BIOMIMETIC APPROACHES TO SELECTED NASA AERONAUTICS TOPICS

Dr Isaiah M BlanksonSenior ScientistTechnologist

Aero-propulsion DivisionNASA Glenn Research Center

Presentation

University of Akron

February 26 2016

BIOMIMETIC APPROACHES TO SELECTED NASA AERONAUTICS TOPICS

Topics of Discussion

(1) A Penguin-Inspired Torpedo Forward Energy Deposition for Active Flow Control Sonic Boom mitigation

(2) RattlesnakesPit VipersBoas and Infrared vision (Multi-sensor data fusion)

(3) Saguaro cactus (South American)-surface feeder root system-WindWater-induced vibrations Methods of suppression

(4) The Wellington (WWII Bomber (RAF) Isogrid Structures vsMonocoque_- shock-absorber-impact resistance

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

Supersonic Flight and the Sonic Boom Problembull Shock waves form around

vehicles traveling faster than the local sound speed

bull The propagation of the shock wave to the ground results in the occurrence of the well known sonic boom

bull The sonic boom is a manifestation of the deposition of acoustic energy associated with the shockwave into ground structuresmdashleading to damage and extreme noise pollution

ndash Broken windows insane cattle cracked plaster freaked out people and pets

bull The sonic boom problem is what has hampered the development of civilian supersonic transport

ndash Concorde flight paths were severely restricted

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Low Sonic-Boom Design Capabilities Have Progressed Since

CONCORDE

Concorde (1979-2003) HSCTHSR Program

(1990rsquos)

QSP Program (2001-2003)

Max Overpressure ~ 20 psf Max Overpressure ~ 28 psf Max Overpressure ~ 03 psf

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 400 klbs

Length = 202 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 700 klbs

Length = 326 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 100klbs

Length = 130 ft

Not designed for low sonic

boom

MDOCFD Shape

Optimization Demonstration

Boom Reduction Technologies

Land-restricted supersonic

flight

Boom prediction improved

(SR-71 Experiments)

CFD Shape optimization for

boom SSBD Shaped Signature

Demonstrated

Figure of Merit FN (Weight Length Altitude Speed Shape etc)

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

BIOMIMETIC APPROACHES TO SELECTED NASA AERONAUTICS TOPICS

Topics of Discussion

(1) A Penguin-Inspired Torpedo Forward Energy Deposition for Active Flow Control Sonic Boom mitigation

(2) RattlesnakesPit VipersBoas and Infrared vision (Multi-sensor data fusion)

(3) Saguaro cactus (South American)-surface feeder root system-WindWater-induced vibrations Methods of suppression

(4) The Wellington (WWII Bomber (RAF) Isogrid Structures vsMonocoque_- shock-absorber-impact resistance

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

Supersonic Flight and the Sonic Boom Problembull Shock waves form around

vehicles traveling faster than the local sound speed

bull The propagation of the shock wave to the ground results in the occurrence of the well known sonic boom

bull The sonic boom is a manifestation of the deposition of acoustic energy associated with the shockwave into ground structuresmdashleading to damage and extreme noise pollution

ndash Broken windows insane cattle cracked plaster freaked out people and pets

bull The sonic boom problem is what has hampered the development of civilian supersonic transport

ndash Concorde flight paths were severely restricted

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Low Sonic-Boom Design Capabilities Have Progressed Since

CONCORDE

Concorde (1979-2003) HSCTHSR Program

(1990rsquos)

QSP Program (2001-2003)

Max Overpressure ~ 20 psf Max Overpressure ~ 28 psf Max Overpressure ~ 03 psf

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 400 klbs

Length = 202 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 700 klbs

Length = 326 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 100klbs

Length = 130 ft

Not designed for low sonic

boom

MDOCFD Shape

Optimization Demonstration

Boom Reduction Technologies

Land-restricted supersonic

flight

Boom prediction improved

(SR-71 Experiments)

CFD Shape optimization for

boom SSBD Shaped Signature

Demonstrated

Figure of Merit FN (Weight Length Altitude Speed Shape etc)

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

Supersonic Flight and the Sonic Boom Problembull Shock waves form around

vehicles traveling faster than the local sound speed

bull The propagation of the shock wave to the ground results in the occurrence of the well known sonic boom

bull The sonic boom is a manifestation of the deposition of acoustic energy associated with the shockwave into ground structuresmdashleading to damage and extreme noise pollution

ndash Broken windows insane cattle cracked plaster freaked out people and pets

bull The sonic boom problem is what has hampered the development of civilian supersonic transport

ndash Concorde flight paths were severely restricted

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Low Sonic-Boom Design Capabilities Have Progressed Since

CONCORDE

Concorde (1979-2003) HSCTHSR Program

(1990rsquos)

QSP Program (2001-2003)

Max Overpressure ~ 20 psf Max Overpressure ~ 28 psf Max Overpressure ~ 03 psf

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 400 klbs

Length = 202 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 700 klbs

Length = 326 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 100klbs

Length = 130 ft

Not designed for low sonic

boom

MDOCFD Shape

Optimization Demonstration

Boom Reduction Technologies

Land-restricted supersonic

flight

Boom prediction improved

(SR-71 Experiments)

