Neil HelyerFargro Ltd.

Biopesticides: Met52, Naturalis-L, Prestop,Carpovirusine, BugOil.

Conventional pesticides: Understandingpesticide activity, MoA.

Monitoring: use of sticky traps.

• Microbials - micro-organism based products

• Botanicals - plant derived compounds, plant extracts

• Semio-chemicals – pheromones

• Registered as pesticides

Metarhizium is a contact bio-insecticide with no chemical residue andlittle potential for resistance. Known to infect more than 200 insectspecies.

Metarhizium is a naturally occurring fungi, not genetically modified.Spores germinate and hyphae invade and kill susceptible insects.

Extremely virulent strain and the only strain registered on Annex 1 inEurope as a pesticide.

Metarhizium is registered as an insecticide in several countriesincluding Holland, Ireland and the UK.

Met52

Diptera

Thysanoptera

Hemiptera

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera Orthoptera

Acari Blattaria

Isoptera

Nursery and OrnamentalsLawn and Landscape Edibles

ForestryAgricultureBeekeeping

Facultative saprotroph andrhizosphere competent

Infectionthrough

the Cuticle

Mortality andSporulation

HorizontalTransmission

Adhesion to the Cuticleand Germination

Infection StructuresAppressorium

BlastosporeMicrocyclingBlastospore

PenetrationPeg

Epicuticle

Procuticle

Epidermis

Hemolymph

Adapted from Clarkson and Charnley, 1996

7

Black Vine Weevil Thrips

Susceptibility Lavae All stages, esp. pupae

Application In containers and in soil Foliar or soil

Environment < 15° C slows activity > 32° C slows activity

Speed Slow but minor root feedingacceptable

Slow so early scouting isessential, virus concerns

Resistance Extremely unlikely Extremely unlikely

Life Cycle Long, high fecundity Short, high fecundity

Persistence ofMetarhizium

High in soil – up to 2 years High in soil, lower foliar;greenhouse > outdoor

Met 52 – initial target pests in UK market

Uninfected White mycelium Green mycelium & spores

Rice grains begin breaking downsoon after mixing

A second mix 2-3 weeks after initialincorporation will ensure the mostthorough spore distribution

Longevity and efficacy has beenshown for over 2 seasons in manytrials

MAPP 15168 PCS 92397

Granular bio-insecticide for controlling Black Vine Weevil in softfruit and ornamental crops

Protected and unprotected crops

Contains 2% Metarhizium anisopliae F52 (minimum of 9 x 1011 CFU / kg)

Ornamental plant production, Blackberry, Blackcurrant, Blueberry,Gooseberry, raspberry, Redcurrant, Strawberry and Whitecurrant.

Incorporate to growing media in containers or the open field

Effective against all larval stages of vine weevil

Vine weevil control• chemical sprays and traps for

adults.

• chemicals for larvae(prevention).

• natural enemies includeground beetles, birds, etc.

• biological control of larvaewith Nemasys L (S. kraussei)min 6oC

• only biological is curative andpreventive.

• Prestop is a broad-spectrum bio-fungicidewith several modes of action, with nochemical residue and little potential forresistance.

• A unique strain of Gliocladium J1446, anaturally occurring fungi, not geneticallymodified.

• Originally developed by Kemira and nowVerdera in Finland.

• J1446 is the only Gliocladium on Annex 1,approved in 4 European countries andapproval received in the UK in October 2010(MAPP 15103).

Prestop against Pythium

Hyperparasitism seems to be the maincontrol mechanism

Enzyme activities play an importantrole

Colonization of root and foliar surfacesinhibits the penetration of pathogens

For control of Botrytis, Didymella and various root diseases (Pythium.Phytophthora & Fusarium) on protected ornamentals, protected

edibles and strawberries.

Recommendations for foliar spray, drip irrigation, drench and mediaincorporation

CpGV is naturally occurring disease, not genetically modified.

CpGV is safe, specific to Cydia species

Biodegradable

MRL exempted (no residues)

CpGV is efficient

Ø 0.4 m; LD50 1 particle small and potent!

Persistence within the population

CpGV is innovative

Spraying CpGV is like giving Codling moth the flu

Epizootic outbreak : new insect control strategy

Ph. M. Berling, EMA

Ph. J. Jehle, DLR Rheinpfalz

Viral granules are ingested by neonate larvae.

