biores training of trainersbioresproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/standards...international...

Feldafing, 3rd of December 2015

Melanie Zenker

C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.

Quality standards, sustainable supply chain

management and characteristics of solid biofuels

BIORES – TRAINING OF TRAINERS

• European and international standards

• Supply chain management

• Woody bioenergy fuel qualities and heating value in

comparison to fossil fuels

CONTENT

OVERVIEW ON SOLID BIOFUELS

Reference:

Holzabsatzfonds

Solid biofuels

Energy f

crops

Woody

Biomassg

Stalk

Biomassg

Cereal

plantsg

Miscanthusgf

Energy

grass

SRC

Wood

Residual

materials

Stalk biomass

Woody

Biomassg

Residues

from

inventory

Residues

from

processing

Residues

after usage

k

Untreated

waste wood

Treated

waste wood

Industrial

wastewood

Sawmill

residue

Forest

residues

Small

wood

Roadside

wood

Landscape

maintenance

wood

Strawg

Hayg

Roadside

grassg

http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http://ellen.nightcams.de/newsblog/archiv/august/gb_IMG_5413_done.JPG&imgrefurl=http://ellen.nightcams.de/newsblog/archiv/2004_08.html&h=302&w=452&sz=195&tbnid=D0okUq18qa4syM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=124&hl=de&start=3&prev=/images?

http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http://ellen.nightcams.de/newsblog/archiv/august/gb_IMG_5413_done.JPG&imgrefurl=http://ellen.nightcams.de/newsblog/archiv/2004_08.html&h=302&w=452&sz=195&tbnid=D0okUq18qa4syM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=124&hl=de&start=3&prev=/images?

OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

European standards (EN)

If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly

available

International standards (ISO)


available

Terminology Terminology

EN 14588:2010 Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and

descriptions

ISO/DIS

16559:2014

Solid biofuels -- Terminology, definitions and

descriptions

Fuel specifications and classes Fuel specifications and classes

EN 14961-1:2010 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and

classes – Part 1: General requirements

ISO/DIS 17225-

1:2014

Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and

classes -- Part 1: General requirements


classes – Part 2: Wood pellets for non-

industrial use

ISO/DIS 17225-

2:2014


classes -- Part 2: Graded wood pellets


classes – Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-

industrial use

ISO/DIS 17225-

3:2014


classes -- Part 3: Graded wood briquettes


classes – Part 4: Wood chips for non-

industrial use

ISO/DIS 17225-

4:2014


classes -- Part 4: Graded wood chips


classes – Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial

use

ISO/DIS 17225-

5:2014


classes -- Part 5: Graded firewood


classes – Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-

industrial use

ISO/DIS 17225-

6:2014


classes -- Part 6: Graded non-woody pellets

ISO/DIS 17225-

7:2014


classes -- Part 7: Graded non-woody

briquettes

References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org

http://www.solidstandards.eu/

http://www.iso.org/



available


If dated, the (draft) standard is published and

publicly available

Sustainability criteria

ISO 13065 Sustainability Criteria for bioenergy

Fuel quality assurance Fuel quality assurance

EN 15234-1:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –

Part 1: General requirements


Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use


Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-industrial

use


Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use


Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use


Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-

industrial use

Sample and sample preparation Sample and sample preparation

EN 14778:2011 Solid biofuels – Sampling ISO/NP 18135 Solid biofuels -- Sampling

EN 14780:2011 Solid biofuels – Sample preparation ISO/NP 14780 Solid biofuels -- Sample preparation




http://www.iso.org/



available



available

Physical and mechanical properties Physical and mechanical properties

EN 14774-

1:2009

Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture

content – Oven dry method – Part 1: Total

moisture – Reference method

ISO/CD 18134-

1:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of moisture

content -- Oven dry method -- Part 1: Total

moisture -- Reference method

EN 14774-

2:2009


content – Oven dry method – Part 2: Total

moisture – Simplified method

ISO/CDP 18134-

2:2015


content -- Oven dry method -- Part 2: Total

moisture - Simplified method

EN 14774-

3:2009


content – Oven dry method – Part 3: Moisture

in general analysis sample

ISO/NP 18134-

3:2015


content -- Oven dry method -- Part 3: Moisture

in general analysis sample

EN 14775:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of ash content ISO/CD 18122 Solid biofuels -- Determination of ash content