CFD Shape optimization for

boom SSBD Shaped Signature

Demonstrated

Figure of Merit FN (Weight Length Altitude Speed Shape etc)

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

Supersonic Flight and the Sonic Boom Problembull Shock waves form around

vehicles traveling faster than the local sound speed

bull The propagation of the shock wave to the ground results in the occurrence of the well known sonic boom

bull The sonic boom is a manifestation of the deposition of acoustic energy associated with the shockwave into ground structuresmdashleading to damage and extreme noise pollution

ndash Broken windows insane cattle cracked plaster freaked out people and pets

bull The sonic boom problem is what has hampered the development of civilian supersonic transport

ndash Concorde flight paths were severely restricted

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Low Sonic-Boom Design Capabilities Have Progressed Since

CONCORDE

Concorde (1979-2003) HSCTHSR Program

(1990rsquos)

QSP Program (2001-2003)

Max Overpressure ~ 20 psf Max Overpressure ~ 28 psf Max Overpressure ~ 03 psf

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 400 klbs

Length = 202 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 700 klbs

Length = 326 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 100klbs

Length = 130 ft

Not designed for low sonic

boom

MDOCFD Shape

Optimization Demonstration

Boom Reduction Technologies

Land-restricted supersonic

flight

Boom prediction improved

(SR-71 Experiments)

CFD Shape optimization for

boom SSBD Shaped Signature

Demonstrated

Figure of Merit FN (Weight Length Altitude Speed Shape etc)

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Low Sonic-Boom Design Capabilities Have Progressed Since

CONCORDE

Concorde (1979-2003) HSCTHSR Program

(1990rsquos)

QSP Program (2001-2003)

Max Overpressure ~ 20 psf Max Overpressure ~ 28 psf Max Overpressure ~ 03 psf

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 400 klbs

Length = 202 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 700 klbs

Length = 326 ft

Max Takeoff Wt ~ 100klbs

Length = 130 ft

Not designed for low sonic

boom

MDOCFD Shape

Optimization Demonstration

Boom Reduction Technologies

Land-restricted supersonic

flight

Boom prediction improved

(SR-71 Experiments)

CFD Shape optimization for

boom SSBD Shaped Signature

Demonstrated

Figure of Merit FN (Weight Length Altitude Speed Shape etc)

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

Mitigation of the Sonic BoommdashRecent Efforts

A renewed interest in supersonic flight spurred on mostly by Gulfstream efforts to develop a practical low-boom supersonic business jet has included laboratory and flight demonstrations Grumman (QSP 2003)

Currently Intensive CFDexperimental optimization work pursued by NASA DARPA and US industry (Boeing Lockheed etc) and in Europe Japan and Russia

Most of this work has focused on the use of passiveshaping and optimization to generate unconventional airframes and the use of passive components that modify deflect or weaken shocks

Issues Aircraft weightlength relationship and the area distribution paradox for low drag (high aerodynamic performance) and low boom signature must be addressed simultaneously

Shaped sonic boom experiment

Quiet Spike

Sample N-Wave Sonic Boom Signature

httpwwwapollojetscomsupersonic-private-jet-by-aerion-will-change-aviation-as-we-know-it-executive-jet-

charter

Supersonic Private Jet by Aerion

Spike Aerospace is building a new supersonic private jet

httpwwwbreitbartcomblog20140219new-supersonic-jet-tricked-out-with-massive-live-streaming-

screens

Lockheed Martin conceptual design

HyperMach SonicStar

Current Efforts in Development of Commercial

Supersonic Aircraft

QSST Aerospace International

LAPCAT A2 Reaction Engines

UK

Conceptual design

Advantages of Supersonic Flightbull Fast flight from departure to destination

bull Fast accomplishment of critical missions

bull Relief efforts during natural disasters

bull Medical emergencies

bull PROBABLE increase in safety and stability

during turbulent flight

EMPEROR PENGUIN

Forward energy deposition Active Flow control Thermal management

Sonic boom mitigation

9

Ascending Emperor Penguin approaching sea water surface close to edge of Antarctic ice shelf Note highly visible trail of air bubbles From BBC (2001) with permission

EMPEROR PENGUIN Forward energy deposition

Active Flow control Flow

modification Drag reduction

Thermal management etc

ACTIVE FLOW-FIELD MODIFICATIONMANIPULATION

BY ENERGY ADDITIONREMOVAL Examples

bull A BIOMIMETIC EXAMPLE Flight of the Emperor Penguin (Drag reduction)

bull SUPERCAVITATING TORPEDO (Mach 3 Underwater)

- Operational Deployed with Russian Navy (2004) The Russian Shkval(Tempest) torpedo is thought to feature a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents Small starter rockets get the weapon moving until a cavity is formed whereupon the large central rocket kicks in

bull MITSUBISHI CARGO SHIPS

bull RUSSIAN AJAX HYPERSONIC VEHICLE (PlasmaMHD Energy Bypass Concept)

- Modify the Flowfield the Vehicle Flies in

bull SONIC BOOM MITIGATIONREDUCTION Our nontraditional aproach

bull ANTI-RADAR CLOAKING

10

Russian Navy Shkval (Tempest) Torpedo 230 MPH under water

Slender axisymmetric bodies such as the high-speed Russian Shkval (Tempest) torpedo create long ellipsoidal super-cavities The torpedo is believed to have a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents

