biopesticides: environmental and regulatory …...specific role to play in crop protection as part...
TRANSCRIPT
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David Chandler and Wyn Grant, Warwick HRI and PAIS
Biopesticides: Environmental and Regulatory Sustainability
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• Pesticide product withdrawals.
• Pesticide resistance.
• Zero detectable residues.
• Sustainable food chain: economic, environmental, social.
• integrated pest management (IPM).
Crop Production & Pest Management: problems & opportunities
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Biopesticides: mass produced biologically based agents used for the control of plant pests
• Living organisms (natural enemies)• Micro-organisms• (Arthropods & nematodes)*
• Naturally occurring substances (‘biochemicals’)• Plant extracts.• Semiochemicals (pheromones & allelochemicals).• Commodity substances.
• Genes (not EU).• Plant incorporated products.
*Not regulated by Plant Protection Products (PPP) legislation.Pests = arthropods, plant pathogens & weeds.
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In the EU, microbes & biochemicals are registered as plant protection products
• National authorisations (PSD).– Biopesticides Scheme
• EU arrangements: – Harmonisation.
– Mutual recognition.
– Tailored requirements for biopesticides.
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Biopesticides & IPM
• Often v. specific.
• Compatible with other control agents.
• Little or no residue.
• Inexpensive to develop.
• Natural enemies used in ecologically-based IPM.
• Lower potency than synthetic pesticides.
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But uptake has been low & potential benefits are not yet being realised
• Economics (market size, external costs).
• Efficacy (potency, application, formulation).
• IPM (integration, best use of biological characteristics).
• Regulation (system principles, design & operation).
• How can research help? Theory & application.
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Warwick research on biopesticides: insightsfrom natural & political science (1)
• Ecology of insect pathogenic fungi.– Genetic structure of natural populations.
– Ecological factors determining the occurrence of natural populations.
– Theoretical basis for understanding fate, behaviour & environmental impact of biopesticide strains.
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Warwick research on biopesticides: insights from natural & political science (2)
• Analysis of biopesticide regulation usingpolitical science (multi level theories).– Underlying principles for regulation.
– Interactions between stakeholders.
– Role of retailers.
– Cost benefit analysis.
• Inform data requirements & regulatory process.
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Underlying principles (1)• Biopesticides have a key and
specific role to play in crop protection as part of IPM –problems of resistance and reduced availability.
• Biopesticides should be regulated – because something is ‘natural’does not mean that it is safe.
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Underlying principles (2)
• The regulatory system must support sustainability objectives.
• This includes economic sustainability.
• The ability of SMEs to succeed and growers to have the right plant protection tools.
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Underlying principles (3)
• Pest management should be ecologically based.
• Biopesticides offer benefits to conventional and organic farmers.
• Credibility with all stakeholder groups and especially consumers is key.
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Improved knowledge base & chain
• Better understanding of ecology of microbial control agents.
• Availability of expertise for PSD and ACP.
• A more effective knowledge chain linking, e.g., growers and researchers.
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Stakeholder involvement• A weak policy network• REBECA has helped, but how can it
be continued?• Relative isolation of environmental
groups• Further development of IBMA• Where is constituency of support?
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A quasi-governmental champion
• Provided in USA by Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division of EPA.
• PSD not really equipped for an advocacy role.
• Possible role for Natural England?
• Risk of case being sidelined.
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Organisation of PSD
• Future structure under review, presents some challenges.
• Continue to develop work of Biopesticides Champion and team.
• They have been trained, now they need more customers.
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Strengthening ACP
• Development of EU system will require some changes.
• Needs an impartial expert on biopesticides and access to external advice.
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Efficacy testing• Submission of data not required in US.
• Needed for marketing purposes and to protect product reputation.
• Work of Biopesticides Steering Group at OECD.
• Support REBECA proposal to allow applicants to defer efficacy testing.
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Biopesticides Scheme• A welcome development.• Still outreach challenges.• Importance of early pre-submission
meetings.• Distinctive approval number for
Biopesticides?
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Role of retailers• Reflect consumer concerns.• Ask for requirements that go
beyond approvals system.• Legitimately commercially driven.• Variations between retailers.• Prohibit rather than promote
specific products – which is difficult for them.
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European dimension• Revision of 91/414 not complete.• Concerns about way in which
EFSA operates.• Development of informal networks
between regulators.• Eco zone proposal has attracted
some criticism.
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Assistance with costs• Still a gap between product ideas
and an approved product on the market.
• Some products may not be viable.
• Market failure in terms of positive externalities not being realised?
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Cost-benefit analysis workshop
• Natural and social science experts.
• Brainstorming produced list of perceived costs and benefits.
• Sorted across six stakeholder groups.
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CBA results• Negative balance for developers (-14) and
growers (-9)• Moderately negative for retailers (-6) and
evenly balanced for regulators (-1)• Positive for consumers (+2) and opinion
formers (+7)• Is there a balance between private costs
and public goods?
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• Dept of Politics & International Studies.Wyn Grant, Justin Greaves.
• Warwick HRI.Dave Chandler, Gill Prince.
• Dept of Biological Sciences.Mark Tatchell.
RELU project team at Warwick
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Visit our website
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/biopesticides/