutions and industrial sectors include:

- Development of biomass pretreatmant process for agro-industrial by-products in collaboration with Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

- Collaboration with the Joint Graduate School of Energy and Enviroment (JGSEE) for production of alternative biofuels, including biodiesel and liquid alkane biofuel by thermocatalytic and biocatalytic processes

- Development of a non-thermal cassava feedstock saccharification process using fungal multi-enzyme for bioethanol production with Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro- Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University

- Collaboration with the University of Tokyo, Japan to establish active lignocellulolytic microbial consortium with structural and functional

Quantitatively assays for various industrial enzymes


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stability for application in biomass degradation and discovery of lignocellulolytic enzymes

- Collaboration with Mahidol University and KMITL (King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang) to identify enzymes with special characteristics or enzymes suitable to be used in feedstuff

- Research collaboration with National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan on production of bio-based plastic/monomer

- Collaboration with Betagro Science Center, Asia Star Animal Health Co. Ltd. and Sunfeed on screening and production of enzymes for animal feed industry

- Collaboration with SCG Paper, Public Co. Ltd. to develop enzymes for pulp and paper production process

- Contract research with Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)

A database describing non-starch polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes and amylases obtained from screening fungi in the BIOTEC Culture Collection with high potential for various industries is available in the form of “Enzyme Catalogue” for interested private sectors and researchers. Enzyme Technology Laboratory also provides enzyme activity analysis service and consulting service for enzyme application in industries. In addition, several products aiding enzyme analysis, namely Enzhance Overlay Enzyme Detection Kit and Enzyme Assay Strip Test have been developed. These are considered important steps for the efficient advancement of enzyme application in Thailand.


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Awards

• Taguchi award 2008 from Foundation for the Promotion of Biotechnology in Thailand for the project entitled “Using molecular approach for enzyme discovery from microbial resource in Thailand”. (Dr. Lily Eurwilaichitr)

• Innovation award from National Research Council 2008 for the project entitled “ENZhance Overlay Enzyme Detection Kit for screening of industrial enzymes”.

• Diploma from Universitatea de Stat Din Moldova (1st IIDC) for the project entitles “ENZhance Overlay Enzyme Detection Kit for screening of industrial enzymes”

• Award Gold Medal from Belgrade Association of Inventors and Authors of Technical Improvements (1st IIDC) for the project entitles “ENZhance Overlay Enzyme Detection Kit for screening of industrial enzymes”

• M.Sc. Thesis Distinction from Graduate School, Mahidol University 2007. (Ms. Benchamaporn Wonganu)


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Research Staff

1. Lily Eurwilaichitr, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of Kent at

Canterbury, UK)

2. Verawat Champreda, Ph.D. (Biochemistry/Biocatalysis, Imperial College London, UK)

3. Somchai Pongpattanakitshote, Ph.D (Flinders University, Australia)

4. Honglada Thoetkiattikul, Ph.D. (Entomology, University of Georgia, USA)


• L’Oreal Thailand Fellowship For Women in Science 2006 from L’Oreal Thailand Company Limited and Thai National Commission for UNESCO for the project entitled “Molecular approach for enzyme discovery from microbial resources in Thailand”. (Dr. Lily Eurwilaichitr)


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1. The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment

2. Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University


4. King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

5. National Metal and Materials Technology Center

6. Kasetsart University

7. Electricity Generating Anthority of Thailand (EGAT)

1. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienc and Technology (AIST), Japan

2. The University of Tokyo, Japan


1. Betagro Science Center Co. Ltd.

2. Asia Star Animal Health Co. Ltd.

Collaboration with Privates Sectors

3. Sunfeed Co. Ltd.

4. SCG Paper, Public Co. Ltd.


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4. Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory

Our laboratory specializes in microbial cultivation technology and bioprocess development for efficient production of potential bio-products from microorganisms namely fungi, yeast and bacteria. Our research interests are i) Cultivation and Media development Technology aiming to facilitate the screening and production of bioactive compounds/bio-products of interest and mushroom cultivation, ii) Metabolic Product

Optimization Technology focusing on improving quantity/yield of the target metabolic product and iii) Bioprocess development Technology aiming to develop platform process of pre-pilot scale production while evaluating its commercial feasibility. In addition, our fermentation technologies and consultancy services are provided to support in-house research and to help solve private sector research problems.

Cultivation technology has been applied to improve production and efficiency of bioactive compounds produced by insect pathogenic fungi for being used as pest controlling agents. As the largest and most unique group of microorganisms in the BCC culture collection, it is also considered a powerful source of new and potent bioactive compounds. Many of these fungi are fastidious; hence, in-vitro cultivation conditions must be developed to promote fruiting body formation necessary for extraction of bioactive compounds. The ultimate aims are to develop new sources of potent bioactive compounds and to investigate the diversity of compound structures from fungi of differing morphology. In vitro cultivation studies entail testing nutritional supplements, modifying media recipes and testing different physicochemical conditions. New media have been developed broadening the diversity of available bioactive compounds, including a solid medium comprising brown rice and silk worm suitable for production of fruiting bodies of three insect pathogenic fungi, Cordyceps irangensis BCC 21484, Cordyceps sphecocephala BCC 23297 and Isaria tenuipes BCC 23112.

Besides cultivation for bioactive compounds, a group of mushroom fungi are also an important food. Therefore, the research interest also includes mushroom cultivation with the aim of developing economical cultivation technology which can be transferred to farmers or rural people, thus creating economic opportunity. In 2001, BIOTEC and the Arunyik

Cultivation and Media Development Technology


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This research group focuses on increasing quantity or yield of the target metabolic product while minimizing the level of other by-product(s). Laboratory- scale production has been achieved for various bioactive substances, including native enzymes from wild-type Aspergillus sp. and recombinant enzymes from other microorganisms. The group’s highlight is the production of the animal feed ingredients which are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from Schizochytrium racemosum and fungal enzymes, namely, xylanase, β-glucanase, and cellulase, from various microbial resources.

Both traditional optimization and experimental designs, such as Plackett Burman, Fractional factorial, and response surface methodology are applied to determine relevant factors and optimal range of concentrations which give maximum production. Once optimal conditions have been established, microbial cell physiology is monitored during cultivation to finalize the production yield and define the correct harvesting time in a laboratory scale bioreactor. Other products with potential for industrial use are biopolymers produced by insect pathogenic fungi (application in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic supplement, and prebiotics), bioethanol, and microbial cells for bioremediation. The production

and utilization of these potentially commercial products are on going as collaborative projects with other government institutes and the private sector.

Mushroom Center successfully developed a cultivation technique for the parasol mushroom [Macrolepiota gracilenta (krombh.) Moser]. Cultivation technology was applied to increase the initially low yield by optimizing the environmental factors and finding appropriate nutrients that stimulate both mycelial growth and fruiting body production. New mushroom varieties have been bred in our laboratory, where the productivity and morphology of fruiting bodies are initially assessed.

Different local agricultural wastes such as corncob were also tested to determine their potential as substrates.

MetabolicProductOptimizationTechnology


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This technology involves design and development of process for specific metabolic bio-product based on its application. In order to formulate a practicable bio-product for field-trial, the laboratory scale bioreactor fermentation is scaled up to pre-pilot scale. A specific process must be designed to minimize losses, and all downstream operation must be tailored to the product’s application. Our development covers any scale-up problems within all steps along the process. In collaboration with the Enzyme Technology laboratory and private sectors, we have developed an enzyme production and formulation process for chicken feed. This example demonstrates how technology established in the laboratory can then be transferred to industry.

Currently, our fermentation service could accommodate at laboratory scale (2-5L) and pilot scale (50-1000L). Our laboratory is also well-equipped with laboratory downstream units including cell separation, clarification, membrane concentration, and drying, all in good collaboration with Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research and Development Unit at King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkuntien for large pilot-scale production. The procedures in practice from laboratory to pilot scale production, together with our experience thus serve as a platform technology for collaborative in-house research and private sector partnerships.

Bioprocess Development Technology


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1. Wai Prathumpai, Ph.D. (Process Biotechnology, Technical

Denmark, Denmark)

2. Vasimon Ruanglek, Ph.D. (Microbiology, University of Kent at

Canterbury, UK)

3. Panida Unagul, Ph.D. (Biotechnology, King Mongkut’s

University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand)

1. Asia Star Animal Health Co. Ltd.

2. Betagro Science Center Co. Ltd.

3. Virbac S.A.

4. Higrimm Environmental Research

5. Mitrphol sugarcane and sugar R&D center

6. Banchong Farm

1. King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

2. Institute for Scientific and Technology Research and Services [ISTRS], King

Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

3. Thammasat University

4. Chiang Mai University

5. Srinakharinwirot University

6. Ramkhamhaeng University

Collaboration with Privates Sectors


Research Staff


1. Anhui Agricultural University, China

2. Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

3. Vinh University, Vietnam

4. Chalmer University, Sweden3 5



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5. Microbial Cel l Factory Laboratory In molecular biology research, microbes are used extensively as production factories for proteins. Microbes are being increasingly employed for industrial manufacture of economically important proteins. Heterologous expression, in which a gene coding for the protein of interest is expressed in an experimentally tractable organism is one of the essential processes to produce target proteins efficiently, which is crucial when large scale production of proteins such as enzymes is required. The technologies for heterologous

protein expression have gained much interests in recent years. In addition, it has become clear that there is no single microorganism that can be utilized universally to produce all proteins of interest. Thus, the availability of several different host systems would help increase the possibility of success in target protein expression. In our laboratory, we utilize molecular techniques in order to develop and establish various heterologous expression systems including bacteria and yeast.

The power of biotechnology, especially genetic engineering, enables us to develop expertise on protein expression system. Taking advantage of Thailand’s vast biodiversity, several native enzymes from fungi have been isolated and characterized, some of which exhibited excellent properties with potential industrial applications. However, in general, the yield of endogenous enzyme is low. Thus, heterologous expression for more efficient production of these target enzymes in appropriate hosts is necessary. Pichia pastoris is a yeast which grows quickly in defined medium and can grow to very high cell densities. It is especially useful for the large scale production of target proteins. In addition, the target proteins are glycosylated, which make P. pastoris yeast a favorable host for expressing fungal, plant or human proteins. However, the need for further dowstream process such as purification and separation make the cost for large scale production prohibitive. We therefore exploit

cell surface display technology to express secreted target proteins on the yeast cell surface as anchored proteins. Production of enzymes that are immobilized on the cell surface thus obviates tedious purification processes. The yeast cells with anchored proteins can then be used further as a whole-cell biocatalyst.

OurCurrentWorkintheLaboratoryInvolves:DevelopmentofCell-SurfaceDisplayExpressionSystem


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xylanase and phytase. However, the current P. pastoris strains used are commercial strains under patent, which might cause further complications and additional cost when large scale production of target enzymes aimed for industrial applications is involved. Therefore, we aim to develop new alternative yeast strains with properties suitable and efficient for heterologous protein expression.

The methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris has become a widely studied host for heterologous protein expression, which has several advantages over E. coli including high density of the cultivation, gene stability, and high level of extracellular protein production under a controllable induction system. P. pastoris has been successfully exploited in our laboratory for heterologous expression of several enzymes including cellulase,

Improvement of Protein Production

Development of Thai-Isolated New YeastStrains as Alternative Host

Construction of in vivo multimers

Multi-copy expression of target enzymes has been proven to be a useful tool to increase the level of protein production. This technique is also employed in our laboratory to improve the level of protein expression both extracellularly and intracellularly. In addition, the viral cis-acting hydrolase element is being studied for its potential to improve the level of enzyme production. Alternative promoters from other organisms are also being investigated for strong and efficient expression of enzymes in yeast.

Lactobacillus has been used as GRAS starter in broad applications of food, functional food, agriculture and bioremediation. Hence, they are attractive hosts strains as desired properties for expansion their utilization. In our laboratory, we have developed Thai-isolated

Gene Expression in Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus to be used as host stain for heterologous protein expression. This host strain can be used for producing target proteins such as bacterial enzymes that are utilized in food or feed industrial applications.

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Collaboration

Intramural collaborations with Enzyme Technology Laboratory and Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory foster more complete and effective research in a tightly-knit environment. Collaborations with industrial sectors from local and overseas research institutes and universities have also been established for expertise sharing and technology transfer. These include:



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Research Staff

1. Sutipa Tanapongpipat, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of

Birmingham, UK)

2. Niran Roongsawang, Ph.D. (Material and Life Science, Osaka

University, Japan)

3. Piyanun Harnpicharnchai, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, Carnegie Mellon

University, USA)

4. Plearnpis Luxananil, Ph.D. (Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan)

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1. Mahidol University and KMITL (King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang) to identify enzymes with special characteristics or enzymes suitable to be used in feedstuff

2. Mahidol University, on the development of yeast strain for production of “humanized” proteins

3. Khon-Kaen University, on the expression of enzymes involved in geranylgeraniol biosynthetic pathway

4. Department of Biotechnology, Thammasat University to improve the efficiency of target enzyme by mutagenesis

5. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, on the strain improvement of Bacillus subtilis for lipopeptide biosurfactants production

1. Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, AIST (Japan), for bioplastic degradation

2. Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, for cell-surface display expression

Betagro Science Center to identify and improve enzymes for feedstuff supplementation

Collaboration with Private Sector



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Among disease carriers, mosquitoes are recognized as one of the most important vectors of human diseases. They are capable of transmitting serious, possibly even fatal diseases, such as mosquito-borne encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, filariasis, and malaria. Transmission of disease occurs when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal. Each disease is transmitted by different species of mosquito. Anopheline mosquitoes are the main malaria vector. Encephalitis is carried by Culex spp., while dengue and yellow fever are transmitted by Aedes spp. The reason why each species carries different diseases might be because of molecular incompatibilities between the mosquito and the disease agent.

Each year, approximately 300 million people in developing countries are affected by malaria, with over 2 million deaths from the disease. Dengue and encephalitis also affect thousands of people in urban areas. There is a close relationship between disease outbreak and the number of mosquito carriers in the area. Therefore, to reduce the risk of disease, the mosquito population has to be controlled. The most widely used biological agents for controlling mosquito larvae are

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). These bacteria produce proteinaceous toxins that specifically kill certain species of mosquito larvae. The toxin is formed as a “crystal” in the bacterial cells. After ingestion by the mosquito larvae, the toxins are dissolved as a protoxin and activated by larval proteases. The “active form” of the toxin will then bind to the midgut membrane and destroy the midgut cells, leading to starvation and death of the larvae. However, application of both bacteria is limited by the “longevity” of these biocontrol agents. The degradation of microbial proteins in the field is also a main limitation. In addition, toxin resistance has been observed in Culex spp. when B. sphaericus was used. It is thought that the use of a single protein toxin for a long time contributed to the emergence of resistance. Therefore, application of bacteria containing various proteins might be a more effective “broad-range biopesticide” and could overcome the resistance in the mosquito larvae.

The main objective of our group is to improve efficacy and safety of microbial agents for controlling mosquitoes and major insect pests.

