biometrics report and entry strategy latam

© H+D Consulting Group / Biometrics LATAM REPORT -

BBIIOOMMEETTRRIICCSS

LLAATTAAMM RREEPPOORRTT

AA NN AA LL YY SS II SS

OOUUTTLLOOOOKK,, TTRREENNDDSS,, CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS,, OOPPPPOORRTTUUNNIITTIIEESS

&& SSTTRRAATTEEGGIICC RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS


TABLE OF CONTENT .

I. Introduction………………………………………………….……...………………..…..3

II. LATAM Economic & Social Outlook 1. México……………….……………..…………………………………………...6 2. Panamá………….……………….………………………………………….....7 3. Venezuela………....….………….………………………………………….…7 4. Costa Rica……….….…………….……………………………………………7 5. Colombia…………....….…………..…………………………………………..8 6. Perú………………….….………….………………………………….………..8 7. Chile……………….…….………….…………………………………………..8 8. Brasil…………….……….………….……………………………………...…..9 9. Uruguay………….……………..………………………………………………9

10. Argentina…………….….………..….……………………………………….….9

III. ITC Adoption in the Region………………….………….……….…………………...10

I. LATAM E Governments Overview…….……….……………....…………………...17

II. Security through Biometric Technology………………....…………………...19

VI. The Popular Biometrics Modalities…….………….……….…………………...20

1. Face……………….………….…..…………………………………………..20 2. Fingerprint……………….…….………..…………..………………………..21 3. Iris……………….………………...…………………………………………..21 4. Palm Print…….…………………..…………………………………………..21 5. Hand Geometry…….…………....…………………………………………..21 6. Voice …….…………………….....…………………………………………..21 7. Signature…….…………………...…………………………………………..22 8. DNA…….………………………....…………………………………………..22 9. Hand Vein…….…………………..…………………………………………..22

VII. Biometrics Market Forecast Data………………..………....…………………...23

VIII. Biometrics Growth Areas………………..…………………....…………………...28

IX. Business Opportunities on the Rise …………....……………………...……...30

X. Issues & Challenges…………....……………………………………...……...……...34

XI. Strategic Recommendations………………..….……………….……………………36

1. Vision……………….…….………..…………..……………….…………..36 2. Mission……………….…….………..…………..………………..………..36 3. Objectives…………….…….………..…………..……………….………..36 4. Financial ……………….…….………..…………..……………...………..37 5. Strategic……………….…….………..…………..……………….………..37 6. Social & Environmental…………….…………..…………………..……..38 7. Strategy Proposal……………….…….…………….……………………..38

XII. Conclusion……………………………….……..…………..…..………………………39


I. INTRODUCTION

Terrorist attacks, plane hijackings and increasing crime rates have underlined

the need for greater security measures around the world. Consequently,

biometrics is growing in eminence as an essential security measure taken at

airports and other critical access sites. Further, the limitations and

incontinences with alternative identification methods through photographs,

passwords and PIN codes drive the development as well as growth of biometric

technologies.

Biometrics usage should increase in public sector owing to criminal and civil

security issues, and in commercial sector for cost savings and convenience

factors. The process of technology convergence is slated to become critical and

virtually inevitable in future for sustaining growth and profitability.

The technology is forecast to witness an accelerated pace of growth in the next

decade, with main emphasis on development of solutions and infrastructure.

This will help in enabling mainstream biometric authentication and customer-

centric corporate expenditures. Fingerprint technology and signature

verification would assume leadership positions supported by factors such as

pricing, high degree of accuracy and convenience.

Biometric applications in the public sector accounts for more than 50% share,

and include integrated eBorders (passports, visas and border control), eIDs

(National IDs and ID cards) and eGovernment (ID verification & electronic

access). In 2008 and 2009, the biometrics industry witnessed low or negligible

demand in noncritical IT applications, as there was drastic reduction of

commercial investments in the wake of recession. However specific niche

areas of development such as the time and attendance tool sustained the

overall healthy pace in the market. In addition, barring few instances of

withdrawals, postponements and delays of some large scale public sector

projects, biometrics industry was for the most part stable and immune through

the economic slowdown.


The US dominates as the single largest worldwide market for biometrics.

Europe and Asia-Pacific follow the lead at the second and third positions

respectively; Latin America should be the fourth most important market

worldwide. The consolidated share of the US and European biometrics markets

constitutes a sizeable chunk of over 60%. In terms of fastest pace, the Latin

America and Asia-Pacific markets are projected to race ahead of the other

world markets by the year 2015.

The Non-AFIS/Finger Scan represents the largest technology driven segment

worldwide. The other leading technology, Signature Verification is slated to

grow at the overall fastest pace compounded annually through 2015. The

Government/Civil is one of the key end-user category of the technology, playing

a critical role in its wide acceptance and proliferation. Biometric technologies

are implemented in government agencies such as state, local, federal and

critical military and defense-related access sites. Other important biometric

end-use segments gaining prominence include Access Control/Time &

Attendance, Financial and Computer & Network Security.

