biopesticides for disease management in specialty...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biopesticides for Disease Management
in Specialty Crops
A. R. Chase - Chase Ag Consulting
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Examples of ProductsProduct Active agent Manufacturer Uses
Actinovate Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108
Natural Industries soilborne diseases
Cease Bacillus subtilis QRD 713 BioWorks Inc. foliar diseases
Companion Bacillus subtilis strain GB03 Growth Products soilborne diseases
GallTrol Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84
AgBioChem crown gall
MilStop potassium bicarbonate BioWorks Inc. foliar diseases
MycoStop Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61
AgBio Development
soilborne diseases
Regalia extract from giant knotweed Marrone Bio Innovations
suggested as additive for other products
RootShield Plus Trichoderma harzianum T-22 and Trichoderma virens G-41
BioWorks Inc. soil-borne diseases
Triathlon BA (Double Nickel)
Bacillus amyloliquifaciens strain D747
OHP (Certis) foliar and soil-borne diseases
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Some Specialty Crop Needs
For resale -Greenhouse vegetable transplantsNursery production of strawberries, blueberries etc.Greenhouse vegetable 6 packs and quartsBasil - organic and normal
Organic production - mainly edibles at the momentfruit, microgreens, basil and other herbs, vegetables
(like lettuce - whole plant in recirc system), cannabisComplex product mix small growers
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0
0.8
1.5
2.3
3
Noninoc Inoc Phyton 27-15Phyton 27-25 ZeroTol-1% Camelot-16 Camelot-48 Cease-1%
0.3
0.70.7
2.3
0.20.5
1.9
0.3
Number of spots/plant
Products were applied three times on a weekly interval.
Control of Pseudomonas leaf spot on Delphinium
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PREVENTION OF XANTHOMONAS ON CITRUS
Dr. Pam RobertsUniversity of Florida, IFAS
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No dip Water Decree Cease 1% Cease. 1.5% Cease 2%
Botrytis Control on LiatrisTreatment Rate/
100 galBotrytis severity
No dip —— 3.1 d
Water —— 2.9 cd
Decree 24 oz 1.5 a
Cease 1% 2.2 b
Cease 1.5% 2.5 bc
Cease 2% 2.1 b
Numbers in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different (Student-Newman-Keuls method)
Post-harvest control of Botrytis on Liatris
Botrytis was rated from 1 (none), 2 (slight), 3 (low), 4 (moderate) to 5 (severe)
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0
1
2
3
4
Nonino
cIno
c
Clevis-
32
Cease
-1%
Cease
/Dac
Dacon
il-1.4
Terra
guard
-8
3.5
2.22.6
21.8
3.2
1
Three sprays on a 7-day interval
Colletotrichum leaf spot on Cyclamen
Colletotrichum severity was rated from 1 (none), 2 (slight), 3 (low), 4 (moderate) to 5 (severe)
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0
10
20
30
40
Water
Aliette-
16
Heritag
e-1
Actinov
ate-6
Cease
-1%
Capsil-
4
Latro
n B-4
8.8
19.6
8.4
14.2
4.4
31.8
23.4
Number of colonies
Eradication of powdery mildew on Rosemary with biocontrols and wetting agents
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Margery Daughtrey, LIHREC Cornell University
Powdery Mildew Control on Rosemary0
20
40
60
8
0
1
00 Percent PM coverage
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Treatment Rate/100 gal Disease severity
Noninoculated control
—— 1.0 a
Inoculated control —— 4.2 dCease 2 quarts 3.4 cCleary 3336 16 oz 1.0 aCease and 3336 2 quarts and 8 oz 1.2 a
Prevention of Rhizoctonia stem rot on Impatiens
Rhizoctonia stem rot was rated from 1 (none), 2 (slight), 3 (low), 4 (moderate) to 5 (severe-dead)
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0
13
25
38
50
Non
inoc
Inoc
Act
ino-
Iron
Act
/Act
Act
inov
ate
Roo
tShi
eld
Com
pani
on
Pla
ntS
hiel
d
Sub
due
MA
XX
4034
40
23
43
323026
38
Percent healthy roots
Pythium root rot control on Geranium
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Biologicals for Pythium Root Rot Control on Geranium
Left to right:white - Noninoculated control
white - Inoculated controlorange - RootShield G
green - RootMate green - RootShield drench
blue - RootShield Plusred - Banrot low rate
red - Banrot high rate
Margery Daughtrey, LIHREC Cornell University
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0
18
35
53
70
Non
inoc
Inoc
Plan
tShi
eld-
4
Insi
gnia
-12
Insi
gnia
/Eco
Gua
rd
EcoG
uard
-32
EcoG
uard
-64
Subd
ue M
AXX-
1
Terra
zole
-6
46404245
56
70
58
32
57
% healthy roots
Four drenches on a 14-day interval
Prevention of Pythium Root Rot on Geranium
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0
20
40
60
80
Nonino
culat
ed
Inocu
lated
Subdu
e MAXX-1
Insign
ia-12
EcoGua
rd-32
EcoGua
rd-64
Eco-32
and I
ns-8
Terra
zole-
10
44
57
71
56576155
75
% healthy roots
Four drenches on a 14-day interval
Prevention of Pythium Root Rot on Vinca
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16
CK BR PS SG PB
CK BR PS SG PB
High inoculum pressure
Low inoculum pressure
Elmer and Elliott 1998
Ck - checkBR - Banrot PS - PlantShield SG - SoilGard
Biologicals do not work well under high inoculum pressure
Biologicals do much better under Low inoculum pressure
Dr. Wade Elmer, Connecticut Ag Expt. Stn.