Different nose geometries may be used to create supercavities

CAVITATORS

WARP DRIVEUNDERWATER

Mitsubishi Uses a Sled of Bubbles To Improve Ship Efficiency

Reducing the frictional drag on the hull of a ship saves fuel and lowers CO2 emissions To

achieve this MHI developed the Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS) which reduces

frictional drag by introducing air bubbles by air blowers into the water around the bottom of a

shiprsquos hull covering the ship in bubbles By arranging the air blowhole locations and shape and

controlling the air volume the lubrication effect has been enhanced reducing CO2 emissions per

container transportation by 10 percent

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

9

Ascending Emperor Penguin approaching sea water surface close to edge of Antarctic ice shelf Note highly visible trail of air bubbles From BBC (2001) with permission

EMPEROR PENGUIN Forward energy deposition

Active Flow control Flow

modification Drag reduction

Thermal management etc

ACTIVE FLOW-FIELD MODIFICATIONMANIPULATION

BY ENERGY ADDITIONREMOVAL Examples

bull A BIOMIMETIC EXAMPLE Flight of the Emperor Penguin (Drag reduction)

bull SUPERCAVITATING TORPEDO (Mach 3 Underwater)

- Operational Deployed with Russian Navy (2004) The Russian Shkval(Tempest) torpedo is thought to feature a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents Small starter rockets get the weapon moving until a cavity is formed whereupon the large central rocket kicks in

bull MITSUBISHI CARGO SHIPS

bull RUSSIAN AJAX HYPERSONIC VEHICLE (PlasmaMHD Energy Bypass Concept)

- Modify the Flowfield the Vehicle Flies in

bull SONIC BOOM MITIGATIONREDUCTION Our nontraditional aproach

bull ANTI-RADAR CLOAKING

10

Russian Navy Shkval (Tempest) Torpedo 230 MPH under water

Slender axisymmetric bodies such as the high-speed Russian Shkval (Tempest) torpedo create long ellipsoidal super-cavities The torpedo is believed to have a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents

Different nose geometries may be used to create supercavities

CAVITATORS

WARP DRIVEUNDERWATER

Mitsubishi Uses a Sled of Bubbles To Improve Ship Efficiency

Reducing the frictional drag on the hull of a ship saves fuel and lowers CO2 emissions To

achieve this MHI developed the Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS) which reduces

frictional drag by introducing air bubbles by air blowers into the water around the bottom of a

shiprsquos hull covering the ship in bubbles By arranging the air blowhole locations and shape and

controlling the air volume the lubrication effect has been enhanced reducing CO2 emissions per

container transportation by 10 percent

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

ACTIVE FLOW-FIELD MODIFICATIONMANIPULATION

BY ENERGY ADDITIONREMOVAL Examples

bull A BIOMIMETIC EXAMPLE Flight of the Emperor Penguin (Drag reduction)

bull SUPERCAVITATING TORPEDO (Mach 3 Underwater)

- Operational Deployed with Russian Navy (2004) The Russian Shkval(Tempest) torpedo is thought to feature a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents Small starter rockets get the weapon moving until a cavity is formed whereupon the large central rocket kicks in

bull MITSUBISHI CARGO SHIPS

bull RUSSIAN AJAX HYPERSONIC VEHICLE (PlasmaMHD Energy Bypass Concept)

- Modify the Flowfield the Vehicle Flies in

bull SONIC BOOM MITIGATIONREDUCTION Our nontraditional aproach

bull ANTI-RADAR CLOAKING

10

Russian Navy Shkval (Tempest) Torpedo 230 MPH under water

Slender axisymmetric bodies such as the high-speed Russian Shkval (Tempest) torpedo create long ellipsoidal super-cavities The torpedo is believed to have a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents

Different nose geometries may be used to create supercavities

CAVITATORS

WARP DRIVEUNDERWATER

Mitsubishi Uses a Sled of Bubbles To Improve Ship Efficiency

Reducing the frictional drag on the hull of a ship saves fuel and lowers CO2 emissions To

achieve this MHI developed the Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS) which reduces

frictional drag by introducing air bubbles by air blowers into the water around the bottom of a

shiprsquos hull covering the ship in bubbles By arranging the air blowhole locations and shape and

controlling the air volume the lubrication effect has been enhanced reducing CO2 emissions per

container transportation by 10 percent

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Russian Navy Shkval (Tempest) Torpedo 230 MPH under water

Slender axisymmetric bodies such as the high-speed Russian Shkval (Tempest) torpedo create long ellipsoidal super-cavities The torpedo is believed to have a flat disk cavitator at the nose to create a partial cavity that is expanded into a supercavity by gases injected from forward mounted vents

Different nose geometries may be used to create supercavities

CAVITATORS

WARP DRIVEUNDERWATER

Mitsubishi Uses a Sled of Bubbles To Improve Ship Efficiency

Reducing the frictional drag on the hull of a ship saves fuel and lowers CO2 emissions To

achieve this MHI developed the Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS) which reduces

frictional drag by introducing air bubbles by air blowers into the water around the bottom of a

shiprsquos hull covering the ship in bubbles By arranging the air blowhole locations and shape and

controlling the air volume the lubrication effect has been enhanced reducing CO2 emissions per

container transportation by 10 percent

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Mitsubishi Uses a Sled of Bubbles To Improve Ship Efficiency