Major participants in the biometrics market are categorized into device

suppliers, solution providers and algorithm providers. The intensely competitive

biometrics market comprises a huge pool of diverse players driving majority of

the technology trends. The biometrics market is characterized by select market

leaders with a global presence, competing alongside smaller and niche players.

Few key global players include 3M-AiT, Ltd, AuthenTec, Inc., BIO-key

International, Inc., Biometric Security Limited, Cogent Systems Inc., Sagem

Sécurité, Printrak International, Inc, Siemens Biometrics Center, Fujitsu

Microelectronics America Inc. and NEC Corporation among others.


II. LATAM SOCIAL & ECONOMIC OUTLOOK

Even if the economic outlook for Latin America shows a relatively positive

picture for the coming year 2013 it is important to know that the General

Regional Economic Forecast was trimmed from 4.2% to a 3.9%, by the FMI.


An assessment of spillover risks showed that Latin America would be one of

the regions to be hardest-hit from a sharper-than-expected slowdown in China.

The region could also suffer more than others if the United States fails to avoid

the 'fiscal cliff', a tightening in fiscal policy in 2013.

Looking to specifics, Brazil will lead the region domestic demand and growth

was seen picking up to 4% in 2013. Mexico's outlook was trimmed slightly to

3.5% in 2013. Peru was expected to grow the fastest, at 5.8% in 2013. (Except

Paraguay 11%). Chile and Colombia are both forecasted to grow 4.4% in 2013.

Venezuela and Argentina are particularly at risk of upside pressure on inflation,

although this remained above the mid-point of the target range in many

countries.

Latin American small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can become

catalysts for productivity growth. The heterogeneity of these SMEs has to be

considered, since different firms have very different development needs and

potential.

While the region is vast and heterogeneous as a whole, four main key

challenges that affect each country differently can be highlighted:

Weak institutions with high costs associated and lack of physical security

Poor development of infrastructure

Inefficient allocation of production and human resources; and, increasingly

Lack in innovation vis-à-vis more developed, but also emerging, economies

Addressing these challenges in the next decade will be crucial to ensure the

economic and social progress of the following countries that lead the region:

1. Mexico has one of the highest improvements in the region. The

country’s efforts to boost competition and its regulatory improvements

that facilitate entrepreneurial dynamism are contributing to an

improvement of the business environment. This development, coupled

with the country’s traditional competitive strengths such as its large

internal market size, fairly good transport infrastructure, macroeconomic

policies, and strong levels of technological adoption have led Mexico to


improve its competitive edge. However, the country still suffers from

organized crime; security concerns. Adopting and implementing policies

to boost ICT, energy, and retailing, along with additional reforms to

render the labour market more efficient are still needed to increase the

efficiency of the Mexican economy. The current overall poor quality of

the educational system, insufficient company spending in R&D, and

limited innovation capacity can jeopardize the future ability of the country

to compete internationally in higher value-added sectors.

2. Panama, has remained relatively stable in most competitiveness drivers.

Overall, it benefits from important strengths in its efficient financial

market, solid transport infrastructures, and very good technological

adoption, especially through FDI. Except these advantages, the country

still faces important weaknesses in terms of education. Panama also

struggles with rigidities in its labour market, low levels of public trust of

politicians, insufficient judicial independence, and favouritism in the

decisions of government officials a situation that has deteriorated in the

past years.

3. Venezuela continues to fall because of quality of the country’s public

institutions. This dismal showing, coupled with severe weaknesses in its

markets efficiency and deterioration in the macroeconomic stability have

led the country to feature at the bottom of the region and among the

least competitive countries in the world. Despite being at the forefront in

its tertiary education enrolment rate, the overall quality of the educational

system is weak. This, added to a lack of sophisticated businesses and

poor innovation potential, critically constrain the competitiveness

performance of the country.

4. Costa Rica, is suffering of the macroeconomic imbalances seen in its

high budget deficit and inflation and a scarcity of financial resources for

the private sector. With fairly nice forecasts of around 4.5% GDP growth

rates for the coming years, the country still depicts a strong overall

position in the region thanks to its friendly trade policies, with low tariffs,

few constraints on FDI, and its strong educational system. Costa Rica

presents strong levels of technological adoption with many companies in


high-tech industries, as well as solid business sophistication and

innovation. All these factors can generate significant benefits.