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Effect of Pythium Species and Plant Host on Product EfficacyJohanna Del Castillo Munera and Mary K. Hausbeck. 2015. HortScience 50(9):1319–1326.
Fungicide treatment
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium irregulare
Pythium ultimum
Non-inoculated control
40 40 40
Actinovate 50 54 63
Heritage 104 93 72
RootShield 68 102 89
Segway O 129 138 66
Subdue MAXX 67 92 45
Terrazole 108 94 64
Inoculated control
151 126 66
Fungicide treatment
Pythium aphanidermatum
Pythium irregulare
Pythium ultimum
Non-inoculated control
40 40 40
Actinovate 125 157 83
Heritage 145 139 87
RootShield 95 68 90
Segway O 122 136 90
Subdue MAXX 85 126 43
Terrazole 92 168 52
Inoculated control
98 148 90
(AUDPC = Area under the disease progress curve - boxes in green show lowest disease levels
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How do biological fungicides work on their own against
Fusarium wilt of cyclamen?
Dr. Wade Elmer, Conn Ag Expt Stn
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19
Left row healthy (not inoculated)Right row infected (inoculated)
Control RootShield Companion SoilGard
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What would be the effect of combining biologicals fungicides
with chemical fungicides on Fusarium wilt of cyclamen?
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0
28
55
83
110N
onio
c
Inoc
—C
lear
y-M
ed
—M
ed-C
lear
y
Cl-M
ed-C
l
Med
-Cl-M
ed
Act-C
l-Med
Com
-Cl-M
ed
Plan
t-Cl-M
ed
Dis
ease
Pro
gres
sBioFungicides used first did not protect even
with post fungicide applications
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Dis
ease
Pro
gres
s
Biologicals performed well when fungicides were used once before inoculation
0
23
45
68
90
noni
noc
inoc
Cl3
336
Med
Cl-a
ct
Cl-c
om
Cl-p
lant
Cl-m
yco
Med
Med
-act
Med
-com
Med
-pla
nt
Med
-myc
o
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Valu
e Ti
tle
non
inoc
her
med
act-h
er
act-m
ed
plant-
her
plant-
med
Dis
ease
Pro
gres
s
Some biologicals performed well in tank-mixes with fungicides when used before inoculation
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Actinovate Summary
Pathogen Crops Results
Alternaria impatiens, collards n, n, n
Botrytis rose, strawberry, tomato n, n, n
Cedar apple rust apple n
Charcoal rot strawberry s
Crown gall solidago, aster n, n
Cylindrocladium spathiphyllum s
Downy mildew stock, rose, basil, cucumber n, n, n, n, n
Fireblight apple s
Fusarium xmas cactus, gladiolus, tomato n, n, n, n, s, n
Phytophthora vinca, snapdragon, squash (fruit), pepper n, n, e, e
Powdery mildew rose, gerbera daisy, grape, melon, cantaloupe n, s, g, s, n, s, s, s
Pythium geranium n
Rhizoctonia poinsettia, celosia n, n
Rust hypericum n
Sclerotinia lettuce s, s
Septoria tomato n
Southern blight tomato n, s
Thielaviopsis pansy n, n
Xanthomonas tomato, collards s, n, n
n=nones=someg=good
e=excellent
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Double Nickel/Triathlon BA SummaryPathogen Crops resultsalternaria tomato, cabbage, collards, cole
cropssome, none, good, none, none
blue mold tobacco somebotrytis grape, tomato excellent, good, very goodcharcoal rot strawberry nonefireblight apple none, goodfusarium New Guinea impatiens some-goodpowdery mildew squash, grape some, very goodrhizoctonia bean, cotton none, good, very good, very goodrust quince, cedar apple excellent, none, nonexanthomonas cabbage, tomato, citrus, ficus excellent, very good, very good, good
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MilStop SummaryPathogen Crops ResultsBotrytis pansy none to very goodCercospora pansy excellentColletotrichum cyclamen none to good (Cease)Downy mildew stock, snapdragon, rose none to excellentPowdery mildew gerber daisy, rose good to excellentPseudomonas snapdragon noneRust geranium very good to excellentSphaceloma poinsettia goodXanthomonas geranium none