EN 14918:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of calorific value ISO/NP 18125 Solid biofuels -- Determination of calorific

value

EN 15103:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of bulk density ISO/CD 17828 Solid biofuels -- Determination of bulk density

EN 15148:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of the content of

volatile matter

ISO/CD 18123 Solid biofuels -- Determination of the content

of volatile matter

EN 15149-

1:2010

Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size

distribution – Part 1: Oscillating screen method

using sieve apertures of 1 mm and above

ISO/CD 17827-1 Solid biofuels -- Determination of particle size

distribution for uncompressed fuels -- Part 1:

Oscillating screen method using sieves with

apertures of 3,15 mm and above




http://www.iso.org/



available



available

Physical and mechanical properties Physical and mechanical properties

EN 15149-

2:2010

Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size

distribution – Part 2: Vibrating screen method

using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below

ISO/CD 17827-2 Solid biofuels -- Determination of particle size

distribution for uncompressed fuels -- Part 2:

Vibrating screen method using sieves with

aperture of 3,15 mm and below

CEN/TS 15149-

3: 2006

Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination

of particle size distribution – Part 3: Rotary

screen method

EN 15150:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of particle

density

EN 15210-

1:2009

Solid biofuels – Determination of mechanical

durability of pellets and briquettes – Part 1:

Pellets

ISO/CD 17831-1 Solid biofuels -- Solid biofuels -- Determination

of mechanical durability of pellets and

briquettes -- Part 1: Pellets

EN 15210-

2:2010

Solid biofuels – Determination of mechanical

durability of pellets and briquettes – Part 2:

Briquettes

ISO/CD 17831-2 Solid biofuels -- Determination of mechanical

durability of pellets and briquettes -- Part 2:

Briquettes

EN 16126:2012 Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size

distribution of disintegrated pellets

ISO/CD 17830 Solid biofuels -- Particle size distribution of

disintegrated pellets

EN 16127:2012 Solid biofuels – Determination of length and

diameter for pellets and cylindrical briquettes

ISO/CD 17829 Solid biofuels -- Determination of length and

diameter of pellets




http://www.iso.org/



available



available

Chemical analysis Chemical analysis

EN 15104:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of total

content of carbon, hydrogen and

nitrogen – Instrumental methods

ISO/DIS

16948:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of total

content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

EN 15105:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of the

water soluble chloride, sodium and

potassium content

ISO/DIS

16995:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of the

water soluble chloride, sodium and

potassium content

EN 15289:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of total

content of sulfur and chlorine

ISO/DIS

16994:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of total

content of sulfur and chlorine

EN 15290:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of major

elements – Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na

and Ti

ISO/DIS

16967:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of major

elements-- Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na

and Ti

EN 15296:2011 Solid biofuels – Conversion of analytical

results from one basis to another

ISO/DIS

16993:2015

Solid biofuels -- Conversion of analytical

results from one basis to another

EN 15297:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of minor

elements – As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn,

Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn

ISO/DIS

16968:2015

Solid biofuels -- Determination of minor

elements

ISO/CD 16996 Solid biofuels -- Determination of

elemental composition by X-ray

fluorescence




http://www.iso.org/

TERMINOLOGY

Reference: LWF

Energy wood Examples Processing

Forest wood Small wood, tree top,

limbs, poor quality

wood

Log Wood

Wood chips

Sawmill products and

industrial waste wood

Bark, Sawdust and

planing chips, cap

timber, splinters

Wood chips

Pellets/ Briquettes

untreated

Field wood, Driftwood Hedge trimming

material, roadside

wood

Wood chips

Log wood

Waste wood Demolition wood,

furniture

Shredded wood,

wood chips

Short rotation crop

wood

Poplar and Willow Wood chips

Reference: LWF, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft

Pulpwood

Trunk wood

Forest

residues

Forest

residues

Merchandable wood = Wood > diam. 7 cm

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTRY WOOD

Picture: www.jenz.de

Smallwood from

thinning and tending

strategies or energy

roundwood

respectively

Provider: Forestry

DIRECT TREATMENT OF SMALLWOOD

Reference picture: FBG Aitrach-Isar-Vils; Reference text: LWF aktuell 103

SUPPLY CHAIN „TREATMENT OF WOOD

CHIPS“ AT THE FOREST ROAD• Allocation as decoupled process step with large mobile

chipper

• On-site chipping can be approved, if the truck can approach

properly (driveway should be 8-10 m wide, flat and not steep)

• Raw material should be stored consitently with the thicker end

vertical to the road

• Feeding of chippers is often on the right!