Viral granules are hydrolysed in the midgut, and virions enter the internal medium

First virions replications cause the larvae to stop feeding quickly

Virions multiply in intestinal epithelium.

Larvae die by septicaemia and liquefy

Virus content

Highest virus dose per hectare (1013 CpGV/L at 1L/ha)

Liquid suspension of CpGV

Co-formulants

pH buffer

Anti-UV

Appetent

Sticker

18

• Plant extracts - based on natural non-synthetic components

• Contains 3 natural essential oils working in a synergistic way

creating the ‘active substance’ - Thyme oil, Tagetes oil &

Wintergreen oil

• No chemical residue

• UK registration in 2012?

• Foliar spray, good coverage is essential with fine spray droplets

• Use at a 1% dilution rate for all pests / crops

• Applications at 7 - 10 day intervals, or as pest pressure dictates

Control of Aphis gossypii in chrysanthemumDe Bredelar, Holland 2005

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• Extensive UK and European trials

• High levels of efficacy against thrips, whitefly, aphids andspider mites (similar to conventional products).

• No chemical residue

• High levels of crop safety

• Can be integrated with biological controls

• Ideal partner in programmes with conventional chemicals

• High levels of environmental and operator/bystander safety

Nerve and Muscle TargetsMost current insecticides act on nerve and muscle targets.Insecticides that act on these targets are generally fast acting.

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitorsAChE is the enzyme that terminates the action of the excitatory neuro-transmitter acetylcholine at nerve synapses, causing hyperexcitation.1A: Carbamates e.g. pirimicarb,

1B: Organophosphates e.g. chlorpyrifos.

Group 3: Sodium channel modulatorsKeep sodium channels open, causing hyperexcitation and, in somecases, nerve block. Sodium channels are involved in the propagation ofaction potentials along nerve axons.3A: Pyrethrins , Pyrethroids e.g. pyrethrum, cypermethrin,deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin.

Nerve and Muscle Targets

Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonistsMimic the agonist action of acetylcholine at nAChR’s, causing hyperexcitation.Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect centralnervous system.4A: Neonicotinoids (e.g. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam)

Group 6: Chloride channel activatorsAllosterically activate glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), causingparalysis. Glutamate is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in insects.Avermectins e.g. abamectin.

Group 9: Selective homopteran feeding blockersIncompletely defined mode of action causing selective inhibition of aphid andwhitefly feeding.9B: pymetrozine 9C: flonicamid

Growth and Development TargetsInsect development is controlled by the balance of two principalhormones: juvenile hormone and ecdysone. IGR’s act by mimicking oneof these hormones or by directly affecting cuticle formation/depositionor lipid biosynthesis. Insecticides that act on individual targets in thissystem are generally slow to moderately slowly acting.

Group 10 Mite growth inhibitorsIncompletely defined mode of action leading to growth inhibition.10A clofentezine 10B etoxazole.

Group 23: Inhibitors of lipid synthesisInhibition of acetyl Coenzyme ‘A’ carboxylase, part of the first step inlipid synthesis, leading to insect death. e.g. spiromesifen,spirodiclofen).

Understanding pesticide activityMajority of pesticides require target

organism to be actively metabolising.

Generally temperatures above 80C.

Many insects and mites enter diapause.

Most insects and mites have life stagesshowing differing susceptibility topesticides.

MoA on or within the plant.

Pesticide MoA’s• Contact: requires good spray coverage,

sedentary target is best.

• Systemic: moves throughout the plant, goodspray coverage, HV is best, ULV in protectedstructure.

• Translaminar: moves through sprayed leaf, goodspray coverage, 2 – 3 hr as wet residue.

• Translocated: moves from one part to anotherwithin plant.

• Vapour: creates localised toxic gas phase, warmstill air for best results.

FRAC, HRAC, IRAC & CRD

• Fungicide resistance: FRAC code list 2011

• Herbicide resistance: HRAC moa 2011

• Insecticide resistance: IRAC MoA ClassificationScheme v7.1

• pesticides.gov.uk/crd

• Off labels-search for SOLA information or EA’s

• Search by Product Name

• Search by Active Substance

• Search by Function / crop30

Yellow sticky traps