6. Microbial Engineering Laboratory

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We are currently studying structure-function relationships and molecular mechanisms of two mosquito larvicidal toxins; Cyt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis and binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. Cyt toxins (Cytolytic-endotoxins) are a group of proteins produced by some strains of Bt. These proteins are lethal to larvae of Dipteran insects (mosquito and black fly). Current evidence indicates that Cyt toxins kill mosquito larvae by forming pores on the cell membrane in the larval gut. However, the detailed mechanism of this process is not clearly understood. The pore-forming mechanism and pore architecture of Cyt toxin integrated into biological membrane are under investigation in our laboratory. Another mosquito larvicidal toxin we are studying is “binary toxin”. This toxin consists of two components, 42 kDa (BinA) and 51 kDa (BinB). Both proteins function together to kill mosquito larvae. BinB acts as specificity determinant by binding to a specific receptor presented on the gut cell membrane. The toxic component (BinA) then binds to BinB and the complex translocates into the cell and exerts its toxicity through an unknown mechanism. We are now studying the molecular mechanism and structure- function relationships of both components.

Information obtained from these investigations will be useful for engineering the protein to improve its potency, the development of synergism with other toxins to broaden the host range, the design of new immunotoxins, and the delay or prevention of the emergence of resistance.

Exploration of Biocontrol Agents

Molecular Mechanism of Mosquito Larvicidal Toxins

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Bti and Bs are the most commonly used larvicide for mosquito control. Bti has potent toxicity toward Anopheles and Aedes mosquito, but low toxicity against Culex. In contrast, Bs is the most toxic agent for Culex, but not for Aedes. Difference in activity spectra of both bacteria is due to difference in the mosquito-larvicidal proteins produced in the bacterial cells. Furthermore, a variety of insecticidal proteins specific to different insects are produced in different

B. thuringiensis strains. Therefore, microbial agents containing novel mosquito larvicidal proteins as well as those toxic against major insect pests should be explored. Thailand’s rich biodiversity thus offers potential for this exploration.

Mosquito larvicide proteins, produced by Blidnd B3

Hemolytic activity of Cyt2Aa2 toxin and its mutants. We use this technique to access activity of the Cyt toxin


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Over 100,000-fold resistance to binary toxin in Culex has been found in Thailand and around the world when Bs is used continuously. Cross-resistance among different strains of Bs has also been observed. The larger component of binary toxin, 51-kDa protein (BinB), binds to the mosquito larval midgut. Alteration in binding might result in loss of activity of the toxin. Currently, we are investigating the receptors (alpha-glucosidases) for the 51-kDa proteins from susceptible and resistant mosquito larvae collected in Thailand. We have found differences in binding between susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. Mutations in the alpha- glucosidase gene might therefore be responsible for the binary toxin resistance. However, more information at molecular level of the receptors is required to test this hypothesis.

Resistance Mechanism in Mosquito Larvae

Immunohistochemistry detection of the binary toxin binding to mosquito larval gut cells

Development of a host cell for Production of Insecticidal Proteins

A gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has many beneficial features, including high capacity of protein secretion and non-pathogenicity, which allows its exploitation as a host for recombinant protein production. It offers a cost-effective alternative system for protein production. There are two major reasons hampering the use of B. subtilis as a cell factory:

structural instability of the expression plasmid and degradation of secreted recombinant proteins by native extracellular proteases. Therefore, an expression system in B. subtilis for heterologous secretory proteins is currently under development, focusing on stable expression vectors and protease-deficient B. subtilis strains.

Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of a mosquito-larvicidal Cyt2Aa2 toxin and its mutants. We use this technique to determine the secondary structure of a protein

Intrinsic fluorescent spectra of Bacillus sphaericus BinB toxin and its mutants. This technique is routinely used to follow conformational change of a protein

Recombinant plasmids for high production of mosquito- larvicidal toxins, BinA and BinB. Both plasmids were constructed in Microbial Engineering Lab


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1. Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University

2. Faculty of Science, Mahidol University

3. Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University

4. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

5. National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health

Research Staff

1. Boonhiang Promdonkoy, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of Cambridge,

UK)

2. Mongkon Audtho, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, Ohio state University,

USA)

3. Sumarin Soonsanga, Ph.D. (Microbiology, Cornell University, USA)

Bacillus thuringiensis is the most extensively used biopesticide worldwide. For decades, the insecticidal activity of this bacterium is thought to be associated with its ability to synthesize a group of crystal proteins, referred to as Cry and Cyt proteins. However, a group of proteins named vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) have been recently discovered and their essential roles in insecticidal activity of the bacterium have been demonstrated. One of the the most active Vip proteins is Vip3Aa, which is produced during the

Production of VIP3Aa for Effective Control of Insect Pests

vegetative stage and is highly toxic against several insect species, including beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and S. litura. This protein is reportedly much more toxic to S. exigua and S. litura than Cry proteins. However, the application of this protein as an insect pest control has not been realized owing to inadequate production methods. Expression of Vip3Aa in B. thuringiensis is being developed in our laboratory. Our aim is to improve its expression level, stability and synergism with other insecticidal proteins.


1. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Maryland, USA

2. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, USA

3. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, USA

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Mic

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m

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1 . Mycology Laboratory It is currently estimated that the globe is home to approximately 1.5 million species of fungi, of which approximately 70,000-150,000 are found in Thailand. However, compared with other major groups (e.g. higher plants and animals) fungi are poorly researched, and to date only 80,000 species have been documented worldwide.

Although Thailand has a long tradition of studying the fungal pathogens of economically important plants, it is only in the last ten years that significant efforts have been made to survey the vast biodiversity of fungi in Thailand’s natural ecosystems. In 1993, BIOTEC established the Mycology Research Program to study the biodiversity of invertebrate pathogenic fungi in the Kingdom, and over the past ten years the activities of the program have

Biodiversity of Fungi in Thailand

Before 1990, less than 700 species of fungi found in Thailand had been reliably documented. Much of the published literature has been reviewed, and the list of fungi recorded from Thailand has been updated (A book of Thai fungal diversity, and also a project of Thai fungal checklist). Recently, the number of Thai species stands at around 6,000. Adding to records taken from the literature, the work of BIOTEC researchers, associated students, and visiting experts has placed

broadened to include other groups of fungi such as alkaline tolerant fungi, dung fungi, freshwater fungi, lichen fungi, litter Basidiomycetes, marine fungi, palm fungi and seed fungi.

More recently, numerous different taxonomic and ecological groups of fungi have been added to the research activities of the program, the overall aims of which are provided data on the biodiversity of fungi in Thailand, isolate fungi for the BIOTEC culture collection and screening programs, and develop an information resource on fungi which can be made widely available.

more than 1,000 newly documented species of fungi into the inventory over the last few years. New records are constantly being added from laboratory research and from continual reviews of the published literature. The last few years alone have seen the description of several genera: the yeast Siamia and the insect pathogen Hyperdermium, the marine ascomycete Thalespora, the freshwater basidiomycete Stauriella and ascomycete Megalohypha.


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Seed Decay Fungi

Seed decaying fungi are a group of fungi associated with seeds or any sexual propagules of plant that usually referred to as ‘seeds’. They are saprophytes and play an important role in recycling nutrients in the forest ecosystem. The study on seed decay fungi has recorded over hundred species including a number of new taxa. Many isolates of them have also shown to produce bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential. These results indicate that there are many more fungal

Insect Fungi

Insect fungi are difficult to find and isolate, which explains why so few are available, no matter where in the globe they originate. However, the Clavicipitaceae (a family accounting for many of the insect pathogenic fungi) is a recognized ‘novel metabolite hotspot’. The recent recognition of this ‘hotspot’ feature, however, and a request for ‘fresh’ isolates has resulted in more than 1,000 isolations being made in the last few years. In this regard, the mycology research program plays a critical role in novel metabolite screening research in Thailand.

There are now about 400 morphotaxa recognized in Thailand, of which approximately 30% are new species. The insect fungi have been isolated, and Thailand now has the richest collection of this group in the world, with 4,000-plus isolates representing 180-plus species deposited in the BIOTEC culture collection. This group of fungi has provided the most unique and potent biologically active compounds thus far investigated by BIOTEC scientists.

species on decaying seeds in the Thai forest waiting to be discovered and tested their bioactive properties. The intensive study of this fungal group is, therefore, continued on seeds of the Dipterocarpaceae, a major tree family of the principality, to gain the ecological information on microorganisms in relation to the major trees of the forest, and to provide the living cultures for further biotechnological research and utilization.

Coelomyceteous Fungi

Coelomycetes is a unique taxonomic group which has few experts and poor research worldwide. This fungal group plays an important role in the ecosystem as saprophytes, parasites, endophytes and mutualist organisms. Some coelomycetes have also possessed the ability in producing bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential and as biological control agents. This study is

continued to collect and isolate coelomycetes from the natural forest habitat and deposit them into BIOTEC Herbarium and BIOTEC Culture Collection. Any new species discovered from this study will be described and published. Herbarium specimens and living cultures yielded from this study will support further taxonomic research and biotechnology exploitation.

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An unusual habitat for fungi is the peat swamp forest in the southern province of Narathiwat, where species-colonizing senescent, decaying palms fronds are under investigation. Over 100 fungi have been recorded, of which many are new species, with at least one new genus. Differences have been noted between the fungal community colonizing submerged fronds and those in a dried environment, as still attached to the plant. Molecular studies of some palm fungi thought to be new genera or species have been undertaken.

As part of the palm project we are attempting to classify various anamorphic taxa. A number of Jahnula species have

been described from material collected in Thailand. Molecular studies have shown that the Order Jahnulales are a unique group of freshwater ascomycetes warranting ordinal status.

A newly established project is to document the Basidiomycetes colonizing palm leaves (sheath, petiole, lamina). While the Ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi are well documented, the literature on palm Basidiomycetes is widely scattered and lacks in-depth study.

Projects are also in progress to examine the lignolytic activity of wood inhabiting Xylariales and Basidiomycetes on palms.

Palm Fungi of a Peat Swamp Forest

4 6Fungal Herbarium

As one of the major research responsibility is to study the biodiversity of fungi in Thailand. Specimens collected from natural places around the country form the basis of these biodiversity studies. To date, a lot of samples have been deposited in the Mycology Laboratory collections (approximately 20,000 samples). This is now increasing at a rate of about 5,000 samples each year. Such a herbarium is invaluable for Thailand because it stores type and voucher specimens which would otherwise have to be deposited overseas.

To qualify as an international herbarium suitable for use by both Thais and foreign mycologists we registered the fungal herbarium collections with the New York Botanical Gardens (NYBG), USA giving the name BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium with the acronym BBH.

Therefore, the Mycology Laboratory now stores the largest collection of insect fungi in Thailand. Our responsibilities are to preserve the good quality of the herbarium, maintain a good collecting system, develop an appropriate database supporting easy access to the specimens. The specimens have been dried, labeled, mounted, and filed according to widely accepted, international standards. Documentation of these collections are being entered in the computerized database, which is now the primary tool of herbarium management and research.


1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Netherlands

2. City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

3. Portsmouth University, United Kingdom

4. Oregon State University, USA

5. University Malaya, Malaysia

6. Food Research Institute, Taiwan

7. Institute of Fermentation, Japan

8. Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR, China

9. Landcare, New Zealand

10. Bhutan Government, Bhutan

Research Staff

1. Nigel Hywel-Jones, Ph.D. (Insect Pathology, Exeter University, UK)



2. Burapa University

3. Chiangmai University

4. National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department

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2. Sayanh Somrithipol, Ph.D. (Forestry, Kasetsart University, Thailand)



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The Phylogenetics laboratory was established at BIOTEC in 2001 as a part of the Bioresources Research Program. Our aim is to better understand the evolutionary relationships of plants and microorganisms, especially fungi in diverse taxonomic and ecological groups. The major target organisms include various fungal groups such as invertebrate-pathogenic, endophytic, palm, freshwater and marine fungi. We want to establish a molecular framework to better understand their genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and their potential in enzyme and metabolite

production.

One of our missions is to provide support to other BIOTEC laboratories and to help focus on the search for novel metabolites. For this we need to develop a wider range of molecular genetic methods, based on multi-gene sequence analyses, to help in identification and rapid detection. Besides our core research, we take pride in educating undergraduate and graduate students from foreign and national universities and other institutions.


and phylogenetics of invertebrate- pathogenic fungi. Our main focus is on the evolutionary relationships, biodiversity and population biology of closely related fungal pathogens of arthropods, especially those species that are remarkably difficult to identify morphologically with certainty.

2. Phylogenetics Laboratory

Invertebrate-PathogenicFungi

There are about 700 species of invertebrate-pathogenic fungi now known from several taxonomic regions of the Kingdom Fungi. In the past seventeen years of forest survey and collection, there are now more than 400 species reported from natural forests in Thailand – more than any other country in the World. The majority of species reported from Thailand are members of the three families in the Order Hypocreales (Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae). It is this group of fungi that has provided the greatest number of unique and highly potent biologically active compounds thus far investigated by BIOTEC scientists. Our research deals mainly with the systematics

Higher marine fungi are those which have the ability to germinate and form mycelia under natural marine conditions (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979). Recently, Jones et al. (2009) listed 530 species including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and anamorphic taxa in the monograph of the higher marine fungi.

Marine Fungi

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MolecularIdentificationofEndophyticandNon-SporulatingFungi which Produce Antimicrobial Substances

Endophytic fungi have been recognized as useful sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. They live asymptomatically within plant parts, intercellularly or intracellularly, for at least part of their life cycle. Endophytic fungi have the ability to produce bioactive substances against human pathogens. Various plants such as Garcinia species, mangrove plant, seagrasses as well as seaweeds were selected for fungal endophyte isolation and screened for their antimicrobial activity. As many endophytes are sterile when isolated onto agar media, phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal DNA sequences has become the most

widely used tool for their identification to allow comparisons from high taxonomic levels down to the species levels.

Since the classification of marine fungi is not possible based on morphological features (and often ultrastructural studies), the phylogenetic relationships must be established using a molecular approach based on a wide range of genes. We evaluate Unitunicate marine ascomycetes, Dothideomycetes and the anamorphic fungi at different taxonomic levels, so as to better understand their inter-relationships and evolution.

Saprophytic and Endophytic Fungi from Nypa fruticans

We have focused on fungi collected from Thailand which colonize several different palm genera. These palms occur in terrestrial, peat swamp and freshwater habitats. The palm Nypa fruticans usually grows in 20% saline water. However it can also be found from a wide range of salinities, from sea water to estuarine (brackish) water and freshwater. Theoretically, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are mostly terrestrial species which have migrated into the sea. Nevertheless the origin of marine fungi remains inconclusive. Therefore, mangrove forests could be transitional regions for the migration of marine fungi.

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Aquatic Fungi

Aquatic fungi, including Lignicolous Freshwater fungi and Ingoldian fungi play an important role in colonization and degradation of organic matter in the natural freshwater environment. In Thailand, over 400 species were investigated according to their diversity, ecological niche and morphology. Of this number, most were previously undocumented in Thailand, and at least 20% are probably novel to fungal science.


Polyketide Synthases (PKS)

Genome sequencing efforts on filamentous fungi have revealed an unexpectedly large number of secondary metabolite genes and gene clusters, especially polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). These two groups of genes have great potential for rational biosynthesis. We isolated genes using degenerate-primed PCR techniques and library screening, followed by study of their functions by employing gene disruption or heterologous expression. Heterologous expression of these genes could be used as “cell factories” for bioactive compound production.