• Highest productivity for round timber is Ø 100 m³/h, for forest

residues (crown and branches) Ø 75 m³/h

• The stronger the chipper‘s gear the higher the output; mesh!

• Output/h for softwood > hardwood

• Knife sharpness is very important!

• Overall efficiency is dependent on adjusting the logistics to

the chipper‘s efficiency; Avoid waiting time!

• Avoid input of soil, stones etc.

Pulpwood (Hardwood)

SMALLWOOD AS PULPWOOD

Pulpwood is a coproduct,

which is not suitable for

utilization in a sawmill

because of its size or

quality (e.g. colour or

shape). Instead it is used in

the pulp- and paper

industry, in the wood

product industry or as

biofuel for wood chip

production;

Provider: ForestryPulpwood (Softwood)

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WOOD = SAWMILL

BYPRODUCTS

Industrial waste wood accrues in

sawmill processes:

• Sawdust and planing chips

• Splinters

• Wood chips

• Bark

o Often as a refined product

for direct energetic use

o Sawdust as raw material for

pellet production

o High demand, pice increase;

occasional shortage

o Provider: sawmill industry

FIELD WOOD, GREEN WASTE,

LANDSCAPE WOOD

• High bark content,

• Low energy content,

• High fines

• Provider: e. g. composting

plants, forestry, landscape

maintenance, Road

administration, railway and

grid operators, land

consolidation

FIELD WOOD, GREEN WASTE

• decentral production

• areas can be difficult to reach

• high salvage costs

• Price-performance ratio

Processing of unsorted Landscape material (here: low-speed motor)

often leads to quality problems (low heat value, fines and high ash

content).

„Resorting of mixed Landscape material is unprofitable.“

FUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY

LANDSCAPE MATERIAL

Bildunterschrift

Seperate storage

mono-fraction delivery

FUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY

LANDSCAPE MATERIAL

Screening of landscape wood

(e.g. with mobile drum screen

or local starscreen)

Fines are composted

PROCESSING OF LANDSCAPE/ FIELD

WOOD IN A COMPOSTING PLANT

Raw fuel with overlength

Wood yard for storage and mixing Covered storage, small particle size wood

chips can loose up to 1/3 of their heat value

Outside storage is only

recommended for raw material;

Drying within a summer half-year

from >50 % to 35 % water

content. Sunny, airy spots are

favorable.

REASONABLE STORAGE OF

WOOD CHIPS

DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS

DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS

Size Thermal power Air mass Motor power Container

kW m3/h kW el

ED 150 150 12.000 4 1 – 8

ED 370 370 26.000 7,5 3 – 11

ED 650 650 45.000 15 6 – 16

Reference: Eco-Sys // Wikipedia

Heating

Condensation

SHORT ROTATION COPPICE

• Not widespread; about 1.000 ha in Bavaria; about 7.000 ha in Germany

• Initial investment around 2.500 €/ha; up to 10.000 cuttings

•Soil is loosened before planting; plant protection in the first ½ year

• High moisture content > 50% with full mechanized „direct harvest“ techn. drying at

biogas plants? No fertilization.

•12 to DM/ha, a = 5.000 L fuel oil, first experiences regarding yields, usually first harvest

after 3-5 years; no investment assistance in Germany

Picture: www. Loryhof.at

Picture: Burger, LWF


• Good biodiversity compared to other arable crops

• Planting is possible on marginal agricultural land

• Soil recovery with humus enrichment (CO2-sink?); erosion protection

• pest infestation is possible but occurs rarely; Mixture of species is beneficial; Willow is

usually more robust than poplar

• Different management models like land purchase, land lease or contract farming

•Assurance of own fuel supply for heating/ CHP plants less market dependence

Pictures of Vattenfall show 3 months growth July to September 2011

• Up to now there is no satisfactory

solution: affordable, effective

harvesting

• full mechanization of harvesting

(rebuilt corn harvester)