5. Colombia experiences an improvement based on its competitive

strengths clustered around a stable macroeconomic environment; an

improving educational system with a high level of enrolment and a large

domestic market. On the other hand, despite the sustained efforts of the

government to improve social pacification and eradicate organized crime,

security concerns remain very high on the list of factors dragging down

its competitive potential. In addition, improved regulation to foster

domestic competition and facilitate a more efficient allocation of

resources, as well as further investments to improve the transport

infrastructure, are needed.

6. Peru improved its macroeconomic stability and strengthened its

competitive edge thanks to a better control of inflation, a reduction of the

government deficit, coupled with a friendlier environment for

entrepreneurship. The country still faces a number of important

challenges to solve as a weak public institutional environment, an

educational system in need of higher quality, and the very low level of

innovation. The impressive economic outlook for the next years, with

GDP growth rates forecast of 6% in 2012 thanks to high mineral prices,

provides a good opportunity to undertake the necessary investments and

reforms to address its pending competitive limitations.

7. Chile: remains the most competitive economy in the region. Early

measures to open and liberalize its markets by introducing high levels of

domestic and foreign competition, a relatively flexible labour market, and

one of the most sophisticated and efficient financial markets have also

helped the country to maintain its long-term growth prospects in the past

decades. As Chile moves quickly toward higher levels of rent and the

next stage of development, companies with low investment in R&D and

a weak capacity for innovation act in an innovation environment

characterized by relatively low-quality scientific research institutions and

weak university-industry collaboration in R&D. Making sufficient progress

on this front is the major challenge that Chile will face in the next decade.


8. Brazil benefits from several competitive strengths, including one of the

world’s largest internal markets and a sophisticated business

environment. Moreover, the country has one of the most efficient

financial markets and one of the highest rates of technological adoption

and innovation in the region. On a less positive note, Brazil still suffers

from weaknesses that hinder its capacity to fulfil its tremendous

competitive potential. The lagging qualities of its overall infrastructure

despite its Growth Acceleration Programme (PAC), its macroeconomic

imbalances, the poor overall quality of its educational system, the

rigidities in its labour market, and insufficient progress to boost

competition are areas of increasing concern.

9. Uruguay leverages its traditional competitiveness strengths thanks to its

transparent and well-functioning public institutions, its high rates of

education enrolment and its stable policies that encourage FDI. However,

despite this progress, inflationary pressures and the reduction of the

national savings could bring significant macroeconomic distress if not

properly tackled. Moreover, as Uruguay keeps growing and moves

steadily toward a higher stage of development, policies to increase

domestic competition that would incentivize higher business-sector

investment in R&D and innovation capacity will become increasingly

important.

10. Argentina is getting more and more unstable. The extraordinary

competitive potential of the country that benefits from a large domestic

market size and a population that has a high level of education remains

unfulfilled because of both a lack of trust in its institutions and the large

inefficiencies in its allocation of goods, as well as labour and financial

resources. Excessive red tape that benefits the expansion of the informal

economy and high barriers to trade bring a lack of confidence in the

financial system. The progressive deterioration of the country’s

macroeconomic stability and a two-digit inflation rate, casts additional

worrisome uncertainties about the sustainability of its economic growth.

Unless these weaknesses are addressed, this situation could lead the

economy back into the erratic fluctuations of the past, characterized by

high expansionary periods followed by deep recessions.


III. ITC ADOPTION IN THE REGION

Latin America continues to suffer from an important lag in adopting ICT and

technology more broadly. This is reflected in the rankings, as no country

manages to reach the top 30 and only a handful of small economies manage to

be included among the top 50 the exceptions are Chile and Uruguay. Although

the region is vast and heterogeneous, three shared reasons for this lag can be

identified: these countries all exhibit an insufficient investment in developing

their ICT infrastructure, a weak skill base in the population because of poor

educational systems that hinder society’s capacity to make an effective use of

these technologies, and unfavorable business conditions that do not support

the spur of entrepreneurship and innovation. Addressing these weaknesses will

be crucial for improving the region’s competitiveness and shifting its economies

toward more knowledge-based activities. Information and communication

technologies have an important role to play, both in reducing education’s costs

and in organizational innovation to optimize the allocation and distribution of

human resources.

Chile, in 38th position, clearly depicts the strongest performance in Latin

America. Benefiting from an entrepreneurial-friendly and well-functioning legal

framework, recent efforts to improve the overall innovation system, while still

insufficient, have paved the way for this top position within the region.

Notwithstanding these important merits, the country still suffers from a series of

weaknesses that do not allow it to benefit from the potential benefits of ICT and

technology more broadly. Although its ICT infrastructure achieves good scores

in certain dimensions, notably mobile network coverage (1st), the technological

preparedness of the country is severely hindered by the excessive costs of

accessing ICT (89th) and above all the poor quality of an educational system

that requires improvement and that fails to provide the necessary skill base

(83rd) to fully optimize the use of ICT. Therefore, despite the government-led

effort to leverage ICT (26th) with one of the widest offerings of online services

in the world (18th), the penetration rates in individual households (55th) still

lags behind. In addition, the business community needs to invest in upgrading

its capacity for innovation (62nd) in order to facilitate the achievement of further


economic impacts and shift the national economy toward more knowledge

intensive, higher-value-added activities.