Reducing the frictional drag on the hull of a ship saves fuel and lowers CO2 emissions To

achieve this MHI developed the Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS) which reduces

frictional drag by introducing air bubbles by air blowers into the water around the bottom of a

shiprsquos hull covering the ship in bubbles By arranging the air blowhole locations and shape and

controlling the air volume the lubrication effect has been enhanced reducing CO2 emissions per

container transportation by 10 percent

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Mitigation of Sonic Boomby

Forward Pulsed Plasma Energy Deposition

The application of forward energy

deposition to sonic boom reduction is

NEW

Also different is that the energy will be

deposited far upstream of vehicle

Key challenges are the geometry of the

plasma signature and a practical way

to deposit the plasma

Plasmoids create a

high temperature amp

low density channel

Vehicle shape modification

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Laser Approach-the physicsbull A laser beam strongly focused an be used to ionize and heat gas

locally

bull Typical Power Density gt1012 Wcm2

bull Three basic mechanisms for plasma formation

bull Field ionization

bull Multiphoton ionization

bull Cascade driven ionization

bull Laser produced plasma offer a compelling solution to heating or modifying shock structure

bull Energy imparted to electrons non-thermally then couples to neutrals via collisions thus heating the gas (more efficient energy transfer than heating bulk gas)

bull To generate filament laser is tightly focused to achieve high field Pulse duration is short to force a large number of photons into the tightly focused spot (fs time scales ideal)

WO Injection

W Energy Addition

Schlieren images of the shockwave in front of a supersonic missile bull upper semi-picture -WITHOUTbull lower semi-picture - WITHlaser induced energy deposition

The drag reduction that has been proven by these experimental investigations and numerical modelling is presumably caused by local heating of the gas flow

Laser-Induced Plasma Application to Flow Control Wave-Drag Reduction

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

STATUS LASER-INDUCED PLASMA RECENT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Plasmoids obtained by focusing NdYAG Nanosecond pulsed laser beam 532nm 5-30mJ 4-5

nanosecond pulses at 20Hz Laser has gt than 400mJ capability

DischargeinAirAbout1cmlong05mmdiameter

Laser filaments were generated by focusing a Femtosecond Ti-Sapphire laser beam 1-12 mJ 30 fs width 500 Hz repetition rate

Filament 1-2 cm longFilaments produced by field ionization of room air

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

STATUS Preliminary ExperimentsInteraction of Plasmoid with Bow Shockwave

Plasmoid was created by focusing a 50 mJ NdYAG laser that has a pulse width of 4-5 nanosecondsand repetition rate of20HZPhoto is taken using a dual pulse Schlieren that records flow phenomena that is highly unsteadyFacility uses shop air and a small convergent nozzle that is designed for Mach 16 The model (longblack rod) is simply a screw with a blunt noseThe blast wave (large reverse cardioid shape) is clearly seen The interaction between the plasmoidand the bow shock at the tip of the rod is clear Note that geometrically this is an extreme casewhere the blast wave is much larger in size than the model size Experiments are conducted lab inBldg 77318 NdYag laser has up to 420mJ capability Future experiments to be conducted withmodel with an ogive nose at 25 mJ pulse energy

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

SEEING THROUGH FOG

RADIOVISION

IR Vision

Detection of Hydrometeors

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

for Aviation Safety and Homeland

Security

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology

Strategic Roadmap

Source Aeronautics amp Space Transportation Technology Strategic Roadmap NASA GRC

Space Applications

Remote Sensing of

Planetary Surfaces

bull Structurally Embeddable

bull Low Power Applications

bull Payload Reduction

bull Compact

Pillar One

Global

Civil

Aviation

Safety 2000 2025Human-Related

Factors

Increase Airport

Capacity

Improve

Navigational Aids

Reduce Accident

Rates 10X

Millimeter Wave Radiometry

at 94 GHz with

Super-Resolution

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FOG BAD WEATHER

bull The worst airplane accident in Aviation History (1977) was caused by

fog Two 747rsquos collided ON THE GROUND in Las Palmas (Canary

Islands) KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 583 fatalities

bull 2010 Well-publicized accident Aircraft carrying Polish Premier

crashed in thick fog in Smolensk Russia Tupolev Tu-154M 96

casualties

bull 2010 Tesla Motors Airplane Struck power lines in fog Hawthorne

Southern California Twin-engined Beechcraft (3 casualties)

bull 2010 Salang Pass Afghanistan North of Kabul Antonov An-24

Turboprop In heavy fog 44 casualties

bull 2010 Boeing 737 ndash 8HG Air India Express Mangalore India 158

casualties

bull 2010 Tripoli Libya Afriqiyah Airways Airbus A330-202 103

casualties

bull 2010 Beirut Lebanon Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8AS 90

casualties AND ETC ETChelliphellip

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Electromagnetic Spectrum

1102104106108101010121014101610181020

Millimeter amp Sub-Millimeter

Wave Region

00

3 Aring

3 Aring

30

0 Aring

03

m

3

m

30

0

m

3 c

m

3 m 300 m

30

km

30

0 k

m

3 k

m

30 m

30 c

m

03

cm

30

m

30

Aring

03

Aring

04 m - 07 mVisible

Infrared

Gamma

Ray X Ray Radar

Radio Bands Audio AC

UV Microwave

Wavelength

Black Represents Atmospheric Attenuation

= 1

= 0

Frequency (Hz)