• Partially mechanized harvesting

with feller buncher


CUTTER FORAGE HARVESTER

Max. 10 cm +/- 1- or 2-rows 340 PS 1 ha/h

OR MANUAL HARVEST

Pictures: Burger, LWF

Residues from

the Timber

industry

Crooked logs

Landscape material

High

quality

wood

chips

Lower quality wood chips

Larger Heat Plants

Smaller

Heat Plants

SOLID BIOFUELS IN DIFFERENT QUALITIES

QUALITY CRITERIA FOR WOOD CHIPS

Reference: LWF

Good quality Poor quality

low Water content high

low Green content high

Sharp-edged Shape „smashed“

low Fines high

Slag in combustion chamber,

lumps of slag

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY POOR FUEL

QUALITY

Slag in upper combustion chamber

Extensive cleaning of heat exchanger

PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF POOR FUEL

QUALITY

Feeding with arm spring, screw stroke

„SENSITIVE“ FEEDING

Fully hydraulic push floor

„ROBUST“ FEEDING

GOOD PROCESSING = HIGH FUEL

QUALITY

• Consistent moisture content helps to achieve a smooth

plant operation; dry fuel ensures the boiler‘s power level

• Low fines lower particulate emissions, ash formation

and slagging of combustion chamber

• This helps to reach an optimized operation with low

maintenance effort.

• Small share of overlengths in the fuel assures

minimization of errors and long retention.

SHARE OF DIFFERENT BIOFUELS IN BAVARIAN HEATING PLANTS

Wood chips

Saw mill residue/

industrial waste woodf

Waste Wood

Landscape

maintenance materiall

Wood Pellets

gBark

fOther

(Own inquiry)

Reference: Oechsner, Universität Hohenheim

ASH DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE OFSEVERAL SOLID BIOFUELS

Ash softening

As

h s

oft

en

ing

po

int

°C

Wood Straw Hay Wheat

Extremely high losses in wood stoves and open fireplaces.

Efficiency (system: full load), referring to net calorific value

Annual efficiency (determined over the whole year)

EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT FURNACES

Pellet boiler/ stove

85 – 95 %

Wood chip boiler

80 – 90 %

Cockle stoves

60 – 85 %

Wood stoves (log wood)

40 – 85 %

Open fireplaces

5 – 20 %

Efficiency (%)

Reference: German Pellet Insitute (DEPI)

UNITS AND CONVERSION

FACTORS

Reference: FBG Aitrach - Isar - Vils

Round wood in

solid cubic meter (solid m³)

Wood in stacked cubic meter/

(stere/ stacked m³)Wood chips

(loose m³)

solid m³

solid m³

solid m³

stere

stere

stere

Loose m³

Loose m³

Loose m³

Moisture content [%]

Wood moisture [%]

Based on wet matter

Based on dry matter

ENERGY AND WATER

CONTENT

Fuel Energy content

[kWh]

Weight

[kg]

Volume

[Litre]

Log wood 10 2,50 5,0

Wood chips 10 2,50 12,5

Pellets 10 2,00 3,0

Fuel oil 10 0,86 1,0

Natural gas 10 0,84 1000,0

Water content [%] Net calorific value [kWh/kg]

Soft wood Hard wood

0 5,20 5,00

15 4,32 4,15

20 4,02 3,86

30 3,44 3,30

40 2,85 2,73

50 2,26 2,16

Ref.: LWF

HEATING VALUES OF WOOD CHIPS

Water content [%]

Tree species Unit Heating value Density1

Spruce

Beech

Data in kg dry matter per solid cubic meter, diminution through

drying is neglected (Density according to Kollmann 1982)