Uruguay, at 44th place, is one of the leading countries in the region that has

recognized the importance of ICT. This process has been led by the

government (36th), which has made important efforts to build a good ICT

infrastructure in the country (49th) and grant wide access to ICT to school

pupils (11th) with its one computer per student policy. Despite these efforts, the

technological readiness (63rd) of the country still needs improvement,

especially in terms of raising the quality of the educational system that

presently hinders the ability to seize the full benefits of the opportunities that

ICT, and technology more broadly, can offer. Moreover, weaknesses in the

innovation system, especially at the corporate level (65th), hamper the capacity

of the country to move toward more knowledge-intensive activities (67th).

Addressing these weaknesses would represent the next step to fully leveraging

ICT deployment for competitiveness and social well-being.


Panama and Costa Rica, in 57th and 58th position, respectively, clearly stand

out from the rest of the countries in Central America a region that suffers overall

from an important connectivity lag, a low skill base, and weaknesses in its

business environment. Despite obtaining similar scores and levels of ICT usage

(56th and 63rd, respectively), Panama and Costa Rica face different challenges

to improving their level of preparedness to leverage ICT for competitiveness

and well-being. In the case of Panama—while by regional standards the

country benefits from a fairly good ICT infrastructure (55th), especially in terms

of international Internet bandwidth (47th)—the very low skill base hinders its

capacity to achieve higher ICT uptakes and stronger economic impacts (65th).

Conversely, Costa Rica benefits from a strong skill base (26th) thanks to a well-

performing educational system (23rd), but the country suffers from an ICT

infrastructure lag (77th) that thwarts its ability to achieve higher ICT uptake

rates. In both cases, improving their overall innovation systems would allow

them to benefit further from the ICT efforts and contribute to shifting their

economies toward more knowledge-intensive activities, especially in the case

of Panama (84th).


Brazil, positioned narrowly above the middle range of our rankings at 65th

place, benefits from strong levels of business ICT usage (33rd). These,

combined with fairly advanced levels of technological capacity (31st) in

particular segments of its industry, allows the country to achieve one of the

strongest performances of ICT-enabled innovations in the region, both in terms

of new products and services (29th) and more efficient processes (34th).

Notwithstanding these strengths, its overall business environment with its

burdensome procedures to create new businesses (138th) and its high tax

rates (130th), in addition to its high mobile cellular tariffs (133rd) and poor skill

availability (86th), hinder the potential of the Brazilian economy to fully benefit

from ICT and shift toward more knowledge-based activities (76th) at a faster

pace.

Colombia, at 73rd place, right below the median of our sample, presents a

mixed picture in terms of ICT development and uptake. On the one hand, the

government offers a large number of public services online (9th) and the

information it provides through its websites encourages citizens’ participation

(26th). Moreover, Colombia benefits from a relatively skillful population (58th).

On the other hand, the country still suffers from important challenges that

hamper its capacity to leverage ICT to boost competitiveness and raise well-

being. The lag in terms of ICT infrastructure and digital content (88th), coupled

with unfavorable framework conditions for entrepreneurship and innovation

(95th), result in a low ICT usage by businesses (71st). In addition, the uptake of

ICT by individuals (76th) is still low, with less than 20 percent of the population

accessing the Internet at home.


Mexico government has made important efforts to increase the number of

services online (38th) and boost the e-participation of citizens through useful,

high-quality, and relevant websites (32nd) that provide information, thus

enhancing public governance. However, the country still faces significant

weaknesses. An insufficient development of ICT infrastructure (81st), especially

in terms of international Internet bandwidth (87th), coupled with the high costs

of telecommunications (100th) and poor educational standards (107th)

negatively influence the effective and productive use of ICT by individuals

(77th) and businesses (75th). Moreover, despite the recent improvements that

facilitate entrepreneurship by reducing the number of procedures and time to

open a business (42nd), the functioning of some public institutions and the

development of a strong innovation system are still pending challenges to

creating a conducive environment for higher ICT impacts (79th). Addressing

these weaknesses in a holistic manner will determine the success of the

country in benefitting from the opportunities that ICT has to offer.