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Pathogen Plant Result - controlAlternaria brassicicola Cabbage noneBotrytis cinerea Geranium noneFusarium oxysporum Cucumber goodFusarium oxysporum Gladiolus none, none, somePhytophthora nicotianae Snapdragon nonePythium myriotylum Tomato goodPythium ultimum Geranium nonePythium ultimum Lettuce goodPythium ultimum Mum noneRhizoctonia solani Tobacco moderateSclerotinia sclerotiorum Tobacco moderate to very goodSclerotium rolfsii Tomato none, noneThielaviopsis basicola Pansy goodThielaviopsis basicola Citrus good at high rates
MycoStop Summary
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Taegro SummaryBacterial
Xanthomonas leaf spot on geranium (none in four trials
at different rates over a period of four years)
Erwinia soft rot on poinsettia (good in two trials)
Pseudomonas leaf sot on mandevilla (some)
Fusarium wilt
F. oxysporum on cyclamen (some)
Phytophthora
P. parasitica on lavender (none)
P. parastica on vinca (none)
Pythium
P. irregulare root rot on geranium (none)
P. irregulare root rot on gerber daisy (none)
Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia damping-off on celosia (none in two trials)
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Regalia Summary
Botrytis and related diseases• Botrytis on potato (slight control)Bacterial diseases• Fireblight on apple (none)• Xanthomonas on pepper (none)• Shothole (bacterial) on almond (none)• Pseudomonas on mandevilla (some to good, my trial)Fungal leaf spots• Alternaria on potato (slight to none)• Septoria on tomato (slight)• Cercospora and Cercosporidium on peanut (some)• Cercospora on pansy (good, my trial)Phytophthora• Late blight on potato (none)• Phytophthora on bean (none)Downy mildew• Downy mildew on cucumber (none, none)• Downy mildew on squash (poor)• Downy mildew on mustard greens (some)• Downy mildew on lettuce (some to good)• Downy mildew on basil (none to slight)• Downy mildew on coleus (some to very good)• Downy mildew on rose (very good, my trial)Powdery mildew• Powdery mildew on grape (none, some, good, good) • Powdery mildew on lettuce (some)• Powdery mildew on cantaloupe (none to some)• Powdery mildew on squash (none, none)• Powdery mildew on rose (very good to excellent - my trial)• Powdery mildew on gerbera daisy (very good to excellent)
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What Affects Efficacy of Biopesticides?
TimingRateIntervalInoculum pressureHost plant Tank-mixing or alternation with synthetic fungicidesPotting mediumPathogen speciesFertility regime
Preconceptions from users
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They do not work as well as synthetic products.They do not have a good shelf-life.They are not compatible with synthetic products.Applying them once is enough.We don’t know what they are doing - they are magic! They are never phytotoxic.You don’t have to alternate for resistance management.
Some Myths and Preconceptions
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Some must be used before the pest pressure arrives (at seedling, at planting in plugs trays) They should be used following (or sometimes with) chemical fungicides.Under high disease pressure, they may not perform well.Many things affect their efficacy:
fertilizer regime host plant pathogen and pathogen species
Biopesticides act more like synthetic products making them simpler to use in many cases
So what do we know about biologicals?
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