To make uses of our huge fungal

collection here at BIOTEC, we also explored PKS gene diversity from several groups of fungi to see how they evolved and to predict their product compounds. In entomopathogenic fungi, the existence of several PKS and NRPS genes may be responsible for the production of toxic compounds that play roles in their pathogenicity. In addition to these metabolite biosynthetic genes, mating type genes are also of interest. Besides the evolutionary aspect, study of mating type genes may also open up the intriguing possibility of inducing mating and sexual reproduction as alternative strain improvement strategies for entomopathogenic fungi.

Anatomically, Nypa palm petioles and bases are large and could be the reservoir for a wide range of fungi, because of the rich food reserve. The objectives of our research group are to document the fungal diversity of Thailand, to isolate into axenic cultures and to screen for bioactive compounds.

Awards

1. Best poster presentation Suetrong S., Klaysuban A., Loilong A., Sakayaroj J., Phongpaichit S. and Jones,

E.B.G. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of three selected marine ascomycetes

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1. Prince of Songkla University



4. Walailak Unviersity

5. Assumption University

Research Staff

1. Prof. E. B. Gareth Jones, Ph.D. (Physiology of Marine Fungi, Leeds University U.K.)

2. Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard, Ph.D. (Tropical Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Thailand)

3. Jariya Sakayaroj, Ph.D. (Prince of Songkla Univeristy, Thailand)

4. Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin, Ph.D. (Plant Pathology, University of California, USA)

5. Juntira Punya, Ph.D. (Bioscience, University of Westminster, UK)



1. National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan

2. University Malaya, Malaysia

3. Oregon State University, USA

4. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), the Netherlands

5. North Carolina state University, USA

6. University of California, USA

(Carinispora nypae, Helicascus nypae and Tirisporella beccariana) from Nypa fruticans in Thailand inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA and protein sequences. 13th BRT Annual Meeting, 12-14 October 2009, Chiang Mai, Thailand

2. Third price poster presentation (Fungal Diversity/Ecology Session) Mongkolsamrit, S. et al. 2007. Diversity of Hypocrella and its anamorph Aschersonia

in Thailand. Asian Mycology Congress (AMC2007) and 10th International Marine and Freshwater Mycology Symposium (IMFMS). 2-6 December 2007. Penang, Malaysia

3. Outstanding Master of Science Thesis 2007 Nattawut Rungjindamai. Endophytic Fungi from Garcinia spp. which produce

antimicrobial substances under Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University

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1 . The Information Systems Laboratory

The Information Systems Laboratory (ISL, http://isl.biotec.or.th) at BIOTEC was formed to conduct research and development in information technology to establish and enhance the information

infrastructure that (1) provides the systematic collection, preservation and distribution of bioresources and (2) facilitates the search-and-discovery of exploitable bioresources.

Bioresource Data Management

ISL has carried out several projects on data management for research in bioresource utilization.

The MIMS (Microbial Information Management System) project was established as an in-house database system for managing the taxonomic, ecological, bibliographic and graphic information of the microbial culture collection at the Bioresources Technology Center. The key features of MIMS include the storage of specimen-related information and the processing of bioassay data and field biology/ecology data to allow scientists to search for samples and activity relationships. More than 30 000 strains of microbes are now available in the MIMS database.


The GSM (Gene Sequence Management) project at ISL is to develop a web-based phylogenetics analysis pipeline system for automating the workflow of molecular sequence-based microbial identification and collecting gene sequences for characterization of specific microbes.

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Mo-SingTo is another system developed by ISL to improve and facilitate data collection in the field. We have applied the J2ME (JAVA 2 Platform, Micro Edition) technology to implement this plot-based survey application running on the PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). Mo-SingTo has been used in conducting repeated census of trees at Mo-SingTo research site, Khoa Yai National Park, Thailand. Unlike other softwares, Mo-SingTo is not a paper tally sheet template, but an integrated tree inventory and mapping system that can help increase the efficacy and reliability of the data collection process.


5 4 Moreover, to increase the success rate of screening for useful compounds from bioresources, ISL has developed an open source integrated suite, sMOL Explorer, a web-enabled database and exploration tool for Small MOLecules, providing necessary tools for chemists to explore and mine chemical datasets. sMOL Explorer is a 2D ligand based computational tool that includes three major functionalities: data management, information retrieval and extraction, and statistical analysis and data mining through a Web interface. With sMOL Explorer, users can create personal databases of small molecules using a drawing interface or uploading the data files from internal and external projects into the sMOL database. Then, the database can be browsed and queried with textual and structural similarity search. Molecules of interest can also be submitted to search against external public databases including PubChem, KEGG, DrugBank and eMolecules. Users can also easily access a variety of data mining tools to perform analysis including (1) finding common substructure, (2) clustering the molecular

fingerprints, (3) identifying and removing irrelevant attributes from the data, and (4) building the classification model of biological activity. Based on its flexibility in performing exploratory analysis and user friendly web interface, sMOLExplorer is a powerful tool to facilitate the prescreening process.


GIST is a GIS-based tool implemented to provide guidance for measuring, monitoring, and evaluating of patterns and changes in biodiversity of microorganisms to make better decisions on collecting and screening the microbes for natural product. Using the measures of bioactive diversity (BD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD), derived from the branch length of bioactive dendrogram and phylogenetic tree, GIST can describe and compare how the chemical and genetic

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Sharing and Networking Microbial Information Resources

To increase awareness of BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) and facilitate access to information and biological materials developed at BIOTEC to the scientific community, we have implemented an online service at http://bcc.biotec.or.th where researchers can search, browse and order strains of their interest in a mouse click. At the national level, we have

also been involved in the establishment of the information network on culturable microbes, known as the Thailand Network on Culture Collections (TNCC), by supporting web-based tools at http://tncc.biotec.or.th/tncc for data sharing among members and providing users with one stop service. In regional data network, the ISL staff has participated in a working group


diversity varied among microbes in different geographic areas.

iCollect is a generic software to support the laboratory’s inventory management of biological collections at BIOTEC. iCollect allows users to create any type of sample containers and storage devices, store any type of samples and collections, graphically view the content of all levels of storages, generate and print barcode , easily aliquot/derive/extract any number of samples from another and search any information in the collection. Using the barcode assigned by iCollect, users can easily find a sample’s position in the storage, and add a sample to a selected storage position. The in and out movement of samples in the storage are recorded and tracked for audit trail. In the graphical tree

view of the samples, users can trace the aliquot/sample back to its original parent.

In addition, we are building other bio-resources databases, developing the web interface for researchers to find as much bioresources information from our central database as possible and providing more informatics tools written by our specialists for data analysis, comparison and visualization.


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With the aim of understanding the biological significance of the molecular diversity found in nature, the ISL also focuses on machine learning and data mining techniques applied to Bioinformatics, Chemoinformatics, Metabolomics and Transcriptomics in collaboration with various research groups in Thailand. In particular, researchers at ISL are working on the development of methods and tools in the following topics:

• The prediction of protein subcellular localization

• The prediction of various biological interactions such as protein-protein, protein-DNA, and microRNA-target. The µPC is freely available at http://www.biotec.or.th/isl/micropc.


to develop and standardize shared and exchanged data among 12 Asian member countries of the Asian Consortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM). The integrated

ACM database at http://th.abrcn.net enables researchers in Thailand and neighboring countries with easier access to information.

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• A set of analytic tools for exploring domain architectures, domain graphs, domain distances, and putative networks of protein-protein interactions. The d-Omix web server is freely available at http://www.biotec.or.th/isl/Domix.

• EST data analysis pipeline To support better project management

and provide more comprehensive collection of analysis tools, ESTplus was developed to allow users to man-age EST libraries and provide neces-sary tools for performing a traditional EST analysis: sequence cleansing, clustering, assembling and annotating.

Development of Interactive Training Digital Media

The ISL was sponsored by Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization (WHO) to design and produce the following digital media.

• The interactive training CD-ROM: “Malaria: Genomics and Functional Genomics Research Tools, version 1.2,” 2007 (ISBN 978 92 4 159531 5)

• The interactive training DVD: “Functional Genomics of Malaria Parasites: Transfection Technology,” 2008 (ISBN 978 92 4 159655 8)


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Award

The RECOMB 2008 Poster Special Commendation Award from the 12th Annual International Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB 2008), 30 March – 2 April 2008 for the project entitled “ATGC-Dom: Alignment, Tree, and Graph for Comparative proteomes by DOMain architecture”. (Dr. Duangdao Wichadakul and Information System staffs)

Research Staff

1. Supawadee Ingsriswang, Ph.D. (Information Systems, University of

Maryland, USA)

2. Duangdao Wichadakul, Ph.D. (Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, USA)


1. Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA

2. Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization (WHO), Switzerland

3. Working Group on Data Network for Asian Consortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM)


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2. Geoinformatics Laboratory

The Geoinformatics Section aims to develop high quality spatial databases needed for bio-ecological resources and land resources management and monitoring. The technologies employed are: Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS). The Unit will promote the applications of the

acquired and interpreted for land use and land cover. Tree species along the two nature trails and wild animal trails have been surveyed and located in a GIS format.

This project divides the Bala forest into several sub-ecosystem units according to the plant community, slope and gradient and catch-ments using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Data and information in each sub-ecological unit collected are soil morphology, characteristics, physical and chemical properties, underlying rock, topography and tree communities. Vegetation

The Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary under the Hala-Bala Wildlife Research Station, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, is contained within two separate forests, Hala and Bala. This sanctuary and the Malaysian Tropical Rain Forest are the largest Tropical Rain Forests in the Peninsula, which collectively is one of the three Tropical Rainforests of the world. In addition, this sanctuary is called as Indo-Malaysian Rain Forest as it has many rare tree species that are important to eco-biodiversity of Thailand. Some tree species are found only in this sanctuary.

This project studies only the Bala forest, which is a natural forest ecosystem unit, a functional result of abiotic, biotic with minor anthropogenic disturbance. The major part of the sanctuaries is covered by dense lowland and hill evergreen forests, though small rim parts are under plantations. Local people around the sanctuary collect forest products for their livelihoods. The GIS databases prepared are administrative, villages, important locations, infrastructures, water resources, soil, geology, landform, contour lines, slope and slope aspect and land use. Aerial photograph and satellite data are

bio-ecological and land databases for sustainable management of natural ecosystems, biodiversity, forestry and agriculture. The Section will also support post graduate students and researchers to do research on the applications of these technologies and the use of databases for sustainable ecology and environment.


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EcosystemsoftheBalaWildlifeSanctuaryandTheirImpact Assessment


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covered is classified from high resolution satellite imagery and aerial photographs. Additional data including rainfall, ground cover, soil erodibility, slope gradient and human use are analyzed for land degradation risk zoning. The sub-ecosystem units, wild animals and trails, land degradation risk zones and the forest product collection areas will be used for ecosystem sensitivity zoning including preservation and conservation zones. The area within a five kilometer radius from the Bala forest will be identified as the development or buffer zone.

The impact will be assessed from soil erosion, landslide and collected forest products by the people living in the development zone. In addition, soil suitability classes for crop production in the development zone will be produced for land use planning and sufficiency living of the dwellers around the Bala sanctuary. The information obtained from the Bala forest will be disseminated through electronic media and posters. A training/workshop will be organized for the Sanctuary staff and the Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO).

FloraSurveyintheNatureTrailofHala-BalaWildlifeSanctuary

Following the completion of the survey for the Database and Geographic Information System Development on Biodiversity in the Hala-Bala Forest in Southern Thailand, one of the main objectives of the work is to develop the GIS and database on biodiversity of the plants along the 2,000 m long nature trail. It was found that 1,882 individual plants were observed along the nature trail comprising 327 species, 196 genera and 79 families. Plant species information which is both taxonomic and geographic data was systematically stored in the database. However, it is clear that there are many plant species in the nature trail yet to be identified. Hence, this project is expected to be partly a renewal of the previous mentioned project in order to

complete the data collection on those remaining plant species and store it in the Plant Bala Info Database.

According to the recent field survey, we collected the specimens from 399 plants. Currently, 165 plants were successfully identified by the taxonomists and their information are stored in the database. In addition, the additional data of 337 herb and edible plant species and 64 forage plant species in Hala-Bala forest studied by National Park Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department were also input into the database. Moreover, the online version of GIS database of plants in nature trail is being developed and has been available since the end of 2007.


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Although total sugarcane production in Thailand varies from year to year according to crop yields and varieties, topography, soil and moisture conditions, rainfall distribution and crop management, a downward trend in production has been apparent in recent years. For instance, from 74.06 M tons in 2002 to 42 M tons in 2005, a 57% decrease. The average yields decreased from 11 tons/rai in 2002 to 7.37 ton/rai in 2005. The decreasing yields are due to plantation in unsuitable areas, soil nutrition depletion, drought, insufficient and erratic rainfall and insect and disease damage. Moreover, the sugarcane growing areas have high competition with cassava and para-rubber. Hence, severe shortage

The Sugarcane (Saccharum) Spatial Database Development for Production Improvement and Supply Management

of sugarcane supply to industry may occur in the future.

This study creates the germplasm databases, yield trials of the new hybrid varieties and GIS data including topography, soils and climate for suitability of the new cane variety. The cane suitability maps are displayed at province, districts and sub-districts levels, while village information is useful for local cane management. Remote sensing data will provide annual near real-time land use/land cover. The results include suitable and inappropriate cane land uses that may be useful information for policy and decision makers as well as for cane farmers.

This study, GIS and Modeling of papaya-pollen distribution is a part of experiments on papaya growing under closed laboratory and field trials in Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University. The GIS databases will be

Biology Study and Pollen Distribution of Papaya by Computer Modeling with GIS System

developed and the very high resolution satellite data and aerial photographs will be employed for actual land use around the experimental plot. Under the closed laboratory, the number of pollen grain distribution will be collected weekly at


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1. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

2. King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

3. Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus

4. The Office of the Cane and Sugar Board

5. The Asian Institute of Technology

6. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuary

7. Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy

different stations and a modeling will be developed. In the field trial, the climatic data and pollen grain distribution are collected. The amount of pollen grains and distance from the point source will be analyzed and a model will be developed.

Research Staff

Apisit Eiumnoh, Ph.D. (Pedology, North Carolina University, USA)

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1. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

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The Ecology Laboratory is involved primarily with projects that involve monitoring-remote and ground-based-of ecosystems and communities.

Ecological monitoring is the study of the dynamics of and changes in ecosystems and their components. It is an activity that, if it is to be professional and effective, is labor and time intensive. It has many purposes and benefits and may require expertise from many fields of biology and other fields such as chemistry and information science. Ecosystem monitoring activities can help biotechnology by identifying important sources of natural products such as pharmaceutical compounds, and by helping to manage and conserve the ecosystems that produce these. In the process of monitoring activities, new species are often discovered with unusual ecological roles and chemical properties. Such unpredictable discoveries are beginning to be made in the areas under study by BIOTEC researchers.

Monitoring necessarily involves the establishment of “LTERS” or Long Term Ecological Research Sites, where detailed and quantitative measurements can be made and repeated in time in the same places. LTERS may be located in any kind of habitat, terrestrial or aquatic, but

3. Ecology Laboratory

they must be permanently marked and precisely mapped. Groups of animals or plants of interest are accurately censused and studied. The research sites monitored by the Ecology Laboratory are located in forest environments, and are also referred to as “Forest Dynamics Plots” because the emphasis is on the complete mapping and inventory of all trees. One important goal of forest dynamics plots is to monitor the diversity of tree species and understand the ecological processes that regulate it. Trees and woody vines are the dominant forms of life and primary producers in the forest, and the study of all other ecological processes and interactions generally begins with a complete tree census.