Argentina, in 92nd position, benefits from a fairly well developed ICT

infrastructure (58th), especially in terms of international Internet bandwidth

(41st) and high levels of adult literacy (51st) that could pave the way to a high

and effective ICT uptake by all members of society. However, while individuals

reach acceptable usage rates (58th), businesses (86th) seem to lag behind,

and the perception of the business community is that the government is not

prioritizing the use of ICT sufficiently (134th). In order to further leverage ICT

usage, reducing the high costs of accessing ICT (103rd) would be beneficial. In

addition, addressing the enduring shortcomings in the political and regulatory

environment (122nd) as well as in the framework conditions to boost

entrepreneurship and innovation (113rd) would allow the country to increasingly

shift its economy toward more knowledge-intensive, higher-value-added

activities.

Peru, despite the economic growth, has experienced in the past year, at 106th

place the country still lags significantly behind in terms of ICT. An insufficiently

developed and expensive (141st) ICT infrastructure (86th) coupled with a low-

quality educational system (128th) hinders the preparedness of Peru to make

an effective use of ICT. As a result, the use of ICT by all three actors individual,

business, and government is still low (81st), and despite relatively good

framework conditions for entrepreneurship (56th), the potential economic

impacts are not yet accruing.


Venezuela (107th), Paraguay (111th), Bolivia (127th), and, closing the

rankings Nicaragua (131st), trail behind the rest of countries in the region.

These countries continue to suffer from some worrisome connectivity

weaknesses, both in terms of physical and human infrastructure, which coupled

with an innovation-adverse environment result in poor leverage of ICT for

boosting competitiveness and raising well-being.


IV. LATAM E-GORVERNMENTS OVERVIEW

In the current recessionary world climate, in which the lives of people have

become ever more interconnected, governments have been harnessing the

power of information and communications technologies (ICT) for delivering

much needed sustainability in social, security and economic services to their

citizens. As part of this shift towards e-government, there has been an

increasing recognition that efforts towards an approach to governance for

sustainable development require strategic national planning to ensure efficacy,

transparency, responsiveness, participation and inclusion in the delivery of

public services. These aims could not be achieved without the underlying

notion of sustainable development for the people.

E-government has an important role to play, now and in the future. As the world

moves towards 2015, the date set for reaching the Millennium Development

Goals, the unmet targets of poverty reduction and other social and economic

development goals are being revisited.

As part of their effort to advance citizen services, developed countries are

paying greater attention to the concepts of an integrated government portal and

the re-engineering of back-office processes in designing their e-government

capabilities. E-government strategies are geared towards user centric solutions,

which serve to synergize governance processes and systems across multiple

public administration domains.


The following figures show us AMERICAS Region E-Governments Ranking:

Regional E-Governement: Top Ranked Countries Americas:

Central America Ranking: South America Ranking:

As it appears, all countries of the Central America region increased their

offerings in 2012. Mexico (0.6240) was the leader with e-government offerings

around 27 per cent higher than other countries of the region. Closely following

Mexico as number two in the region, Panama (0.5733) improved its world

ranking from 79 in 2010 to 66 in 2012. It is followed by El Salvador (0.5513)

and Costa Rica (0.5397). On the other hand, even as mobile telephony


increased in El Salvador, broadband and other access infrastructure remained

low, impeding its online service delivery uptake. Other countries of the sub-

region that improved e-services are also demonstrating that the expansion of

mobile infrastructure has allowed them to complement, and indeed supplement,

traditional access to narrow the digital divide.

V. SECURITY THROUGH BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY

Considering the development of security policies, we can observe a shift

towards an increasing concern with identity and an accompanying focus on the

need for new identification technologies to ease and speed up the task of

identification on the assumption that this will offer greater security. This is

arguably a trend that the introduction of ideas such as ‘governmental identity

management’.

In other words, security and defense are no longer just a question of observing

whether a neighboring state is increasing its weaponry or carrying out research

into novel defense technology that is perceived as a threat. Today, an

additional security concern is the problem of accurately identifying which

individuals are regarded as embodying the potential to become a future threat –

one that security policies need to target and act upon before this potential

materializes as reality. Indeed, it has been noted that confronted with these

new threat perceptions: “defense and intelligence communities require

automated methods capable of rapidly determining an individual’s true identity

as well as any previously used identities and past activities. In this particular

context, identification has thus come to be regarded as a prerequisite for

countering contemporary threats before they materialize as reality, a

prerequisite for security from individuals who are defined as portraying a

potential to become ‘threats’.

Similarly, it has been noted that: “as the scope of threats are widening with

globalization, the targets are becoming individuals”. It is within this context that

biometric technology has gained prominence, given its claim to produce a

specific type of knowledge needed for such types of identification: biometric


technology is not only capable of linking a person to past activities and/or

monitoring a person’s present activity. More than that, the collection and

storage of biometric data allows for ‘data mining’, i.e. a process that extracts

predictions about a person’s future ‘becoming’ from his or her biometric data

and, in that way, promises to deliver superior knowledge about who might and

might not come to be of particular danger.