Heating Heating

Dissociation

Photo

Ionization

Photo

Dissociation

Electron

Shifts

Electromagnetic

Field Fluctuations

Rain amp Fog

AttenuationSpherics

Interaction Mechanisms

or Phenomena Detected

Molecular

Vibration

Molecular

Vibration

Cosmic

Noise

Radio

Astronomy

Source Manual of Remote Sensing Vol 1 First Edition 1975

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Black Body RadiationS

pectr

al

Exit

an

ce

(W c

m-2

m-1

)

Wavelength (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6

30

50

10

40

2

0

0

1000 degK

1200 degK

1400 degK

1600 degK

1800 degK

2000 degK

22

222 kT

c

kTfBbb

Rayleigh-

Jeans

Approximation

Holds

Microwave

Infra-Red

Near-Infrared

Millimeter

Sub-millimeter

1015 1013 1011 109 107 105

Frequency (Hz)

Rela

tive

Rad

ian

ce

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Attenuation of Millimeter Waves by Fog Rain and Atmospheric Gases(Researchers have selected 35GHz and 94GHz based on attenuation and resolution)

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

(A) Close-up view of the head of a western diamondback rattlesnake showing the location of the pit organ

George S Bakken and Aaron R Krochmal J Exp Biol 20072102801-2810

copy2007 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Multisensor Image Fusion Infrared + Visible

Diamond Back rattlesnake

Pit vipers rattlesnakes boas pythons possess special organs

that form images in the brain of the thermal environment

much like vision occurs in the human brain Thus these

snakes ldquoseerdquo heat (infra-red based thermal imaging) and

this amazing fusion system is the most sensitive infrared

detector on Earth natural or artificial

Studies indicate image-formation and depth perception are

done by the pit organs IR is merged with visual signals for

complete vision Fortunately fog attenuates IR so these

snakes canrsquot see through fog

Arrows refer to thermal

and visible radiation

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Pit Organ and surface architecture

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

WHAT IS MILLIMETER_WAVE IMAGING (MMWI)

PMMWI is a method of forming images through the passive detection naturally

occurring millimeter wave radiation from a scene

MMWI has the ability to form images by day or night in clear weather or in low-

visibility conditions (fog clouds haze sandstorms) and even through clothing

This provides an all-weather capability that allows us to see under conditions that

otherwise visible and infra-red sensors cannot do This is a major advantage of

MMW radiation

IMPACT Airports Fog could be eliminated as the cause of flight delays

IMPACT Security Imaging of concealed weapons and other contraband could be

accomplished in a non-intrusive manner using MMWI

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Why Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

bull All natural objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit

millimeter-wave radiation

bull Millimeter-waves are much more effective (lower attenuation)

than infrared in poor weather conditions such as fog clouds snow

dust-storms and rain Also images produced by passive

millimeter-waves have natural appearances

bull The amount of radiation emitted in the millimeter-wave range is 108

times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range

bull However current millimeter-wave receivers have at least 105 times

better noise performance than infrared detectors and the temperature

contrast recovers the remaining 103

bull This makes millimeter-wave imaging comparable in performance with

current infrared systems

bull Electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz 94 GHz 140

GHz and 220 GHz

bull Choice of frequency depends on specific application

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

PMMW Images of a runway viewed

from the glide slope before touchdown

CLEAR WEATHER

FOGGY WEATHER

PMMW Image

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Airport scene in visible light (a) with varying aperture sizes

for a 94-GHz PMMW scanning system (b) 48(c) 24 and (d)

12 in

a

b

c

d

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

DESIGN CHALLENGE FEDERAL EXPRESS

Construct a PMMW imaging sensor that has such a high frequency that the

sensor is small enough to fit within an aircraft platform (radome nose of the

aircraft) and yet will provide sufficient resolution to permit safe and accurate

navigation landingtake-off situational awareness and other desired

functions

Incorporate the PMMW camera system as a display interface which can be a

HUD (head-up ) or HDD (head-down)

BENEFITS

A great navigational utility during final approach

Good situational awareness during initial approach phase

Mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

On-time delivery of packages (FeDeX)

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Aviation Safety Application

Sky Radiation

Ground and Vegetation

Emissions

Metal Reflections of

Cold Sky Radiation

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Passive Radiometric Sensing - Concept

Side Lobe

Atmospheric

Contributions

Atmosphere

Antenna

Beam Width

Radiometer

ReceiverVO

Side Lobe

Background

Contribution

Upward

Atmospheric

Emission

Antenna Power

Pattern

BU

P

Scattered

Radiation

Atmospheric

Loss

Target Observation Cell

BB Self Emission

Downward

Atmospheric

Emission

BDN

BS

C

LAT

M

LAT

M

BBLAT

M

BS

C

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Passive Millimeter-Wave ImagerConcept