One of the most important and difficult tasks in any monitoring program, especially in tropical environments, is identification of the organisms. Proper identification requires the preparation of voucher specimens and their storage in accredited museums or herbaria. Without such proper treatment of specimens, the research is not professional and may not be publishable in an international journal. The Ecology Laboratory, in fact, spends a large portion of its effort in collection, preparation and identification of plant specimens from research plots, and does this as a service to all persons carrying out research in them.

from Germany, United State of America, United Kingdom. and other countries, as well as Thailand, have conducted their thesis projects there. The lack of a published botanical guide to the flora of Khao Yai, however, made studies of gibbon diet rather difficult, as every year new species of fruit of trees


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The Mo Singto Research Site

The first research to be carried out at the Mo Singto research site was studies of the social behavior, communication, and ecology of gibbons (Hylobates lar). The Mo Singto site, 0.5–1.0 km from the park headquarters, is covered with good canopy forest and has a relatively dense population of gibbons in it. Since 1980, researchers


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and lianas would be collected but could not be identified. In 1996, Mahidol researchers decided to establish a permanent forest dynamics plot over the home range of the main gibbon study group, which was well habituated to observers. This project was supported by the Biodiversity Research and Training Program under BIOTEC, and was carried out by researchers associated with Mahidol University’s Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development.

The first tree census of the Mo Singto plot, including all stems >10 cm diameter, on the 30-hectare plot was completed in the 2000–2001 dry season, and soon after a census of lianas or woody vines over 3 cm in diameter was also done. The total number of tagged, measured and mapped trees was 16,375 and the total number of lianas was 9,510. The liana census was particularly difficult because specimens of reproductive material for identification had to be retrieved from the canopy, and the liana flora of the park was completely unknown previously. The tree census included 200 species on the plot and the liana census about 120 species. About 40 additional liana species have been collected in other parts of the park surrounding the plot. It is proving to be possible to identify liana species from vegetative characteristics alone: the shape and texture of the stem, branching pattern, color of the sap and inner bark and wood, etc. A guide will be prepared for field identification of lianas, which will greatly facilitate future inventories and also the search for natural products, as very few lianas have been examined for useful chemicals.

A new census of all trees and shrubs down to 1 cm in diameter at breast height was carried out in the dry season of 2004–2005. This involved mapping of over 100,000 additional stems and storing them in a database.

A number of important ecological questions are being investigated on the Mo Singto Plot. The most important questions concern the long-term dynamics of the plant community and its responses to climate change, particularly to global warming. One interesting question is why some trees are common, and many others rare. To help answer this question, we must understand the distribution and dynamics of each individual species on the plot. Evidence is accumulating that the tree community is not in a stable equilibrium, but is in a state of change and flux, with some species increasing and others declining.

In order to understand the dynamics of individual tree species, ecologists are investigating the dispersal and recruitment of the species on the plot to determine how their processes affect the demography of the species. Particular attention is being paid to species whose seeds are swallowed and dispersed by frugivores such as gibbons, deer, and birds. Dispersal mutualisms (interactions) play a vital role in determining the future of both plants and the animals that depend on them.

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Smaller Research Plots

In addition to the Mo Singto Plot, which is 30 hectares in area, two smaller plots of 4 hectares have been established by the Ecology Laboratory, are in Sam Lan Waterfall National Park near Saraburi, the other is Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in Narathiwat Province in the South. Both

Future Research Directions

The variety of important research topics that can be carried out on permanent research plots like the one at Mo Singto is astounding. The detailed study of interactions between plants and animals, and also fungi and microbes, will eventually lead to discovery of many new products. Such interactions are largely governed by allelochemicals and nutrients, which either facilitate or inhibit interactions. By investing in long term research plots we will enable identify all the organisms present and explore their relationships. It is a long term investment in biotechnology that can pay off in many different ways.

The establishment of new long term research sites is justified in terms of biodiversity inventory, monitoring of

plots are located in forests that have been selectively logged in the past, but are now regenerating back into mature forest. The objectives of these plots are to evaluate increase in biomass and biodiversity, and the role of each species.


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the environment, and research on communities and ecosystems. Several new sites are now being established by the Ecology Laboratory team. This includes one in Saraburi in the Sam Lan Waterfall National Park and another in Hala Bala wildlife sanctuary in Narathiwat Province. These will be smaller (4 ha) plots in previously disturbed and partly logged forest, and one of the objectives is to determine how fast the forest is regenerating in these sites. The role of seed dispersing animals in regeneration will also be explored. Plots in these sites also have a strong educational value, and the role of databases and GIS maps in educational activities is also being explored.


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Awards

1. Outstanding Research Awards 2007 from the Thailand Research Fund (Prof. Warren Brockelman)

2. Biosphere (MAB) Young Scientists Awards Winners 2007, The Third Thai winning this award (Ms. Anuttara Nathalang)

3. Consolation Poster Award from the 4th Science and Technology Annual Meeting Institue of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University (Ms. Anuttara Nathalang)


Research Staff

1. Prof. Warren Y. Brockelman, Ph.D. (Zoology, University of Michigan, USA)


1. Chiang Mai University Herbarium, Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University

2. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok

3. School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi


1. Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Insitute, Washington, D.C., USA

2. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

3. University of Californai, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

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Publication (2004-September 2009)

1 Jindamorakot, S., Am-in, S.,Thuy, T.T., Duy, N.D., Kawasaki, H., Potacharoen, W., Limtong, S., Tanticharoen, M. and Nakase, T. 2004. Candida easanensis sp. nov., Candida pattaniensis sp. nov., and Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov., three new species of yeasts isolated from insect frass in Thailand. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50:261-269.

2 Nakase, T., Jan-ngam, H., Tsuzuki, S., Lee, F.W., Jindamorakot, S., Potacharoen, W., Tanticharoen, M. and Takashima, M. 2004. Two new ballistoconidium-forming yeast species, Bullera melastomae and Bullera formosana, found in Taiwan. Syst Apply Microbiol, 27:558-564.

3 Nakase, T., Tsuzuki, S., Lee, F.L., Jindamorakot, S., Jan-ngam, H., Potacharoen, W., Tanticharoen, M., Kudo, T. and Takashima, M. 2004. Bullera begoniae sp. nov. and Bullera setariae sp. nov., two new species of ballistoconidium-forming yeasts in the Bullera variabilis (Bulleribasidium) cluster solated from plants in Taiwan. Mycoscience, 45:287-294.

4 Tanasupawat, S., Thawai, C., Yukphan, P., Moonmangmee, D., Itoh, T., Adachi, O. and Yamada, Y. 2004. Gluconobacter thailandicus sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50:159-167.

5 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Takahashi, M., Potacharoen, W., Busabun, T., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2004. Re-identification of Gluconobacter strains based on restriction analysis of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50: 189-195.

6 Yukphan, P., Potacharoen, W., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2004. Identification of strains assigned to the genus Gluconobacter asai 1935 based on the sequence and their restriction analyses of the 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50:9-15.

7 Yukphan, P., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2004. Asaia krungthepensis sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Micr, 54:313-316.

BIORESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROGRAM


8 Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen. And Yamada, Y. 2004. Gluconobacter albidus (ex Kondo and Ameyama 1958) sp. nov., nom. Rev., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha- Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50:235-242.

9 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Tanticharoen, M., and Yamada, Y. 2005. Neoasaia chiangmaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel osmotolerant acetic acid bacterium in the alpha- Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 51:301- 311.

10 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2006. Heterogeneity of strains assigned to Gluconobacter frateurii Mason and Claus 1989 based on restriction analysis of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. Biosci Biotehnol Biochem, 70:684-690.

11 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Sugita, T., Am-in, S., Kawasaki, H., Potacharoen, W. and Tanticharoen, M. 2006. Trichosporon siamense sp. nov. isolated from insect frass in Thailand. Mycoscience, 47:106-109.

12 Takahashi, M., Yukphan, P., Yamada, Y., Suzuki, K.I., Sakane , T. and Nakagawa, Y. 2006. Intrageneric structure of the genus Gluconobacter analyzed by the 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer sequences. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 52(3):187-193.

13 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2006. Neoasaia chiangmaiensis Yukphan et al. 2006. In List of new names and new combinations previously, but not validly, published, validation List no 108. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 56(1):499-500.

14 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Takahashi, M., Kaneyasu, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2006. Identification of strains assigned to the genus Asaia Yamada et al. 2000 based on restriction analysis of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 52(1):55-62.


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15 Huong, V.T.L., Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Loan, L.T.T., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2007. Identification of Thai isolates assigned to the genus Asaia based on 16S rDNA restriction analysis. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(4):259-264.

16 Huong, V.T.L., Malimas, T.,Yukphan, P., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Loan, L.T.T., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2007. Identification of Thai isolates assigned to the genus Gluconobacter based on 16S-23S rDNA ITS restriction analysis. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(2):133-142.

17 Jindamorakot, S., Limtong, S., Yongmanitchai, W., Tuntirungkij, M., Potacharoen, W., Kawasaki, H. and Nakase, T. 2007. Two new anamorphic yeasts, Candida thailandica sp. nov. and Candida lignicola sp. nov., isolated form insect frass in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 7(8):1409-1414.

18 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Kaneyasu, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y . 2007. Gluconobacter kondonii sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(5):301-307.

19 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Limtong, S., Am-in, S., Kawasaki, H., Potacharoen, W. and Tanticharoen, M. 2007. Candida kazuoi sp. nov. and Candida hasegawae sp. nov., two new species of ascomycetous anamorphic yeasts isolated from insect frass in Thailand. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(4):239-245.

20 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Mikata, K., Ninomiya, S., Kawasaki, H., Limtong, S., Potacharoen, W. and Tanticharoen, M. 2007. Pichia koratensis sp. nov., a new ascomycetous yeast related to Pichia acaciae isolated from insect frass in Thailand. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(6):345-351.

21 Tanasupawat,S., Pakdeeto, A., Thawai, C., Yukphan, P. and Okada, S. 2007. Identification of lactic acid bacteria from fermented tea leaves (miang) in Thailand and proposals of Lactobacillus thailandensis sp. nov., Lactobacillus camelliae sp. nov., and Pediococcus siamensis sp. nov. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 53(1):7-15.

22 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Takahashi, M., Kaneyasu, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen , M. and Yamada, Y. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships between the genera Swaminathania and Asaia, with reference to the genera Kozakia and Neoasaia, based on 16S rDNA, 16S-23S rDNA ITS, and 23S rDNA sequences. J Gen App Microbiol, 52(5):289-294.

23 Imanishi, Y., Jindamorakot, S., Mikata, K., Nakagiri, A., Potacharoen, W., Tanticharoen, M. and Nakase, T. 2008. Two new ascomycetous anamorphic yeast species related to Candida friedrichii - Candida jaroonii sp. nov., and Candida songkhlaensis sp. nov. - isolated in Thailand . Anton Leeuw Int J G, 94(2):267-276.

24 Jindamorakot, S., Limtong, S., Yongmanitchai, W., Tuntirungkij, M., Potacharoen, W., Kawasaki, H., Tanticharoen, M., and Nakase, T. 2008. Candida ratchasimensis sp. nov. and Candida khaoyaiensis sp. nov., two anamorphic yeast species isolated from flowers in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 8(6): 955-960.

25 Kommanee, J., Akaracharanya, A., Tanasupawat, S., Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Nakagawa, Y. and Yamada, Y. 2008. Identification of Gluconobacter strains isolated in Thailand based on 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS restriction and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Ann Microbiol, 58(4):741-7.

26 Kommanee, J., Akaracharanya, A., Tanasupawat, S., Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Nakagawa, Y., Yamada, Y. 2008. Identification of Acetobacter strains isolated in Thailand based on 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS restriction and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Ann Microbiol, 58(2):319-324.

27 Limtong, S., Imanishi, Y., Jindamorakot, S., Ninomiya, S., Yongmanitchai, W. and Nakase, T. 2008. Torulaspora maleeae sp.nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species from Japan and Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 8(2): 337-343.

28 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Muramatsu, Y., Kaneyasu, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2008. Gluconobacter roseus (ex Asai 1935) sp. nov., nom. rev., a pink-colored acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 54(2):119-125.

29 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Muramatsu, Y., Kaneyasu, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2008. Gluconobacter sphaericus (Ameyama 1975) comb. nov., a brown pigment-producing acetic acid bacterium in the alpha- Proteobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 54(4):211-20.

30 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Potacharoen, W., Busabun, T., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2008. Asaia lannaensis sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha- Proteobacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,


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6 9

72(3):666-671.31 Meerak, J., Yukphan, P., Miyashita, M.,

Sato, H., Nakagawa, Y. and Tahara, Y. 2008. Phylogeny of γ-polyglutamic acid-producing Bacillus strain isolated from a fermented locust bean product manufactured in West Africa. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 54(3):159-66.

32 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Ninomiya, S., Imanishi, Y., Kawasaki, H. and Potacharoen, W. 2008. Candida kanchanaburiensis sp. nov., a new ascomycetous yeast species related to Pichia nakazawae isolated in Thailand. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 54(5): 259-265.

33 Okane, I., Srikitikulchai, P., Toyama, K., Læssøe, T., Sivichai, S., Hywel-Jones, N., Nakagiri, A., Potacharoen, W. and Suzuki, K.I. 2008. Study of endophytic xylariaceae in Thailand: Diversity and taxonomy inferred from rDNA sequence analyses with saprobes forming fruit bodies in the field. Mycoscience, 49(6):359-372.

34 Yamada, Y. and Yukphan, P. 2008. Genera and species in acetic acid bacteria. Int J Food Microbial, 125(1):15-24.

35 Yukphan, P., Malimas, T., Muramatsu, Y., Takahashi, M., Kaneyasu, M., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Suzuki, K., Potacharoen, W. and Yamada, Y. 2008. Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new osmotolerant acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 72(3):672-676.

36 Boonmak, C., Jindamorakot, S., Kawasaki, H., Yongmanitchai, W., Suwanarit, P., Nakase, T. and Limtong, S. 2009. Candida siamensis sp. nov., an anamorphic yeast species in the saturnispora clade isolated in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 9(4):668-672.

37 Jindamorakot, S., Ninomiya, S., Limtong, S., Yongmanitchai, W., Tuntirungkij, M., Potacharoen, W., Tanaka, K., Kawasaki, H. and Nakase, T. 2009. Three new species of bipolar budding yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora and its anamorph Kloeckera isolated in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 9(8): 1327-1337.

38 Limtong, S., Kaewwichian, R., Am-In, S., Boonmak, C., Jindamorakot, S., Yongmanitchai, W., Srisuk, N., Kawasaki, H. and Nakase, T. 2009. Three anamorphic

yeast species Candida sanitii sp. nov., Candida sekii sp. nov. and Candida suwanaritii, three novel yeasts in the saturnispora clade isolated in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 10(1): 114-122.

39 Luangsakul, N., Keeratipibul, S., Jindamorakot, S. and Tanasupawat, S. 2009. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolated from the starter doughs for Chinese steamed buns in Thailand. Lwt-Food Sci Technol, 42(8): 1404-1412.