VI. THE POPULAR BIOMETRICS MODALITIES

As our society becomes electronically connected to form one big global

community, it has become necessary to carry out reliable person recognition

often remotely and through automatic means. Surrogate representations of

identity such as passwords (prevalent in electronic access control) and cards

(prevalent in banking and government applications) no longer suffice.

Biometrics, which refers to automatic recognition of people based on their

distinctive anatomical (e.g., face, fingerprint, iris, retina, hand geometry)

characteristics, is becoming an essential component of effective person

identification solutions because biometric identifiers cannot be shared or

misplaced, and they represent the individual's bodily identity. Biometrics will be

an enabling technology with the potential to make our society safer, reduce

fraud and lead to user convenience by using the following modalities:

Face: Face recognition systems typically utilize the spatial relationship among

the locations of facial features such as eyes, nose, lips, chin, and the global

appearance of a face. The problems associated with illumination, gesture, facial

makeup, occlusion, and pose variations adversely affect the face recognition

performance. While face recognition is non-intrusive, has high user acceptance,

and provides acceptable levels of recognition performance in controlled

environments, robust face recognition in non-ideal situations continues to pose

challenges.


Fingerprint: Fingerprints consist of a regular texture pattern composed of

ridges and valleys. These ridges are characterized by several landmark points,

known as minutiae, which are mostly in the form of ridge endings and ridge

bifurcations. The spatial distribution of these minutiae points is claimed to be

unique to each finger; it is the collection of minutiae points in a fingerprint that is

primarily employed for matching two fingerprints. Emergence of low cost and

compact fingerprint readers has made fingerprint modality a preferred choice in

many civil and commercial applications.

Iris: Iris images acquired under infrared illumination consist of complex texture

pattern with numerous individual attributes. Iris recognition has been integrated

in several large-scale personal identification systems. However, relatively high

sensor cost, along with relatively large failure to enroll (FTE) rate reported in

some studies, and lack of legacy iris databases may limit its usage in some

large-scale government applications.

Palm print: Similar to fingerprints, latent palm print systems utilize minutiae

and creases for matching. While law enforcement and forensics agencies have

always collected fingerprints, it is only in recent years that large palm print

databases are becoming available. Palm print recognition systems have not yet

been deployed for civilian applications, mainly due to their large physical size

and the fact that fingerprint identification based on compact and embedded

sensors works quite well for such applications.

Hand Geometry: Person identification using hand geometry to extract a

number of geometrical features such as finger length, width, thickness,

perimeter, and finger area. The discriminatory power of these features is quite

limited, and therefore hand geometry systems are employed only for verification

applications in low security access control and time-and-attendance

applications. The hand geometry systems have large physical size, so they

cannot be easily embedded in existing security systems.

Voice: The generation of human voice involves a combination of behavioral

and physiological features. The movement of lips, jaws, tongue, velum, and


larynx constitute the behavioral component of voice which can vary over time

due to person’s age and medical condition. The spectral content of the voice is

analyzed to extract its intensity, duration, quality, and pitch information, which is

used to build a model for speaker recognition. Speaker recognition is highly

suitable for applications like tele-banking but it is quite sensitive to background

noise and playback spoofing. Again, voice biometric is primarily used in

verification mode.

Signature: Signature is a behavioral biometric modality that is used in daily

business transactions. However, attempts to develop highly accurate signature

recognition systems have not been successful. Dynamic signatures help in

acquiring the shape, speed, acceleration, pen pressure, order and speed of

strokes, during the actual act of signing. This additional information seems to

improve the verification performance (over static signatures) as well as

circumvent signature forgeries. Still, very few automatic signature verification

systems have been deployed.

DNA: Human DNA samples can be acquired from a wide variety of sources;

from hair, finger nails, saliva and blood samples. Currently, not all the steps in

DNA matching are automated and therefore results can be skewed if the

process is not conducted properly or the DNA samples themselves get

contaminated. In summary, the DNA matching process is expensive, time

consuming and therefore not yet suitable for large scale biometrics applications

for civilian usage.

Hand Veins: The vein patterns are generally stable for adults (age of 20-50

years) but begin to shrink later due to decline in strength of bones and muscles.

Biometric authentication devices using finger and palm vein imaging are now

available for some commercial applications; there is no known large scale

vascular biometric system. This could be primarily due to concerns about the

system cost and lack of large scale studies on vein individuality and stability.


VII. BIOMETRICS MARKET FORECAST DATA

Biometrics market is forecast to reach US$14 billion by 2015. The market is

mainly driven by an increasing need for security against terrorist activity,

sophisticated crimes and financial frauds. Legislative compulsions in major

markets worldwide including North America, Europe and The Middle East are

also expected to play an important role in furthering the cause of Biometrics.

Market growth in the rapidly developing economies including Latin America and

Asia Pacific would result from government expenditures and customer focused

corporate investments. Emerging Countries will be the most relevant markets to

develop in the next 5 years.