m³ LW

m³ WC

m³ LW: m³ loose log wood

m³ WC: m³ loose wood chips

m³ LW

m³ WC

solid m³

solid m³

stacked m³

stacked m³

Der Energiegehalt jeder Brennstoffsäule entspricht einem Liter Heizöl

ENERGY CONTENT – HOW MUCH OF EACH FUEL

(VOLUME) EQUATES 1 LITRE OF OIL

Reference: Technologie und Förderzentrum, Straubing

DENSITY AND OIL EQUIVALENT

Reference: TFZ, Klaus Reisinger, Herbert Sporrer, Dr. Hans Hartmann

Fuel Density Oil Equivalent

kg/L OE

Oil Equivalent

L Fuel/L OE

Fuel oil 0,84 kg/L 0,84 1,00

Rapeseedoil 0,92 kg/L 0,97 1,05

Stone coal (w = 5,1 %) 860 kg/m³ 1,28 1,49

Ethanol 0,79 kg/L 1,34 1,70

Wood pellets (EN 14961-2, w = 10 %) 664 kg/m³ 2,15 3,24

Straw pellets (w = 10 %) 603 kg/m³ 2,36 3,91

Hydrogen (liquid at – 252,8 °C) 0,07 kg/L 0,30 4,23

Beech log wood (air-dry, split, 33 cm long, w = 15 %) 445 kg/Rm 2,35 5,28

Spruce log wood (air-dry, split, 33 cm long, w = 15 %) 304 kg/Rm 2,30 7,54

Wood chips (pine air-dry, w = 15 %) 217 kg/m³ 2,25 10,35

Saw dust (spruce air-dry, w = 15 %) 160 kg/m³ 2,30 14,35

Grain, whole plant (air-dry, w = 15 %) 150 kg/m³ 2,53 16,85

Crop straw – large cubic bales (air-dry 15 %) 140 kg/m³ 2,52 18,00

Miscanthus chaff (air-dry, w = 15 %) 110 kg/m³ 2,45 22,30

WATER-, MOISTURE CONTENT OF

WOODY BIOMASS

Wood moisture u (% of dry matter)

Moisture content w (% of fresh matter)

Heati

ng

valu

eL

HV

/ N

CV

(kW

h/k

g)

10 20 30 40 50 60

0

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 25 50 100 150

Dependence of heating value of biomass from water-

and moisture content

PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES

OF WOOD PELLETS

• Raw material: saw dust from untreated wood

• Homogeneous , standardized fuel (DIN EN ISO) with high energy density (2

kg = 1 Liter fuel oil)

• Annual efficiency up to 90 %; low particulate, CO and NOx emissions

• Many small plants up to 50 kW, but also plants up to 5 MW

• High level of convenience

– Delivery with tankers with injection technology

– Fully automatic and failure-free operation

– Litte ash (only about 1% of the pellet‘s weight)

• Good option in rural AND urban areas – combination with solar heat

is a good possibility

• Commonly used and accepted certification systems, e.g. ENplus and

DINplus

ALTERNATIVE: MOBILE

PRODUCTION OF AGROPELLETS

• Crop, rape, rice or sunflower straw

• Hay, miscanthus, energy grass

• Homogeneous fuel with a similar energy density as

wood pellets

• Higher particulate and NOx emissions

• Higher requirements fot the combustion technology

(low ash melting point) and exhaust gas (fabric filter, electric filter)

• Higher ash content, higher Cl and S content corrosion

• On-site production with mobile press 1 t/h, 350 PS (diesel or electric unit)

• Suitable for rural areas

• Removal of humus feedstock and carbon by straw privation

• High potential

Picture: PCM Green Energy

DIFFERENTIATION OF INDUSTRIAL

PELLETS

• Mostly larger in diameter than certified pellets for domestic use

• Quality standards are less strict and bark in raw material is permitted ash

content is higher and domestic use is not to be recommended

• The certification system ENplus has a category called EN-B, which defines a

fuel certification for larger plants and helps to ensure a clean incineration

Reference: DEPI - www.enplus-pellets.de

http://www.enplus-pellets.de/

PELLET PRODUCTION – DISTRIBUTION

OF MANUFACTURING COSTS

The highest percentage of the costs are spent on raw material.

Producers are dependent on the providers. Often companies embody both tasks = Saw mills

Cost

Distribution

Consumption costsRaw material

Operation costs

Capital costs

Other costs

Price development saw dust and wood pellets

Saw dust

Wood pellets

FUEL PRICES IN GERMANY (HOUSEHOLD

SCALE)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Euro

per

MW

h

Price development of wood fuels, fuel oil and natural gas

Wood chips

Wood pellets

Fuel oil

Natural gas

Split logs

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015References: Wood pellet and wood chip prices: C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.; Fuel oil and natural gas prices: Statistisches Bundesamrt; Split log prices: Technologie- und Förderzentrum (TFZ)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Contact:

C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.

Melanie Zenker

09421/ 960-383

[email protected]

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