40 Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Takahashi, M., Muramatsu, Y., Kaneyasu, M., Potacha-roen, W., Tanasupawat, S., Nakagawa, Y., Tanticharoen, M. and Yamada, Y. 2009. Gluconobacter japonicus sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Micr, 59(2):466-71.

41 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Am-In, S., Ninomiya, S., Kawasaki, H. and Limtong, S. 2009. Candida nonsorbophila sp. nov., a new ascomycetous yeast species isolated in Thailand. Fems Yeast Res, 9(4):663-667.

42 Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Ninomiya, S., Imanishi, Y. and Kawasaki, H. 2009. Candida wancherniae sp. nov. and Candida morakotiae sp. nov., two novel ascomycetous anamorphic yeast species found in Thailand. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 55(2):93-100.

43 Rosa, C.A., Jindamorakot, S., Limtong, S., Nakase, T., Lachance, M.A., Fidalgo-Jiménez, A., Daniel, H.M., Pagnocca, F.C., Inácio, J. and Morais, P.B . 2009. Synonymy of the yeast genera Moniliella and Trichosporonoides and proposal of Moniliella fonsecae sp. nov. and five new species combinations. Int J Syst Evol Micr, 59(2):425-9.

44 Suriyachadkun, C., Chunhametha, S., Thawai, C., Tamura, T., Potacharoen, W., Kirtikara, K.and Sanglier, J.J. 2009. Planotetraspora thailandica sp. nov., isolated from soil in Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Micr, 59(5):992-997.

45 Tanasupawat, S., Kommanee, J., Malimas, T., Yukphan, P., Nakagawa, Y. and Yamada, Y. 2009. Identification of acetobacter, gluconobacter, and asaia strains isolated in Thailand based on 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer restriction and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Microbes Environ, 24:135-43.

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Bioresources Research Laboratory

DISCOVERY PROGRAM

1 Apisantiyakom, S., Kittakoop, P., Manyum, T., Kirtikara, K., Bremner, J.B. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Novel biologically

active bibenzyls from Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre. Chem Biodivers, 1(11):1694-1701.

2 Chinworrungsee, M., Kittakoop, P., Isaka,



7 0

and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Isolation and structure elucidation of enniatins L, M1, M2, and N: novel hydroxy analogs. Helv Chim Acta, 87:2066-2073.

13 Yenjai, C., Prasanphen, K., Daodee, S., Wongpanich, V. and Kittakoop, P. 2004. Bioactive flavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora. Fitoterapia, 75(1):89-92.

14 Chomcheon, P., Wiyakrutta, S., Sriubolmas, N., Ngamrojanavanich, N., Isarangkul, D., and Kittakoop, P. 2005. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a potent antimycobacterial agent from endophytic fungi: Is 3-NPA in some plants produced by endophytes. J Nat Prod, 68(7):1103-1105.

15 Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Kirtikara, K., Hywel-Jones, N.L. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2005. Bioactive substances from insect pathogenic fungi. Accounts Chem Res, 38(10):813-823.

16 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S , Rachtawee, P., Vimuttipong, S. and Kongsaeree, P. 2005. Unique diketopiperazine dimers from the insect pathogenic fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 1449. Org Lett, 7(11):2257-2260.

17 Isaka, M., Rugseree, N., Maithip, P., Kongsaeree, P., Prabpai, S. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2005. Hirsutellones A-E, antimycobacterial alkaloids from the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea BCC 2594. Tetrahedron, 61:5577-5583.

18 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Sriklung, K., and Kocharin, K. 2005. Clyclohexadepsipeptides from the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea BCC 2594. J Nat Prod, 68(11):1680-1682.

19 Isaka,M., Palasarn, S., Kocharin, K. and Saenboonrueng, J. 2005. A cytotoxic xanthone dimer from the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia sp. BCC 8401. J Nat Prod, 68:945-946.

20 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Suvannakad, R., Thienhirun, S., Prabpai, S., Kongsaeree, P. and Tanticharoen, M. 2005. An anti- herpes simplex virus-type 1 agent from Xylaria mellisii BCC 1005. Tetrahedron Lett, 46(8): 1341-1344.

21 Rukachaisirikul, V., Tansakul, C., Saithong, S., Pakawatchai, C., Isaka, M. and Suvannakad, R. 2005. Hirsutane sesquiterpenes from the fungus Lentinus conatus BCC 8996. J Nat Prod, 68:1674-1676.

22 Soonthorncharoennon, N., Sakayarojkul, M., Isaka, M., Mahakittikun, V., Chuakul, W. and Wongsinkongman, P. 2005. Acaricidal daphanane diterpenoid from Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) craib roots. Chem Pharm Bull, 53(2):241-243.

M., Maithip, P., Supothina, S. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel antimalarial macrocyclic polylactone, menisporopsin A, from the fungus Menisporopsis theobromae. J Nat Prod, 67(4):689-92.

3 Jongrungruangchok, S., Kittakoop, P., Yongsmith, B., Bavovada, R., Tanasupawat, S., Boonudomlap, U. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Azaphilone pigments from a yellow mutant of the fungus Monascus kaoliang. Phytochemistry, 65(18):2569-2575.

4 Kittakoop, P., Nopichai, S., Thongon, N., Charoenchai, P. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Bauhinoxepins A and B, new antimycobacterial dibenzo[b,f]oxepins from Bauhinia saccocalyx. Helv Chim Acta, 87(1):175-179.

5 Limmatvapirat, C., Sirisopanaporn, S. and Kittakoop, P. 2004. Antitubercular and antiplasmodial constituents of Abrus precatorius. Planta Med, 70(3):276-8.

6 Puntumchai, A., Kittakoop, P., Rajviroongit, S., Vimuttipong, S., Likhitwitayawuid, K. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Lakoochins A and B, new antimycobacterial stilbene derivatives from Artocarpus lakoocha. J Nat Prod, 67(3):485-6.

7 Rukachaisirikul, V., Pramjit, S., Pakawatchai, C., Isaka, M. and Supotina, S. 2004. 10-Membered macrolides from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris BCC 2816. J Nat Prod, 67:1953-1955.

8 Sawadjoon, S., Kittakoop, P., Isaka, M., Kirtikara, K., Madla, S. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Antiviral and antiplasmodial spirodihydrobenzofuran terpenes from the fungus Stachybotrys nephrospora. Planta Med, 70(11):1085-1086.

9 Seephonkai, P., Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Boonudomlap, U. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. A novel ascochlorin glycoside from the insect pathogenic fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 2370. J Antibiot, 57(1):10-16.

10 Thawai, C., Kittakoop, P., Tanasupawat, S., Suwanborirux, K., Sriklung, K. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Micromonosporin A, a novel 24-membered polyene lactam macrolide from Micromonospora sp. isolated from peat swamp forest. Chem Biodivers, 1(4):640-645.

11 Vongvilai, P., Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Srikitikulchai, P., Kongsaeree, P. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Novel ketene acetal and spiroacetal from the marine fungus Aigialus parvus BCC 5311. J Nat Prod, 67(3):457-60.

12 Vongvilai, P., Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Srikitikulchai, P., Kongsaeree, P., Prabpai, S.


7 0


7 1

23 Vongvanich, N., Kittakoop, P., Charoenchai, P., Intamas, S., Danwisetkanjana, K., and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2005. Combretastatins D-3 and D-4, new macrocyclic lactones from Getonia floribunda. Planta Med, 71(2):191-193.

24 Arthan, D., Kittakoop, P.; Esen, A.; Svasti, J. 2006. Furostanol glycoside 26-O-beta-glu-cosidase from the leaves of Solanum torvum. Phytochemistry, 67:27-33.

25 Chinworrungsee, M., Kittakoop, P., Saenboonrueng, J., Kongsaeree, P. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2006. Bioactive compounds from the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 3975. J Nat Prod, 69: 1404-1410.

26 Isaka, M., Prathumpai, W., Wongsa, P. and Tanticharoen, M. 2006. Hirsutellone F, a dimer of antitubercular alkaloids from the seed fungus Trichoderma species BCC 7579. Org Lett, 8(13):2815-2817.

27 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Dramae, A., Madla, S., Lartpornmatulee, N., Boonyuen, N. and Tanticharoen, M. 2006. Depsidones from the endophytic fungus BCC 8616. J Nat Prod, 69:1361-1363.

28 Rukachaisirikul, V., Chantaruk, S., Pongcharoen, W., Isaka, M. and Lapanun, S. 2006. Chromone derivatives from the filamentous fungus Lachnum sp. BCC 2424. J Nat Prod, 69:980-982.

29 Rukachaisirikul, V., Chantaruk, S., Tansakul, C., Saithong, S., Chaicharernwimonkoon, L., Pakawatchai, C., Isaka, M. and Intereya, K.. 2006. A cyclopeptide from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp. BCC 1788. J Nat Prod, 69:305-307.

30 Seephonkai, P., Kongsaeree, P., Prabpai, S., Isaka, M. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2006. Transformation of an irregularly bridged epidithiodiketopiperazine to Trichodermamide A. Organic Letters, 8(14):3073-3075.

31 Techaprasan, J., Ngarmriabsakul, C., Klinbunga, S., Chuakulchanachai, S., and Jenjittakul, T. 2006. Genetic variation and species-identification of Thai Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphism. J Biochem Mol Biol, 39(4): 361-370.

32 Thongtan, J., Saenboonrueng, J., Rachtawee, P. and Isaka, M. 2006. An antimalarial tetrapeptide from the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sp. BCC 1528. J Nat Prod, 69:713-714.

33 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Interaya, K. and Kocharin, K. 2007. New diphenyl ethers from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp. BCC 1861. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(2):304-307.

34 Gale, G.A., Kirtikara, K., Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sivichai, S., Thebtaranonth, Y., Thongpanchang, C. and Vichai, V. 2007. In search of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antimalarial drugs from Thai flora and microbes. Pharmacol Therapeut, 115:307-351.

35 Haritakun, R., Srikitikulchai, P., Khoyaiklang, P., Isaka, M. 2007. Isariotins A-D, alkaloids from the insect pathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 7831. J Nat Prod, 70(9):1478-1480.

36 Isaka, M. 2007. Novel bioactive compounds from insect pathogenic fungi. J Synth Org Chem Jpn, 65:700-708.

37 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Kocharin, K. and Hywel-Jones, N. 2007. Comparison of the bioactive secondary metabolites from the scale insect pathogens, anamorph Paecilomyces cinnamomeus and teleomorph Torrubiella luteorostrata. J Antibiot, 60(9): 577-581.

38 Isaka, M., Boonkhao, B., Rachtawee, P. and Auncharoen, P. 2007. A xanthocillin-like alkaloid from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps brunnearubra BCC 1395. J Nat Prod, 70:656-658.

39 Isaka,M., Srisanoh, U., Lartpornmatulee, N. and Boonruangprapa, T. 2007. ES-242 derivatives and cycloheptapeptides from Cordyceps sp. strains BCC 16173 and BCC 16176. J Nat Prod, 70(10):1601-1604.

40 Isaka, M.,Berkaew, P., Intereya, K., Komwijit, S. and Sathitkunanon, T. 2007. Antiplasmodial and antiviral cyclohexadepsipeptides from the endophytic fungus Pullularia sp. BCC 8613. Tetrahedron, 63:6855-6860.

41 Isaka, M.,Palasarn, S., Lapanun, S. and Sriklung, K.. 2007. Paecilodepsipeptide A, an antimalarial and antitumor cyclohexadepsipeptide from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616. J Nat Prod, 70: 675-678.

42 Pongcharoen, W., Rukachaisirikul, V., Isaka, M. and Sriklung, K. 2007. Cytotoxic metabolites from the wood-decayed fungus Xylaria sp. BCC 9653. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(11):1647-1648.

43 Ruanglek, V., Chokpaiboon, S., Rattanaphan, N., Madla, S., Auncharoen, P., Bunyapaiboonsri, T. and Isaka, M. 2007. Menisporopsin B, a new polyester from the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 4162. J Antibiot, 60(12):748-751.

44 Weerapreeyakul, N., Anorach, R, Khuansawad, T., Yenjai, C. and Isaka, M. 2007. Synthesis of bioreductive esters from fungal compounds. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(6):930-935.

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45 Berkaew, P., Soonthornchareonnon, N., Salasawadee, K., Chanthaket, R. and Isaka, M. 2008. Aurocitrin and related polyketide metabolites from the wood-decay fungus Hypocrea sp. BCC 14122. J Nat Prod, 71(5):902-904.

46 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Veeranondha, S., Boonruangprapa, T. and Somrithipol, S. 2008. Ramiferin, a bisphenol-sesquiterpene from the fungus Kionochaeta ramifera BCC 7585. Phytochem Lett, 1(4):204-206.

47 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Khonsanit, A. and Komwijit, S. 2008. Phenolic glycosides from the filamentous fungus Acremonium sp. BCC 14080. J Nat Prod, 71(5):891-4.

48 Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Veeranondha, S., Supothina, S. and Luangsa-ard, J. J. 2008. Novel cyclopropyl diketones and 14-membered macrolides from the soil fungus Hamigera avellanea BCC 17816. Tetrahedron, 64(49):11028-33.

49 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Auncharoen, P., Komwijit, S. and Gareth J.E.B. 2008. Acremoxanthones A and B, novel antibiotic polyketides from the fungus Acremonium sp. BCC 31806. Tetrahedron Lett, 50(3):284-287.

50 Madla, S., Isaka, M., Wongsa, P. 2008. Modification of culture conditions for production of the anti-tubercular hirsutellones by the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea BCC 2594. Lett Appl Microbiol, 47(2): 74-78.

51 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sohsomboon, P., Dramae, A., Suvannakad, R., Lapanun, S. and Tantichareon, M. 2008. Antimycobaterial substances from Phaeosphaeria sp. BCC 8292. Planta Med, 74(3):281-286.

52 Techaprasan, J., Klinbunga, S. and Jenjittakul, T. 2008. Genetic relationshtips and species Authentication of Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on AFLP and SSCP analyses. Biochem Syst Ecol, 36(5-6):408-416.

53 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Intereya, K., Rachtawee, P., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Isaka, M. 2009. Isariotins E and F, spirocyclic and bicyclic hemiacetals from the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 12625. J Nat Prod, 72(4):756-9.

54 Chutrakul, C., Boonruangprapa, T., Suvannakad, R., Isaka, M., Sirithunya, P., Toojinda, T. and Kirtikara, K.2009. Ascherxanthone B from Aschersonia luteola, a new antifungal compound active against

rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. J Appl Microbiol, 107(5):1624-1631.

55 Isaka, M., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Sappan, M., Mongkolsamrit, S. and Saidaengkham, S. 2009. Hopane triterpenes as chemotaxonomic markers for the scale insect pathogens Hypocrella s. lat. and Aschersonia. Mycol Res, 113(Pt4):491-7.

56 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Lapanun, S., Chanthaket, R., Boonyuen, N. and Lumyong, S. 2009. γ-Lactones and ent-eudesmane sesquiterpenes from the endophytic fungus Eutypella sp. BCC 13199. J Nat Prod, 72(9):1720-1722.

57 Isaka, M., Srisanoha, U., Veeranondhaa, S., Choowonga, W. and Lumyong, S. 2009. Cytotoxic eremophilane sesquiterpenoids from the saprobic fungus Berkleasmium nigroapicale BCC 8220. Tetrahedron, 65(43):8808-8815.