Applications with the potential of short-term, quantifiable returns on investment

such as biometrics enabled time and attendance tools will also experience

increased demand in the upcoming years. Government mandates and

regulations have and will continue to boost market prospects for biometrics.

Security compulsions of government and law enforcement services will

continue to encourage governments to enhance their spending on biometric

technologies. Incremental technology development induced rise in product

sophistication and fall in prices will also help expand demand further. With

businesses prioritizing safety and security of physical assets, its opportunities

galore in the biometrics market in the upcoming years.

1. Global Civil Biometrics Revenues @ 2016


2. Global Criminal Biometrics Revenues @ 2016

3. Civil Biometrics Technology Mapping @ 2016

As we can see Fingerprint plays a dominant role within the biometrics

market and still holds tremendous potential followed by high potential

emerging modalities such as face and iris recognition. Multimodal biometrics

offering high levels of accuracy while maintaining a relatively non-invasive

approach is expected to offer tremendous potential throughout the forecast

period. However price and usability still hinder widespread uptake

particularly for emerging region as Latin America


4. Civil Biometrics Analysis of Percent of Revenues by Verticals (World),

2009 and 2016

5. Civil Biometrics Analysis of Percent of Revenues by Applications

(World), 2009 and 2016

Government sector will remain the largest contributor, Healthcare sector

share of the market will almost double (because of adoption of

biometrics within access control, healthcare cards and for transactional

authentication). At last Automotive, retail, corporate and education are

expected to increase investments in the medium to long term to perform

stronger authentications.

During this period of time, we can expect a continued success within government installations critical in building awareness and uptake within regulated industries (healthcare, finance, transportation) and eventually towards mass adoption in other

commercial sectors.


6. Civil Biometrics Market: Geographic Analysis (World), 2009 and 2016

As stated, the US continues to remain the largest regional market for

biometrics. Asia-Pacific represents one of the fastest growing regional

markets for biometrics, with dollar sales from the region waxing at a CAGR

of about 23.8% over the analysis period. Characterized by burgeoning

economies, increase in foreign investments, rise in business formation

activities, presence of large relatively untapped private security markets and

increase in crime rates, Latin America have been witnessing increased

adoption of security systems, particularly latest biometric technologies like

iris scans, facial recognition. Iris/Retinal Scan market is the fastest growing

segment, by technology, with dollar sales waxing at a CAGR of about 25.9%

over the next four years.

The technologies on the Hype Cycle that make this possible include human

augmentation, volumetric and holographic displays, automatic content

recognition, natural-language question answering, speech-to-speech

translation, big data, gamification, augmented reality, cloud computing, NFC,

gesture control, virtual worlds, biometric authentication methods and speech

recognition. Many of these technologies have been "emerging" for multiple

years and are starting to become commonplace, however, a few stand out

as tipping point technologies including natural-language question answering

and NFC.


2012 Gartner’s latest Hype Cycle statement concludes that rising up the

slope of enlightenment are consumerization of IT and biometric

authentication. The issue is that both are still two to five years away from

the Plateau of Enlightenment.

7. Priority Matrix for New Technologies


8. Players

Major players in the marketplace include 3M Corporation, AcSys Biometrics

Corp., AuthenTec, Inc., BIO-key International, Inc., SecureTouch Retail

Systems, Biometric Security Limited, Communication Intelligence Corporation,

Ivrnet, DigitalPersona, Inc., Fujitsu Limited, i2 Inc., Imprivata, RCG Holdings

Limited, SAFRAN Group, Morpho, SecuGen Corporation, NEC Corporation of

America, Precise Biometrics AB, Sensory Inc., Atos Origin S.A., TSSI Systems

Ltd., ZK Software, among others.

VIII. BIOMETRICS GROUTH AREAS

The biometrics market is projected to experience strong growth in the coming

years, a fact that is expected to attract buyers and investors to the space. In a

study recently published by ReportLinker, the biometrics industry is projected to

grow at a 21% CAGR during the 2012‐2014 period. Other studies show similar

growth rates extending through 2017. Some of this growth will undoubtedly

result from large government contracts going to sizable public companies. With

such strong growth anticipated, both corporate buyers and private equity

groups are looking for opportunities to enter, or expand in, the market.

As stated, industry growth is being driven by increasing public security

requirements and the need for superior security systems around the world,

including those concerning Internet & network access and in financial

transactions. The biometrics industry has made great progress in the markets

of national and homeland security, the military and law enforcement;

approximately 59% of industry revenues are generated by the public sector. But

the commercial market has been gaining share in recent years and industry

experts believe that targeted commercial opportunities will drive rapid market

expansion and represent exciting growth potential for the industry. Declining

prices, increased standardization, improved developer toolkits and the

increased involvement of established IT and electronics companies will all lead

to further penetration of the commercial market.