ELECTRON

ICS

BEAM

Controller

COLLECTOR

ANTENNA

helliphellip

helliphelliphellip

[[[[33

SUPER-RESOLUTION

Software

COMPUTER

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

JCSUGRC PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING

(PMMWI) PROJECT OBJECTIVES amp GOALS

bull Explore the potential application of Radiometric sensors to alleviate

atmospheric hazards to aviation homeland security and space exploration

bull Outline some systems engineering aspects of the design of passive millimeter-

wave imaging cameras

bull Developdesign an all-weather Radiometer operating at 94 GHz (using opto-

mechanical scanning) which employs a Super-Resolution Algorithms for a

Real -Time rapid image inversion processing and is capable of producing

very high resolution images ( recover scene-spatial frequencies ~or gtnX

Rayleigh Limit)

bull Construct a functioning system capable of Ground and Airborne Applications

Imaging of Rocket Vehicles through their Exhaust Detection of Concealed

weapons and Suicide Bombers NDE of Space Shuttle Tile Foam material

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

IMAGING ARCHITECTURE of the JCSUGRC PMMWI

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS JCSUGRC Passive MMWave Imager

1048708RF Frequency Range87 -99GHz

1048708LNAModel FLNA-10-18-6 (FARRAN TECHNOLOGY)

1048708Gain18dB min 86 ndash100GHz

1048708Noise Figure6dB max 45dB typical at 94GHz

1048708LO Frequency940 GHz within +-100MHz

1048708LO Drive+13dBm typical

1048708LO SourceGunn oscillator GN-10 type free running 10MHzdegC typical

1048708Mixer IF Frequency RangeDc ndash8GHz minimum

1048708Mixer Conversion Loss8dB max lt70dB typical

1048708IF Amplifier Gain35dB minimum per module overall 70dB min

1048708IF Noise Figurelt15dB first module

1048708Detector10MHz to 124GHz 05mVmico W zero biased Schottky Diode

1048708Overall System Noise Figurelt620dB

1048708Overall Gaingt50dB

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Low-Cost JCSUGRC Imager 94GHZ Mechanically-

Scanned Radiometer

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

EXAMPLE OF MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGE Concealed Weapon

(JCSU Campus Patrol Officer )

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Direct Measurement

Result

GOAL Best true ldquoScene ldquo R e c o v e r y

TRUE Scene

ldquoTruerdquo SceneRecovery_Superresolution Algorithm

INVERSE Problem Solution

EMR-Properties of Propagation media

Mathematical Processing of Measured Data

TIKHONOV - PYTIEV Regularization

f = ( A R-1 R-1 A + I ) A R-1 R-1 g

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

WIND-INDUCEDVORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

THE SAGUARO CACTUS

Suppression of Vortex ndashInduced VibrationsUSNAVY Hydrophones (MSc Thesis)

(Searching for mines holding buoys in position transmitting and receiving signals maintaining acoustic hardware in a specified configuration etc)

Vortex shedding phenomena occurs in nature The Saguaro cactus is a typical example Its distinctive trunkshape enables it to withstand high-speed winds despite itrsquos very shallow root system The longitudinal groovessignificantly reduce the drag and lift forces acting on the cactus thus providing an advantage during sandstormsThe specific grooved geometry also gives rise to aeroacoustic advantages that are under study

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Wind-Induced Vibrations A Design

Engineerrsquos Nightmare

Classic Wind-Induced-Vibration

Catastrophe (wake-induced flutter

from torsional and lateral

oscillations)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA 1940

The amplitude grew to as much as 14 feet

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Wake Instability

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Vortex Shedding Generates

forces on Cylinder

FD(t)

FL(t)

Uo Both Lift and Drag forces persist

on a cylinder in cross flow Lift

is perpendicular to the inflow

velocity and drag is parallel

Due to the alternating vortex wake (ldquoKarman streetrdquo) the oscillations in lift

force occur at the vortex shedding frequency and oscillations in drag force

occur at twice the vortex shedding frequency

Alternate Vortex shedding causes oscillatory forces which induce structural

vibrations

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Vortex-induced-vibration in the Ocean US

Navy Hydrophones ldquoCable Strummingrdquo

bull Non-uniform currents affect the

spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or

riser

bull The frequency of shedding can be

different along length

bull This leads to ldquocellsrdquo of vortex shedding

with some length lc

bull The hydrophone signal pickup due to

strumming is much larger than the

signal of interest

bull Structural fatiguedamage of cable or

riser is a big issue

Suppression approach Disrupt the highly organized spanwise shedding

structure in the wake especially at lock-in Also a reduced drag is beneficial

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Suppression of VIVDrag reduction Saguaro cactus

44

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression

bullHelical strake (a)

bullShroud (b)

bullAxial slats (c)

bullStreamlined fairing (d)

bullSplitter plate (e)

bullRibboned cable (f)

bullPivoted guiding vane(g)

bullSpoiler plates (h)

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a

common VIV suppresion

device

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(I)

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Solar Powered Flight

Formation Flight

Micro Air Vehicles (microAVs)Ultra-Quiet Flight

Unsteady Aerodynamics

Extremes in Variable Geometry Wings

Opportunities for

Expanding the Range of

Aeronautical Inquiry

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(II)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

THE WWII WELLINGTON BOMBER (RAF)