58 Isaka, M., Yangchum, A., Intamas, S., Kocharin, K., Jones, E.B.G., Kongsaeree, P. and Prabpai, S. 2009. Aigialomycins and related polyketide metabolites from the mangrove fungus Aigialus parvus BCC 5311. Tetrahedron, 65(22):4396-4403.

59 Kornsakulkarn, J., Thongpanchang, C., Lapanun, S. and Srichomthong, K. 2009. Isocoumarin glucosides from the scale insect fungus Torrubiella tenuis BCC 12732. J Nat Prod, 72(7):1341-1343.

60 Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Berkaew, P., Ridkaew, R., Hywel-Jones, N. and Isaka, M. 2009. A beauvericin hot spot in the genus Isaria. Mycol Res, 113(12):1389-1395.

61 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Dramae, A., Lapanun, S., Suvannakad, R. and Tantichareon, M. 2009. Graphisins A and B from the lichen Graphis tetralocularis. Aust J Chem, 62(4):389-91.

62 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Usuwan, A., Intaraudom, C., Khoyaiklang, P. and Supothina, S. 2009. Torrubiellutins A-C, from insect pathogenic fungus Torrubiella luteorostrata BCC 12904. Tetrahedron, 65(31):6069-6073.

63 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Usuwan, A., Intaraudom, C., Veeranondha, S. and Srikitikulchai, P. 2009. Sesquiterpene lactone 12,8- eudesmanolides from the fungus Xylaria ianthinovelutina. Planta med, 75(13):1431-1435.

64 Saisaha, P., Nerungsi, C., Iamsaard, S. and Thongpanchang, T. 2009. Pyridine stabilized oxiranyl remote anions. Tetrahedron Lett, 50(29):4217-20.


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1 Uchiumi, T., Ohwada, T., Itakura, M., Mitsui, H., Nikui, N., Dawadi, P., Ksneko, T., Tabata, S., Maekawa, T. and Sriprang, R. 2004. Expression islands clustered on the symbiosis island of the Mesorhizobium loti genome. J Bacteriol, 186(8):2439-2448.

2 Wiyakrutta, S., Sriubolmas, N., Panphut, W., Thongon, N., Danwisetkanjana, K., Ruangrungsi, N. and Meevootisom, V. 2004. Endophytic fungi with anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-malarial activities isolated from Thai medicinal plants. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 20:265-272.

3 Kongkathip, B., Sangma, C., Kirtikara, K., Luangkamin, S., Hasitapan, K., Jongkon, N., Hannongbua, S. and Kongkathip, N. 2005. Inhibitory effects of 2-substituted-1-naphthol derivatives on cyclooxygenase I and II. Bioorgan Med Chem, 13(6):2167-75.

4 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Suvannakad, R., Thienhirun, S., Prabpai, S., Kongsaeree, P. and Tanticharoen, M. 2005. An anti-herpes simplex virus-type 1 agent from Xylaria mellisii (BCC 1005). Tetrahedron Lett, 46(8):1341-1344.

5 Vichai, V., Suyarnsesthakorn, C., Pittayakhajonwut, D., Sriklung, K. and Kirtikara, K. 2005. Positive feedback regulation of COX-2 expression by prostaglandin metabolites. Inflamn Res, 54:163-172.

6 Vichai, V. and Kirtikara, K. 2006. Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening. Nat Protoc, 1(3): 1112-1116.

7 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Interaya, K. and Kocharin, K. 2007. New diphenyl ethers from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp. BCC 1861. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(2):304-307.

8 Gale, G.A., Kirtikara, K., Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sivichai, S., Thebtaranonth, Y., Thongpanchang, C. and Vichai, V. 2007. In search of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and anti-malarial drugs from Thai flora and microbes. Pharmacol Therapeut, 115:307-351.

9 Isaka, M., Srisanoh, U., Lartpornmatulee, N. and Boonruangprapa, T. 2007. ES-242 derivatives and cycloheptapeptides from cordyceps sp. strains BCC 16173 and BCC 16176. J Nat Prod, 70(10):1601-1604.

10 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Lapanun, S. and Sriklung, K. 2007. Paecilodepsipeptide A, an antimalarial and antitumor

cyclohexadepsipeptide from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616. J Nat Prod, 70:675-678.

11 Aroonrerk, N., Suksamrarn, A. and Kirtikara, K. 2007. A sensitive direct ELISA for detection of prostaglandin E2. J Immunoassay Immunochem, 28(4):319-330.

12 Phongpaichit, S., Nikom, J., Rungjindamai, N., Sakayaroj, J., Hutadilok-Towatana, N., Rukachaisirikul, V., and Kirtikara, K. 2007. Biological activities of extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 51(8):517-525.

13 Pongcharoen, W., Rukachaisirikul, V., Isaka, M. and Sriklung, K. 2007. Cytotoxic metabolites from the wood-decayed fungus Xylaria sp. BCC 9653. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(11):1647-1648.

14 Berkaew, P., Soonthornchareonnon, N., Salasawadee, K., Chanthaket, R. and Isaka, M. 2008. Aurocitrin and related polyketide metabolites from the wood-decay fungus Hypocrea sp. BCC 14122. J Nat Prod, 71(5):902-904.




18 Rukachaisirikul, V., Sommart, U., Phongpaichit, S., Sakayaroj, J. and Kirtikara, K. 2008. Metabolites from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. PSU-D15. Phytochemistry, 69(3):783-787.

19 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Intereya, K., Rachtawee, P., Hywel-Jones, N.L. and Isaka, M. 2009. Isariotins E and F, spirocyclic and bicyclic hemiacetals from the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 12625. J Nat Prod, 72(4):756-9.

20 Chutrakul, C., Boonruangprapa, T., Suvannakad, R., Isaka, M., Sirithunya, P., Toojinda, T. and Kirtikara, K. 2009. Ascherxanthone B

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74

from Aschersonia luteola, a new antifungal compound active against rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. J Appl Microbiol, 107(5):1624-1631.

21 Isaka, M., Srisanoha, U., Veeranondhaa, S., Choowonga, W. and Lumyong, S. 2009. Cytotoxic eremophilane sesquiterpenoids from the saprobic fungus Berkleasmium nigroapicale BCC 8220. Tetrahedron, 65(43): 8808-8815.

22 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Dramae, A., Lapanun, S., Suvannakad, R. and Tantichareon, M . 2009. Graphisins A and B from the lichen Graphis tetralocularis. Aust J

Chem, 62(4):389-91.23 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Usuwan, A., Intaraudom,

C., Veeranondha, S. and Srikitikulchai, P. 2009. Sesquiterpene lactone 12,8- eudesmanolides from the fungus Xylaria ianthinovelutina. Planta Med, 75(13):1431-1435.

24 Sandee, D., Sivanuntakorn, S., Vichai, V., Kramyu, J. and Kirtikara, K. 2009. Up- regulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in COX-1 and COX-2 knock-out mouse fibroblast cell lines. Prostag Oth Lipid M, 88(3-4), 111-116.

1 Kanokratana, P., Chanapan, S., Pootanakit, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2004. Diversity and abundance of bacteria and archaea in the Bor Khlueng hot spring in Thailand. J Basic Microbiol, 44(6):430-444.

2 Asano K., Sriprang R., Gobsuk J., Eurwilaichitr L., Tanapongpipat S. and Kirtikara K. 2005. Endo-1,4-b-xylanase B from Aspergillus cf. niger BCC 14405 isolated in Thailand: Purification, characterization and gene isolation. J Biochem Mol Biol, 38(1): 17-23.

3 Boonyapakron, K., Pootanakit, K., Chantasingh, D., Kirtikara, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2005. Cloning and expression of xylanase 10 from Cryptovalsa mangrovei (BCC7197) in Pichia pastoris. DNA Sequence, 16(5):372-378.

4 Champreda, V., Young, J.C., Zhou, N. and Leak, D.J. 2005. Alteration of the streo- and regioselectlvity of alkene monooxygenase based on coupling protein interaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 10:1-8.

5 Chantasingh, D., Pootanakit, K., Champreda, V., Kanokratana, P. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2006. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a xylanase 10 from Aspergillus terreus (BCC129) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif, 46:143-149.

6 Ratanachomsri, U., Sriprang, R., Sornlek, W., Buaban, B., Champreda, V., Tanapongpipat, S. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2006. Thermostable xylanase from Marasmius sp: purification and characterization. J Biochem Mol Biol, 39(1):105-110.

7 Tang, K., Utairungsee, T., Kanokrattana, P., Sriprang, R., Champreda, V., Eurwilaichitr, L. and Tanapongpipat, S. 2006. Characterization of a novel cyclomaltodextrinase expressed from environmental DNA isolated from

Enzyme Technology Laboratory and Microbial Cell FactoryLaboratory

Bor Khleung hot spring in Thailand. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 260(1):91-99.

8 Champreda, V., Kanokratana, P., Rutchadaporn, S., Tanapongpipat, S. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2007. Purification, biochemical characterization and gene cloning of a new extracellular thermotolerant and glucose tolerant maltooligosaccharide-forming alpha- amylase from an endophytic ascomycete Fusicoccum sp. BCC4124. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 71(8):2010-2020.

9 Harnpicharnchai, P., Thongaram, T., Sriprang, R., Champreda, V., Tanapongpipat, S. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2007. An efficient purification and fractionation of genomic DNA from soil by modified troughing method. Lett Appl Microbiol, 45(4):387-391.

10 Ruanglek, V., Sriprang, R., Tirawongsaroj, P., Chantasign, D., Tanapongpipat, S., Pootanakit, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2007. Cloning, expression, characterization, and high cell-density production of recombinant endo-1,4-b-xylanase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol, 141:19-25.

11 Harnpicharnchai, P., Champreda, V., Sornlake, W. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2008. A thermotolerant b-glucosidase isolated from an endophytic fungi, Periconia sp., with a possible use for biomass conversion to sugars. Protein Expr Purif, 67(2):61-9.

12 Kanokratana, P., Chantasingh, D., Champreda, V., Tanapongpipat, S., Pootanakit, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2008. Identification and expression of cellobiohydrolase (CBHI) gene from an endophytic fungus, Fusicoccum sp. (BCC4124) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif, 58(1):148-153.

13 Laothanachareon, T., Champreda, V.,


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Sritongkham, P., Somasundrum, M., Surareungchai, W. 2008. Cross-linked enzyme crystals of organophosphate hydrolase for electrochemical detection of organophosphorus compounds. World J Microb Biot, 24:3049-3055.

14 Phithakrotchanakoon, C., Daduang, R., Thamchaipenet, A., Wangkam, T., Srikhirin, T., Eurwilaichitr, L. and Champreda, V. 2008. Heterologous expression of polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase from Thermobifida sp. in Pichia pastoris and catalytic analysis by surface plasmon resonance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82(1):131-140.

15 Tang, K., Kobayashi, Sriprang, R., Champreda, V., Eurwilachitr, L. and Tanapongpipat, S. 2008. Isolation and characterization of a novel thermostable neopullulanase-like enzyme from a hot spring in Thailand. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 72(6):1448-1456.

16 Tirawongsaroj, P., Sriprang, R., Harnpicharnchai, P., Thongaram, T., Champreda, V., Tanapongpipat, S., Pootanakit, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2008. Novel thermophilic and thermostable lipolytic enzymes from a Thailand hot spring metagenomic library. J Biotechnol, 133(1):42-49.

17 Wonganu, B., Boonyapakron, K., Pootanakit, K., Champreda, V., Tanapongpipat, S. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2008. Cloning, expression

and characterization of a thermotolerant endoglucanase from Syncephalastrum racemosum (BCC18080) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif, 58(1):78-86.

18 Phithakrotchanakoon, C., Rudeekit, Y., Tanapongpipat, S., Leejakpai, T., Aiba, S.I., Noda, I. and Champreda, V. 2009. Microbial degradation and physico-chemical alteration of polyhydroxyalkanoates by a thermophilic Streptomyces sp. Biologia, 64(2):246-251.

19 Promdonkoy, P., Tang, K., Sornlake, W., Harnpicharnchai, P., Kobayashi, R.S., Ruanglek, V., Upathanpreeda, T., Vesaratchavest, M., Eurwilaichitr, L. and Tanapongppat, S. 2009. Expression and characterization of Aspergillus thermostable phytases in Pichia pastoris. Fems Microbiol Lett, 290(1):18-24.

20 Rattanachomsri, U., Tanapongpipat, S., Eurwilaichitr, L. and Champreda, V. 2009. Simultaneous non-thermal saccharification of cassava pulp by multi-enzyme activity and ethanol fermentation by Candida tropicalis. J Biosci Bioeng, 107(5):488-493.

21 Yongkiettrakula, S., Boonyapakronb, K., Jongkaewwattanac, A., Wanitchangc, A., Leartsakulpanicha, U., Chitnumsuba, P., Eurwilaichitrb, L. and Yuthavong, Y. 2009. Avian influenza A/H5N1 neuraminidase expressed in yeast with a functional head domain. J Virol Methods, 156(1-2):44-51.

1 Supothina, S., Isaka, M., Kirtikara, K., Tanticharoen. M. and Thebtaranonth, Y. 2004. Enniatin production by the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 1449. J Antibiot, 57(11):732-738.

2 Madla, S., Methacanon, P., Prasitsil, M. and Kirtikara, K. 2005. Characterization of biocompatible fungi-derived polymers that induce IL-8 production. Carbohyd Polym, 59:275-280.

3 Unagul, P., Assantachai, C., Phadungruengluij, S., Suphantharika, M. and Verduyn, C. 2005. Properties of the docosahexaenoic acid- producer Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02: effect of glucose, temperature and salinity and their interaction. Bot Mar, 48:387-394.

4 Unagul, P., Wongsa, P., Kittakoop, P., Intamas, S., Srikitikulchai, P. and Tanticharoen, M. 2005. Production of red pigments by insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps unilateralis BCC 1869. J Ind Microbiol Biot, 32(4):135-140.

5 Wongsa, P., Tasanatai, K., Watts, P. and

Fermentation Technology and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory

Hywel-Jones, N. 2005. Isolation and in vitro cultivation of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps unilateralis. Mycol Res, 109:936-940.

6 Madla, S., Kittakoop, P. and Wongsa, P. 2006. Optimization of culture conditions for production of antimalarial menisporopsin A by the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 4162. Lett App Microb, 43(5):548-553.

7 Methacanon, P., Madla, S., Kirtikara, K. and Prasitsil, M. 2006. Structural elucidation of bioactive fungi-derived polymers. Carbohydr Polym, 60(2): 199-203.

8 Ruanglek, V., Maneewatthana, D. and Tripetchkul, S. 2006. Evaluation of Thai agro-industrial wastes for bio-ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis. Process Biochem, 41(6):1432-1437.

9 Unagul, P., Assa, C., Phadungruengluij, S., Pongsuteeragul, T., Suphantharika, M. and Verduyn, C. 2006. Biomass and docosahexaenoic acid formation by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02 at low salt concentrations. Bot Mar, 49:182-190.

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7 6

10 Haritakun, R.; Srikitikulchai, P.; Khoyaiklang, P.; Isaka, M. . 2007. Isariotins A-D, alkaloids from the insect pathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 7831. J Nat Prod, 70(9): 1478-1480.

11 Isaka,M., Boonkhao, B., Rachtawee, P. and Auncharoen, P. 2007. A xanthocillin-like alkaloid from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps brunnearubra BCC 1395. J Nat Prod, 70:656-658.

12 Prathumpai, W., Kocharin, K., Phimmakong, K. and Wongsa, P. 2007. Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on naphthoquinone production of Cordyceps unilateralis BCC 1869. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 136(2): 223-232.

13 Ruanglek, V., Chokpaiboon, S., Rat-tanaphan, N., Madla, S., Auncharoen, P., Bunyapaiboonsri, T. and Isaka, M. 2007. Menisporopsin B, a new polyester from the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 4162. J Antibiot, 60(12):748-751.

14 Ruanglek, V., Sriprang, R., Tirawongsaroj, P., Chantasign, D., Tanapongpipat, S., Pootanakit, K. and Eurwilaichitr, L. 2007. Cloning, expression, characterization, and high cell-density production of recombinant endo-1,4-b-xylanase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Tech, 141:19-25.

15 Supothina, S., Isaka, M. and Wongsa, P. 2007. Optimization of culture conditions for production of the antitubercular alkaloid hirsutellone A by Trichoderma sp. BCC 7579. Lett Appl Microbiol, 44:531-537.

16 Unagul, P., Assantachai, C., Phadungruengluij, S., Suphantharika, M., Tanticharoen, M. and Verduyn, C. 2007. Coconut water as a medium additive for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02. Bioresource Tech, 98:281-287.


18 Isaka, M., Chinthanom, P., Veeranondha, S., Supothina, S. and Luangsa-ard, J. J. 2008. Novel cyclopropyl diketones and 14-membered macrolides from the soil fungus Hamigera avellanea BCC 17816.

Tetrahedron, 64(49):11028-33.19 Madla, S., Isaka, M., Wongsa, P. 2008.

Modification of culture conditions for production of the anti-tubercular hirsutellones by the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea BCC 2594. Lett Appl Microbiol, 47(2): 74-78.

20 Okane, I., Srikitikulchai, P., Toyama, K., Læssøe, T., Sivichai, S., Hywel-Jones, N., Nakagiri, A., Potacharoen, W. and Suzuki, K.I. 2008. Study of endophytic Xylariaceae in Thailand: Diversity and taxonomy inferred from rDNA sequence analyses with saprobes forming fruit bodies in the field. Mycoscience, 49(6):359-372.

21 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S., Intereya, K., Rachtawee, P., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Isaka, M. 2009. Isariotins E and F, spirocyclic and bicyclic hemiacetals from the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 12625. J Nat Prod, 72(4):756-9.

22 Isaka, M., Srisanoha, U., Veeranondhaa, S., Choowonga, W. and Lumyong, S. 2009. Cytotoxic eremophilane sesquiterpenoids from the saprobic fungus Berkleasmium nigroapicale BCC 8220. Tetrahedron, 65(43): 8808-8815.

23 Isaka, M., Yangchum, A., Intamas, S., Kocharin, K., Jones, E.B.G., Kongsaeree, P. and Prabpai, S. 2009. Aigialomycins and related polyketide metabolites from the mangrove fungus Aigialus parvus BCC 5311. Tetrahedron, 65(22):4396-4403.

24 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Usuwan, A., Intaraudom, C., Khoyaiklang, P. and Supothina, S. 2009. Torrubiellutins A-C, from insect pathogenic fungus Torrubiella luteorostrata BCC 12904 . Tetrahedron, 65(31):6069-6073 .

25 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Usuwan, A., Intaraudom, C., Veeranondha, S. and Srikitikulchai, P. 2009. Sesquiterpene lactone 12,8- eudesmanolides from the fungus Xylaria ianthinovelutina. Planta med, 75(13):1431-1435.

26 Promdonkoy, P., Tang, K., Sornlake, W., Harnpicharnchai, P., Kobayashi, R.S., Ruanglek, V., Upathanpreeda, T., Vesaratchavest, M., Eurwilaichitr, L. and Tanapongppat, S. 2009. Expression and characterization of Aspergillus thermostable phytases in Pichia pastoris. Fems Microbiol Lett, 290(1):18-24.

1 Promdonkoy, B., Pathaichindachote, W., Krittanai, C., Audtho, M., Chewawiwat, N. and Panyim, S. 2004. Trp132, Trp154 and Trp157 are essential for folding and activity

Microbial Engineering Laboratory

of a Cyt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. Biochem Bioph Res Co, 317(3):744-748..

2 Promdonkoy, B., Warit, S. and Panyim, S. 2004. Production of a biologically


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for toxicity of a binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. Curr Microbiol, 56(4):334-338.

9 Promdonkoy, B., Rungrod, A., Promdonkoy, P., Pathaichindachote, W., Krittanai, C. and Panyim, S. 2008. Amino acid substitutions in αA and αC of Cyt2Aa2 alter hemolytic activity and mosquito-larvicidal specificity. J Biotechnol, 133(3):287-293.

10 Sanitt, P., Promdonkoy, B. and Boonserm, P. 2008. Targeted mutagenesis at charged residues in Bacillus sphaericus BinA toxin affects mosquito-larvicidal activity. Curr Microbiol, 57(3):230-234.

11 Thammachat, S., Pathaichindachote, W., Krittanai, C. and Promdonkoy, B. 2008. Amino acids at N- and C-termini are required for the efficient production and folding of a cytolytic δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. J Biochem Mol Biol, 41(11): 820-825.

12 Limpanawat, S., Promdonkoy, B. and Boonserm, P. 2009. The C-terminal domain of BinA Is responsible for Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin BinA-BinB interaction. Curr Microbiol, 59(5): 509-513.

13 Rungrod, A., Tjahaja, N.K., Soonsanga, S., Audtho, M. and Promdonkoy, B. 2009. Bacillus sphaericus Mtx1 and Mtx2 toxins co-expressed in Escherichia coli are synergistic against Aedes aegypti larvae. Biotechnol Lett, 31(4):551-555.

14 Sangcharoen, A., Tepanant, W., Kidsanguan, S., Promdonkoy, B. and Krittanai, C. 2009. Investigation of the unfolding pathway of Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa2 toxin reveals an unfolding intermediate. J Biotechnol, 141 (3-4):137-41.

active growth hormone from giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) in Escherichia coli. Biotechol lett, 26:649-653.

3 Promdonkoy, B., Promdonkoy, P., Tanapongpipat, S., Luxananil, P., Chewawiwat, N., Audtho, M., and Panyim, S. 2004. Cloning and characterization of a mosquito larvicidal toxin produced during vegetative stage of Bacillus sphaericus 2297. Curr Microbiol, 49(2):84-88.

4 Promdonkoy, B. and Ellar, D.J. 2005. Structure- function relationships of a membrane pore forming toxin revealed by reversion mutagenesis. Mol Membr Biol, 22(4):327-337.

5 Promdonkoy, B., Promdonkoy, P. and Panyim, S. 2005. Co-expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba and Cyt2Aa2 in Escherichia coli revealed high synergism against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Fems Microbiol Lett, 252(1):121-6.

6 Boonserm, P., Moonsom, S., Boonchoy, C., Promdonkoy, B., Parthasarathy, K. and Torres, J. 2006. Association of the components of the binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus in solution and with model lipid bilayers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 342(4):1273-1278.

7 Promdonkoy, B., Promdonkoy, P. and Panyim, S. 2008. High-level expression in Escherichia coli, purification and mosquito-larvicidal activity of the binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. Curr Microbiol, 57(6):620-623.

8 Promdonkoy, B., Promdonkoy, P., Wongtawan, B., Boonserm, P., Panyim, S. 2008. Cys31, Cys47, and Cys195 in BinA are essential

1 Sivichai, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2004. Stauriella gen. nov. proposed for a new lignicolous basidiomycetous anamorph from freshwater in Thailand. Sydowia, 56(1):131-136.

2 Somrithipol, S., and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. An addition to the hyphomycete genus Melanographium from Thailand. Fungal Divers, 19:137-144.

3 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Dramae, A., Madla, S., Lartpornmatulee, N., Boonyuen, N. and Tanticharoen, M. 2006. Depsidones from the endophytic fungus BCC 8616. J Nat Prod, 69:1361-1363.

4 Somrithipol, S., and Jones, E.B.G. 2006. Calcarisporium phaeopodium sp. nov., a

MICROORGANISM PROGRAM

Mycology Laboratory

new hyphomycete from Thailand. Sydowia, 158(1):133-140.

5 Somrithipol, S., Kosol, S. and Jones, E.B.G. . 2006. Lauriomyces sakaeratensis sp. nov., a new hyphomycete on decaying Dipterocarpus costatus fruits from Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand. Nova Hedwigia, 82(1-2):209-215.

6 Ferrer, A., Sivichai, S. and Shearer, C.A.2007. Megalohypha, a new genus in the Jahnulales from aquatic habitats in the tropics. Mycologia, 99:456-460.

7 Gale, G.A., Kirtikara, K., Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sivichai, S., Thebtaranonth, Y., Thongpanchang, C. and Vichai, V. 2007. In

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rDNA data. Mycologia, 100(5):729-735.18 Bunyapaiboonsri, T., Yoiprommarat, S.,

Intereya, K., Rachtawee, P., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Isaka, M. 2009. Isariotins E and F, spirocyclic and bicyclic hemiacetals from the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria tenuipes BCC 12625. J Nat Prod, 72(4):756-9.

19 Cannon, P.F., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Maczey, N., Norbu, L., Tshitila, Samdup, T. and Lhendup, P. 2009. Steps towards sustainable harvest of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Bhutan. Biodivers Conserv, 18(9):2263-81.

20 Choeyklin, R., Hattori, T., Jaritkhuan, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2009. Bambusicolous polypores collected in central Thailand. Fungal Divers, 36:121-128.

21 Hughes, D.P., Evans, H.C., Hywel-Jones, N., Boomsma, J.J. and Armitage, S.A.O. 2009. Novel fungal disease in complex leaf-cutting ant societies. Ecol Entomol, 34(2):214-220.

22 Isaka, M., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Sappan, M., Mongkolsamrit, S. and Saidaengkham, S. 2009. Hopane triterpenes as chemotaxonomic markers for the scale insect pathogens Hypocrella s. lat. and Aschersonia. Mycol Res, 113(Pt 4):491-7.

23 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Lapanun, S., Chanthaket, R., Boonyuen, N. and Lumyong, S. 2009. γ-Lactones and ent-eudesmane sesquiterpenes from the endophytic fungus Eutypella sp. BCC 13199. J Nat Prod, 72(9):1720-1722.

24 Johnson, D., Sung, G.-H., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Bischoff, J.F., Kepler, R.M. and Spatafora, J.W. 2009. Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocreales, Ascomycota). Mycol Res, 113(3):279-289.

25 Jones, E.B.G., Sakayaroj, J., Suetrong, S., Somrithipol, S. and Pang, K.L. 2009. Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota. Fungal Divers, 35:1-187.

26 Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Berkaew, P., Ridkaew, R., Hywel-Jones, N. and Isaka, M. 2009. A beauvericin hot spot in the Genus Isaria. Mycol Res, 113(Pt 12):1389-95.

27 Mongkolsamrit, S., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Spatafora, J.W., Sung, G.H. and Hywel-Jones, N.L. 2009. A combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin phylogeny of Thai species of Hypocrella with non-fragmenting ascospores. Mycol Res, 113(Pt 6-7):684-99.

28 Pinnoi, A., Phongpaichit, S., Hyde, K.D. and Jones, E.B.G. 2009. Biodiversity of fungi on Calamus (Palmae) in Thailand. Cryptogamie Mycol, 30:1-10.

29 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V.,

search of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antimalarial drugs from Thai flora and microbes. Pharmacol Therapeut, 115:307-351.

8 Somrithipol, S. 2007. A synnematous species of Dictyoarthrinium from Thailand. Mycologia, 99(5):792-6.

9 Somrithipol, S., and Jones, E.B.G. 2007. Lauriomyces cylindricus and Lauriomyces ellipticus spp. nov., two new hyphomycetes from tropical forest of Thailand. Nova Hedwigia, 184(3-4):479-486.

10 Somrithipol, S., Sudhom, N., Tippawan, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2007. A new species of Falcocladium (Hyphomycetes) with turbinate vesicle from Thailand. Sydowia, 58(1): 148-153.

11 Tsui, C.K.M., Sivichai, S., Rossman, A.Y., Berbee, M.L. 2007. Tubeufia asiana, the teleomorph of Aquaphila albicans in the Tubeufiaceae, Pleosporales, based on cultural and molecular data. Mycologia, 99(6):884-894.


13 Campbell, J., Ferrer, A., Raja, H.A., Sivichai, S., Shearer, C.A. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among taxa in the Jahnulales inferred from 18S and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Can J Bot, 85(9):873-882.

14 Okane, I., Srikitikulchai, P., Toyama, K., Læssøe, T., Sivichai, S., Hywel-Jones, N., Nakagiri, A., Potacharoen, W. and Suzuki, K.I. 2008. Study of endophytic Xylariaceae in Thailand: Diversity and taxonomy inferred from rDNA sequence analyses with saprobes forming fruit bodies in the field. Mycoscience, 49(6):359-372.

15 Rungjindamai, N., Pinruan, U., Choeyklin, R., Hattori, T. and Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Molecular characterization of basidiomycetous endophytes isolated from leaves, rachis and petioles of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in Thailand. Fungal Divers, 33:139-161.

16 Rungjindamai, N., Sakayaroj, J., Plaingam, N., Somrithipol, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Putative basidiomycete teleomorphs and phylogenetic placement of the coelomycete genera: Chaetospermum, Giulia and Mycotribulus based on nu-rDNA sequences. Mycol Res, 112(7):802-810.

17 Somrithipol, S., Sakayaroj, J., Rungjindamai, N., Plaingam, N., Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Phylogenetic relationship of the coelomycete genus Infundibulomyces based on nuclear


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Dramae, A., Lapanun, S., Suvannakad, R. and Tantichareon, M. 2009. Graphisins A and B from the lichen Graphis tetralocularis. Aust J Chem, 62(4):389-91.

30 Pontoppidan, M.-B., Himaman, W., Hywel-

1 Chatmala, I., Sakayaroj, J., Somrithipol, S. and Phongpaichit, S. 2004. Marine hyphomycetes of Thailand and Cumulospora varia sp. Nov. Fungal Divers, 17:1-9.

2 Li, H.J., Lin, Y.-C., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Jones, E.B.G. 2004. A new cyto-toxic sterol produced by an endophytic fungus from Castaniopsis fissa at the South China Sea Coast. Chinese Chem Lett, 15:419-422.

3 Li, J.-J., Lin, Y.-C., Yao, J.-H., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Jones, E.B.G. 2004. Two new metabolites from the mangrove endophytic fungus No. 1514. J Asian Nat Prod Res, 6:185-191.

4 Luangsa-ard, J.J., Hywel-Jones, N.L. and Samson, R.A. 2004. The polyphyletic nature of Paecilomyces sensu lato based on 18S-generated rDNA phylogeny. Mycologia, 96(4):773-780.