Geodetic Isogrid Structures

Putting aside the fact that speed kills and there are reckless drivers the goalof the automobile structural designer is to protect the contents of a carThere are still a huge number of traffic fatalities So new structural conceptsare desired

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

wwwnasagov

Shock absorption

52

Structurendashfunction relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel

(Citrus maxima)mdashan inspiration for the development of

biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation

M Thielen C N Z Schmitt1 S Eckert T Speck and R Seidel

doi1010881748-318282025001

Lady

Woodpecker

Woodpeckers head inspires shock absorbing systems for

Humans and Electronics

Woodpeckerrsquos head can withstand 1200Grsquosas it drums on a tree at 22Hz(up to 25000Grsquos recorded) This is equivalent to stopping in 1 sec from 26000MPH

Pilots barely 10Grsquos Max (Blue Angels)

Airplane Flight Recorders about 1000Grsquos

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONSShock absorbers Impact resistance Flight recorder electronics

Protection of athletes from concussions(football helmets)

Protecting spacecraft from collisions with micrometeorites and space debris

Formula One Racecar Drivers

A restored Wellington bomber showing its geodetic skeleton and below under

construction in WWII This airplane took a lot of heavy flak and damage

yet returned the crew safely home under conditions where other aircraft would

have been abandoned Issue was the low production rate (1 airplane per day) since

The structure was built by hand

(Wellingtons under construction showing the geodeticgeodesic airframe)

A restored Wellington bomber showing its geodetic skeleton and below under

construction in WWII This airplane took a lot of heavy flak and damage

yet returned the crew safely home under conditions where other aircraft would

have been abandoned Issue was the low production rate (1 airplane per day) since

The structure was built by hand

(Wellingtons under construction showing the geodeticgeodesic airframe)

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(III)

Scanning Radiometers

Scan Angle

Antenna

Oscillating

Mirror

Scanning

Antenna

Mechanical Scanning

Electronic ScanningDirect Scaning

Indirect Scaning

Conceptual Diagram of 2-D

Phased Array Radiometer

1 complete scan

1 video frame

Image

ProcessorReceiver

Radiating

Element

Low Noise

Amplifier

Phase

Shifter

Beam Steering

Computer

Imaging solutions needed for

Harbor navigation in dense fogMilitary aircraft landing in ldquobrownoutrdquo conditions (dust clouds)Commercial aircraft landing and taking off in harsh weather particularly dense fogEmergency personnel tracking during fire and rescue operationsNon-intrusive portal security (airport screenings as well as security in government buildings sports arenas etc)All day all weather surveillance

Automobile Radar 60 ndash 77 GHZ (short range)

Scanning Radiometers

Scan Angle

Antenna

Oscillating

Mirror

Scanning

Antenna

Mechanical Scanning

Electronic ScanningDirect Scaning

Indirect Scaning

Conceptual Diagram of 2-D

Phased Array Radiometer

1 complete scan

1 video frame

Image

ProcessorReceiver

Radiating

Element

Low Noise

Amplifier

Phase

Shifter

Beam Steering

Computer

Imaging solutions needed for

Harbor navigation in dense fogMilitary aircraft landing in ldquobrownoutrdquo conditions (dust clouds)Commercial aircraft landing and taking off in harsh weather particularly dense fogEmergency personnel tracking during fire and rescue operationsNon-intrusive portal security (airport screenings as well as security in government buildings sports arenas etc)All day all weather surveillance

Automobile Radar 60 ndash 77 GHZ (short range)

Conceptual Diagram of 2-D

Phased Array Radiometer

1 complete scan

1 video frame

Image

ProcessorReceiver

Radiating

Element

Low Noise

Amplifier

Phase

Shifter

Beam Steering

Computer

Imaging solutions needed for

Harbor navigation in dense fogMilitary aircraft landing in ldquobrownoutrdquo conditions (dust clouds)Commercial aircraft landing and taking off in harsh weather particularly dense fogEmergency personnel tracking during fire and rescue operationsNon-intrusive portal security (airport screenings as well as security in government buildings sports arenas etc)All day all weather surveillance

Automobile Radar 60 ndash 77 GHZ (short range)

Imaging solutions needed for

Harbor navigation in dense fogMilitary aircraft landing in ldquobrownoutrdquo conditions (dust clouds)Commercial aircraft landing and taking off in harsh weather particularly dense fogEmergency personnel tracking during fire and rescue operationsNon-intrusive portal security (airport screenings as well as security in government buildings sports arenas etc)All day all weather surveillance

Automobile Radar 60 ndash 77 GHZ (short range)

Visible image of the trawler boat (length 22m) side angle (b) Passive millimeter-waveimage corresponding to (a) detector vertically polarized (c) Visible image of men in a rigid-hull inflatable boat (RHIB)- boat length is 37m (d) Passive MMW image corresponding to 6(c) Distance to target is 30m for images (a)-(d)

RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES (II)

bull IMAGE RECOVERY Radiative Transfer Formulations Simulation of

Electromagnetic Interactions with media and Regularization techniques

bull Extensive Monte Carlo Simulations of ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS of various densities

and hydrometeorparticulate compositions

bull RADIOMETER DESIGN Antenna Simulations Manufacturing and Testing

Radiometer field Testing (Engineering) FREQUENCY SCANNING IMAGERS

(Electronic beam-steering Phased Array Radiometers)

bull SUPER-RESOLUTION Algorithms via Tikhonov-Pytiev Regularization Solve an ill-

posed inverse scattering Problem in Millimwter-wave Imaging

bull COMPACT AND HEADS-UP DISPLAYS (for pilots) Main customers include Federal

Express

bull Detection of Ice Crystals super-cooled water droplets using MMW techniques

bull THE lsquoMUTI-LAYEREDrsquo Dielectric Problem

STATUSSummarybull PMMWI sensors can provide visual-like images through atmospheric

conditions that render visual and IR sensors useless Safety benefits to

aviation include EVS(enhanced vision systems) CFIT mitigation and

situational awareness

bull PMMWI has demonstrated applications in homeland security

surveillance etc

bull Todayrsquos low-cost solution is based on optical beam forming coupled

with mechanical scanning The 94GHz prototype has good

performance

bull Scanned systems are much cheaper than focal plane array receivers

bull Ideal approach is to have aperture completely filled with receivers and

use electronic beam forming

bull Future Radiometers will be compact phase-array systems based on

advanced chip (MMIC) technologies and highly sophisticated super-

resolution algorithms

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(IV)

Hyperloop and

Biomimetics A

New Opportunity

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES (II)

bull IMAGE RECOVERY Radiative Transfer Formulations Simulation of

Electromagnetic Interactions with media and Regularization techniques

bull Extensive Monte Carlo Simulations of ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS of various densities

and hydrometeorparticulate compositions

bull RADIOMETER DESIGN Antenna Simulations Manufacturing and Testing

Radiometer field Testing (Engineering) FREQUENCY SCANNING IMAGERS

(Electronic beam-steering Phased Array Radiometers)

bull SUPER-RESOLUTION Algorithms via Tikhonov-Pytiev Regularization Solve an ill-

posed inverse scattering Problem in Millimwter-wave Imaging

bull COMPACT AND HEADS-UP DISPLAYS (for pilots) Main customers include Federal

Express

bull Detection of Ice Crystals super-cooled water droplets using MMW techniques

bull THE lsquoMUTI-LAYEREDrsquo Dielectric Problem

STATUSSummarybull PMMWI sensors can provide visual-like images through atmospheric

conditions that render visual and IR sensors useless Safety benefits to

aviation include EVS(enhanced vision systems) CFIT mitigation and

situational awareness

bull PMMWI has demonstrated applications in homeland security

surveillance etc

bull Todayrsquos low-cost solution is based on optical beam forming coupled

with mechanical scanning The 94GHz prototype has good

performance

bull Scanned systems are much cheaper than focal plane array receivers

bull Ideal approach is to have aperture completely filled with receivers and

use electronic beam forming

bull Future Radiometers will be compact phase-array systems based on

advanced chip (MMIC) technologies and highly sophisticated super-

resolution algorithms

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(IV)

Hyperloop and

Biomimetics A

New Opportunity

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

STATUSSummarybull PMMWI sensors can provide visual-like images through atmospheric

conditions that render visual and IR sensors useless Safety benefits to

aviation include EVS(enhanced vision systems) CFIT mitigation and

situational awareness

bull PMMWI has demonstrated applications in homeland security

surveillance etc

bull Todayrsquos low-cost solution is based on optical beam forming coupled

with mechanical scanning The 94GHz prototype has good

performance

bull Scanned systems are much cheaper than focal plane array receivers

bull Ideal approach is to have aperture completely filled with receivers and

use electronic beam forming

bull Future Radiometers will be compact phase-array systems based on

advanced chip (MMIC) technologies and highly sophisticated super-

resolution algorithms

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(IV)

Hyperloop and

Biomimetics A

New Opportunity

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR RESEARCH

(IV)

Hyperloop and

Biomimetics A

New Opportunity

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

Hyperloop and

Biomimetics A

New Opportunity

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

65

bull Air Bearings

Almost a Vacuum Train

bull Linear Accelerators

bull Elevated Tube Structure

bull Cruise Mach 085

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

This is what comes immediately to mind

-- Control and Navigation are critical for Hyperloop Safety due to high

speeds and relatively close proximity to tube Designs may be translated to

aeronautics

-- Evacuation procedures and engineering designs to help ambulation of

passengers

-- Braking and Acceleration technologies for Hyperloop may be applicable to

Aircraft

-- Aerodynamic heating of tube ndash cooling of tube

Are there biomimetic approaches to solve these problems

Associating Hyperloop to aeronautics

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

Acoustics

Blade Design

Ground Level Aeronautics Hyperloop Technology Research

Nozzle Design

Air bearings

Smart Sensors Health Diagnostics

Electric MotorsDrivetrain

Solar CellsControls DesignWeight EstimationMission PlanningCycle ModelingOptimization

Inlet DesignBlade Containment

Non-circular composite pressure vessels

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

Design requires expertise in the areas of

bull Axial compressors

bull Composite Materials

bull Power and electrical systems

bull Mechanical controller design

bull Inletsnozzles

bull Air bearings

bull Aerodynamic design

bull Vacuum systems

bull Safety

bull Vibrations and Dynamics

bull Smart Sensors and Diagnostics

bull Avionics and Telemetry

SpaceX Hyperloop Vehicle

END

END