5 Pang, K.-L. and Jones, E.B.G. 2004. Reclassification in Halosarpheia and related genera with unfurling ascospore appendages. Nova Hedwigia, 78:269-271.

6 Pang, K.-L., Jones, E.B.G. and Vrijmoed, L.L.P. 2004. Two new marine fungi from China and Singapore, with a description of a new genus Sabecola. Can J Bot, 82:485-490.

7 Pinnoi, A., Pinruan, U., Hyde, K.D. and Lumyong, S. 2004. Submersisphaeria palmae sp.nov. with a key to species and notes on Helicoubisia. Sydowia, 56(1):72-78.

8 Pinruan, U., Sakayaroj, J., Jones, E. B. G. and Hyde, K.D. 2004. Aquatic fungi from peat swamp palms: Phruensis brunneispora gen. et sp. nov. and its hyphomycete anamorph. Mycologia, 96(5):1163-70.

9 Pinruan, U., Sakayaroj, J., Jones, E.B.G. and Hyde, K.D. 2004. Flammispora gen. nov., a new freshwater ascomycete from decaying palm leaves. Stud Mycol, 50:381-386.

10 Pinuarn, U., Lunyong, S., McKenzie E.H.C., Jones, E.B.G. and Hyde K.H. 2004. Three new species of Craspedodidymum from palm in Thailand. Mycoscience, 45:177-180.

11 Huang, H.-R., Feng, X.-L., She, Z.-G. Lin, Y.-C., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. 1-(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl) butanone. Acta Crystallogr E, 61:282-283.

Phylogenetics Laboratory

12 Huang, H.-R., Feng, X.-L., She, Z.-G. Lin, Y.-C., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. 1-(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone. Acta Crystallogr E, 60:2509-2510.

13 Jones, E.B.G. and Abdel-Wahab, M.A. 2005. Marine fungi from the Bahamas Islands. Bot Mar, 48:356-364.

14 Luangsa-ard, J.J, Hywel-Jones, N.L., Manoch, L. and Samson, R.A. 2005. On the relationships of Paecilomyces sect. Isarioidea species. Mycol Res, 109(5):581-589.

15 Luo, W., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Jone, E.B.G. 2005. Screening of marine fungi for lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Bot Mar, 48:379-386.

16 Pilantanapak, A., Jones, E.B.G. and Eaton, R.E. 2005. Marine fungi on Nypa fruticans in Thailand. Bot Mar, 48:365-373.

17 Plaingam, N., Somrithipol, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. Pseudorobillarda siamensis sp. nov. and notes on P. sojae and P. taxana from Thailand. Nova Hedwigia, 80:335-348.

18 Sakayaro, J., Pang, K.L., Phongpaichit, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. A phylogenetic study of the genus Haligena (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). Mycologia, 97:804-811.

19 Sakayaroj, J., Pang, K.L., Jones, E.B.G., Phongpaichit, S., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. and Abdel-Wahab, M.A. 2005. A systematic reassessment of the marine ascomycetes Torpedospora and Swampomyces. Bot Mar, 48:395-406.

20 Sakayaroj, J., Phongpaichit, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2005. Viability and biodiversity of freshwater hyphomycetes in foam at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, Songkla, southern Thailand. Fungal Divers, 18:135-145.

21 Yin, W.Q., Zou, J.M., She, Z.G. Vrijmoed, L.L.P., Jones, E.B.G. and Lin, Y.-C. 2005. Two cyclic peptides produced by the endophytic fungus #2221 from Castaniopsis fissa on the South China Sea Coast. Chinese Chem Lett, 16:219-222.

22 Jones, E.B.G, Chatmala, I. And Pang, K.L. 2006. Two new genera isolated from marine habitats in Thailand: Pseudolignincola and Thalespora (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). Nova Hedwigia, 83:219-232.

Jones, N.L., Boomsma, J.J. and Hughes, D.P. 2009. Graveyards on the move: The spatio-temporal distribution of dead Ophiocordyceps-infected ants. Plos One, 4(3):e4835.

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23 Jones, E.B.G. 2006. Form and function of fungal spore appendages. Mycoscience, 47:167-183.

24 Jones, E.B.G. and Puglisi, M.P. 2006. Marine fungi from Florida. Florida Scientist, 69:157-164.

25 Pang, K.L., Jones, E.B.G., Chiang, W.L. and Vrijmoed, L.L.P. 2006. Ascospore ultrastructure of Halosarpheia fibrosa (Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota). Nova Hedwigia, 83:207-217.

26 Phongpaichit, S., Rungjindamai, N., Rukachaisirikul, V. and Sakayaroj, J. 2006. Antimicrobial activity in cultures of endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia species. Fems Immun Med Microbiol, 48: 367-372.

27 Pinnoi, A., Lumyongt, S., Hyde, K.D. and Jones, E.B.G. 2006. Biodiversity of fungi on the palm Eleiodoxa conferta in Sirindhorn peat swamp forest, Narathiwat, Thailand. Fungal Divers, 22:205-218.

28 Suetrong, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2006. Marine discomycetes: A review. Indian J Mar Sci, 35(4):291-296.

29 Vivkineswary,S., Abdullah, N., Renuvathani, M., Sekaran, M., Pandey, A. and Jones, E.B.G. 2006. Productivity of laccase in solid substrate fermentation of selected agro- residues by Pycnoporus sanguineus. Bioresour Technol, 97:171-177.

30 Hsieh, S.-Y., Moss, S.T., Jones, E.B.G. 2007. Ascoma development in the marine ascomycete Corollospora gracilis (Halosphaeriales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes). Bot Mar, 50(5-6):302-313.

31 Koch, J., Pang, K.-L., Jones, E.B.G. . 2007. Rostrupiella danica gen. et sp. nov., a Lulworthia-like marine lignicolous species from Denmark and the USA. Bot Mar, 50(5-6):294-301.

32 Paungmoung, P., Punya, J., Pongpattanakitshote, S., Jeamton, W., Vichisoonthonkul, T., Bhumiratana, S., Tanticharoen, M., Linne, U., Marahiel, M.A. and Cheevadhanarak, S. 2007. Detection of nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in Xylaria sp.BCC1067 and cloning of XyNRPSA. Fems Microbiol Lett, 274:260-268.

33 Phongpaichit, S., Nikom, J., Rungjindamai, N., Sakayaroj, J., Hutadilok-Towatana, N., Rukachaisirikul, V., and Kirtikara, K. 2007. Biological activities of extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants. Fems Immunol Med Mic, 51(8):517-525.

34 Pinnoi, A., Jeewon, R., Sakayaroj, J., Hyde, K.D. and Jones, E.B.G. 2007. Berkleasmium crunisia sp. nov. and its teleomorphic

affinities to the Pleosporales based on 18S and 28S rDNA sequence analyses. Mycologia, 99:378-384.

35 Pinuran, U., Hyde, K.D., Lumyong, S., McKenzies, E.H.C. and Jones. E.B.G. 2007. Occurrence of fungi on tissues of the peat swamp palm Licuala longecalycata. Fungal Divers, 25:157-173.

36 Pongcharoen, W., Rukachaisirikul, V., Phongpaichit, S. and Sakayaroj, J. 2007. A new dihydrobenzofuran derivative from the endophytic fungus Botryosphaeria mamane PSU-M76. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(9):1404-5.

37 Rukachaisirikul, V., Kaeobamrung, J., Panwiriyarat, W., Saitai, P., Sukpondma, Y., Phongpaichit, S. and Sakayaroj, J. 2007. A new pyrone derivative from the endophytic fungus Penicillium paxilli PSU-A71. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(9):1383-4.

38 Rukachaisirikul, V., Sommart, U., Phongpaichit, S., Hutadilok-Towatana, N., Rungjindamai, N.and Sakayaroj, J. 2007. Metabolites from the Xylariaceous Fungus PSU-A80. Chem Pharm Bull, 55(9):1316-8.

39 Sung, G.-H., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Sung, J.-M., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Shrestha, B. and J.W. Spatafora. 2007. Phylogenetic classification of cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol, 57(1): 5-59.


41 Isaka, M., Palasarn, S., Auncharoen, P., Komwijit, S. and Gareth J.E.B. 2008. Acremoxanthones A and B, novel antibiotic polyketides from the fungus Acremonium sp. BCC 31806. Tetrahedron Lett, 50(3):284-287.

42 Jirakkakul, J., Punya, J., Pongpattanakitshote, S., Paungmoung, P., Vorapreeda, N., Tachaleat, A., Klomnara, C., Tanticharoen, M. and Cheevadhanarak, S. 2008. Identification of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene responsible for bassianolide synthesis in wood-decaying fungus Xylaria sp. BCC 1067. Microbiology, 154(4):995-1006.

43 Jone, E. B. G., Klaysuban, A. and Pang, K.L. 2008. Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of marine anamorphic fungi: Cumulospora varia, Dendryphiella species and Orbimyces spectabilis. Raffles B Zool, 19:11-18.

44 Jones, E.B.G., Stanley, S.J., Pinruan, U. 2008. Marine endophyte sources of new chemical natural products: A review. Bot Mar, 51(3):163-170.

45 Munusamy, U., Sabaratnam, V., Muniandy, S., Abdullah, N., Pandey, A. and Jones,


8 0


8 1

E.B.G. 2008. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by laccase of Pycnoporus sanguineus and toxicity evaluation of treated PAH. Biotechnology, 7(4):669-677.

46 Pan, J.-H., Jones, E.B.G., She, Z.-G., Pang, J.-Y., Lin, Y.-C. . 2008. Review of bioactive compounds from fungi in the South China Sea. Bot Mar, 51(3):179-190.

47 Pang, K.L., Jones, E.B.G. and Vrijmoed, L.L.P. 2008. Autecology of Antennospora (Fungi: Ascomycota: Sordariomycetidae: Halosphaeriales) and its phylogeny. Raffles B Zool, 19:1-10.

48 Pang, K.-L., Vrijmoed, L.L.P., Khiang Goh, T., Plaingam, N., Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Fungal endophytes associated with Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae) in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. Bot Mar, 51(3):171-178.

49 Pinruan, U., Sakayaroj, J., Hyde, K.D., and Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Thailandiomyces bisetulosus gen. et sp. nov. (Diaporthales, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes) and its anamorph Craspedodidymum, is described based on nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Fungal Divers, 29:89-98.

50 Pongcharoen, W., Rukachaisirikul, V., Phongpaichit, S., Kühn, T., Pelzing, M., Sakayaroj, J., Taylor, W.C. 2008. Metabolites from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. PSU-D14. Phytochemistry, 69(9):1900-1902.

51 Rukachaisirikul, V., Sommart, U., Phongpaichit, S., Sakayaroj, J., Kirtikara, K. 2008. Metabolites from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. PSU-D15. Phytochemistry, 69(3):783-787.

52 Rungjindamai, N., Pinruan, U., Choeyklin, R., Hattori, T. and Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Molecular characterization of basidiomycetous endophytes isolated from leaves, rachis and petioles of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in Thailand. Fungal Divers, 33:139-161.

53 Rungjindamai, N., Sakayaroj, J., Plaingam, N., Somrithipol, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Putative basidiomycete teleomorphs and phylogenetic placement of the coelomycete genera: Chaetospermum, Giulia and Mycotribulus based on nu-rDNA sequences. Mycol Res, 112(7):802-810.

54 Sommart, U., Rukachaisirikul, V., Sukpondma, Y., Phongpaichit, S., Sakayaroj, J. and Kirtikara, K. 2008. Hydronaphthalenones and a dihydroramulosin from the endophytic fungus PSU-N24. Chem Pharm Bull, 56(12):1687-1690.

55 Somrithipol, S., Sakayaroj, J., Rungjindamai, N., Plaingam, N., Jones, E.B.G. 2008. Phylogenetic relationship of the coelomycete genus Infundibulomyces based on nuclear

rDNA data. Mycologia, 100(5):729-735.56 Techaprasan, J., Klinbunga, S. and Jenjittakul,

T. 2008. Genetic relationshtips and species authentication of Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on AFLP and SSCP analyses. Biochem Syst Ecol, 36 (5-6):408-416.

57 Trisuwan, K., Rukachaisirikul,V., Sukpondma, Y., Preedanon, S., Phongpaichit, S., Rungjindamai, N.and Sakayaroj, J. 2008. Epoxydons and a pyrone from the marine-derived fungus Nigrospora sp. PSU-F5. J Nat Prod, 71(8):1323-1326.

58 Xu, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Pang, J., Huang, C., Wu, X., She, Z., Lin, Y. 2008. Benzofuran derivatives from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. (#2508). J Nat Prod. 71(7):1251-3.

59 Amnuaykanjanasin, A. and Daub, M.E. 2009. The ABC transporter ATR1 is necessary for efflux of the toxin cercosporin in the fungus Cercospora nicotianae. Fungal Genet Biol, 46(2):146-158.

60 Amnuaykanjanasin, A., Ponghanphot, S., Sengpanich, S., Cheevadhanarak, S. and Tanticharoen, M. 2009. Discovery of insect-specific polyketide synthases, potential PKS-NRPS hybrids, and novel PKS clades in tropical fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol, doi:10.1128/AEM.02744-08

61 Isaka, M., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Sappan, M., Mongkolsamrit, S. and Saidaengkham, S. 2009. Hopane triterpenes as chemotaxonomic markers for the scale insect pathogens Hypocrella s. lat. and Aschersonia. Mycol Res, 113(Pt 4):491-7.

62 Johnson, D., Sung, G.-H., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Bischoff, J.F., Kepler, R.M. and Spatafora, J.W. 2009. Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocreales, Ascomycota). Mycol Res, 113(3):279-289.

63 Jones, E.B.G., Sakayaroj, J., Suetrong, S., Somrithipol, S. and Pang, K.L. 2009. Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota. Fungal Divers, 35:1-187.

64 Jones, E.B.G., Zuccaro, A., Mitchell, J., Nakagiri, A., Chatmala, I. and Pang, K.-L. 2009. Phylogenetic position of freshwater and marine Sigmoidea species: Introducing a marine hyphomycete Halosigmoidea gen. nov. (Halosphaeriales). Bot Mar, 52(4):349-359.

65 Luangsa-Ard, J.J., Berkaew, P., Ridkaew, R., Hywel-Jones, N. and Isaka, M. 2009. A beauvericin hot spot in the Genus Isaria. Mycol Res, 113(Pt 12):1389-95.

66 Mongkolsamrit, S., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Spatafora, J.W., Sung, G.H. and Hywel-

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67 Suetrong, S., Sakayaroj, J., Phongpaichit, S. and Jones, E.B.G. 2009. Morphological and molecular characteristics of a poorly known marine ascomycete, Manglicola

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68 Trisuwan, K., Rukachaisirikul, V., Sukpondma, Y., Preedanon, S., Phongpaichit, S. and Sakayaroj, J. 2009. Pyrone derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Nigrospora sp. PSU-F18. Phytochemistry, 70(4):554-557.

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROGRAM

The Information Systems Laboratory

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5 Pacharawongsakda E., Yokwai S. and Ingsriswang S. 2009. Potential natural product discovery from microbes through a diversity-guided computational framework. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82(3):579-586.

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3 Zhang, L., Brockelman, W.Y. and Allen, M.A. 2008. Matrix analysis to evaluate sustainability: The tropical tree Aquilaria crassna, a heavily poached source of

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