Government mandates and regulations will continue to boost the civil market,

while consumer‐based applications will be wide‐reaching, from securing

personal computers, mobile devices, and physical locations to improving social

media experiences, e‐commerce and time and attendance tools.

Growth areas include:

Mobile Security: Mobile biometrics is slated to grow dramatically as mobile

payment systems will require greater security than devices currently offer.

Mobile payment technology is on the rise and biometrics will likely follow.

Biometric Passports: While biometric passports have been around for a

number of years, their prevalence is increasing. eGate implementation is

expected to be a main revenue generator for civil and military biometrics

markets globally in the coming years.

Banking and Financial Services: Biometrics is increasingly being used to

improve security in financial transactions, especially abroad. While the

established US financial sector may be more reluctant to adopt this approach to

security, overseas growth is likely to be strong.

In terms of biometric technologies, fingerprint technology continues to dominate

the industry, but iris and face recognition are gaining ground. There are plenty

of emerging technologies as well, including DNA, fingernail patterns, gait

recognition, vein patterns and skin biometrics. In the coming years,

technological advancements should continue to revolutionize the ease of use,

accuracy, performance and cost of biometrics, expanding their use in both

commercial and government applications.


IX. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ON THE RISE

1. Security- as- a-service & managed Services:

Definition: Security-as-a-service (SaaS) is a fast emerging outsourcing

model for security management and the technology is expected to play a

significant role in the development of safer cities in the coming years. It may

refer to security management provided in-house by an external

organization.

Numerous security vendors are planning to leverage cloud based models to

deliver security solutions.

Advice: With growing interest from various security solutions providers, the

market expects this technology to fast catch up and witness significant

growth in the coming years.

Business Impact: Following are some of the major drivers of the global

SaaS market:

Replacement of human resources

Convergence of physical security

Switch from CAPEX to OPEX

Complexity reduction

Following are some of the major restraints of the SaaS market:

Privacy & data concern

Reduced control of security systems

2. Biometric Authentication Definition: Biometric authentication methods use biometric characteristics

or traits to verify users' claimed identities when accessing devices,

networks, networked applications or Web applications. Across a wide range

of use cases, any biometric authentication method may be used in one of

two modes: one-to-one comparison or one-to-many search mode.


Advice: While the availability of device-embedded biometric authentication

in mobile phones remains low and inconsistent, server- or cloud-based

biometric authentication products can exploit phones' (as well as PCs')

microphones, user-facing cameras and keyboards (including touchscreen

keyboards) as capture devices for voice, face topography (and possibly iris

structure) and typing rhythm. Some vendors offer solutions that exploit

phones as capture devices to authenticate access from users' PCs and

without tying users to particular PCs. Mobile phones will overtake PCs as

the most common Web access device worldwide by 2013. A significantly

increased interest should be expected in biometric authentication for

workforce and external users accessing higher-value Web applications via

mobile phones during the next two years, as well as increased success in

the year or two following.

Benefit Rating: Moderate

Market Penetration: 5% to 20% of target audience

Maturity: Early mainstream

3. Phone-Based Authentication

Definition: Phone-based authentication methods are those that make use

of a mobile phone as an authentication token.

There are two popular options:

A one-time password (OTP) software token for a mobile phone,

which allows the phone to be used like a traditional OTP hardware

token with a display and PIN pad

An out-of-band (OOB) authentication method, in which a user and an

authentication server exchange authentication information over a

different channel from the one between the endpoint and the server

In both cases, the same mechanism can be used to provide transaction

verification. While this is an important component of online customer

security, especially in financial services, transaction verification is out of

scope for this profile.


Advice: The visibility of phone-based authentication methods increased

over the past 2 years, most notably when Google announced that it was

offering both OTP software tokens for phones and SMS-based OOB

authentication for access to Google Apps, and when Facebook (in 2011)

announced it was enabling SMS-based OOB authentication for user access.

OTP software tokens for mobile phones are less popular, but enterprises

tend to prefer them for users with time-critical remote access needs,

because OOB authentication methods can be vulnerable to cellular-network

coverage, availability and latency problems. OTP software tokens also

provide higher assurance than OOB authentication methods, and so suit

higher-value access. However, phone-based authentication methods alone

may still be suitable for medium-risk use cases. It is now evident that there

is a significant volume of use cases where this is appropriate, that the

incidence of these use cases is rapidly increasing, and thus that there will

be productive use of phone-based authentication methods and adoption by

20% to 50% of the market within the next few years but these methods will

take more than 10 years to reach the plateau. Mechanisms that generate a

digital signature on the phone to provide transaction verification are

emerging.

Business Impact: Phone-based authentication methods provide

authentication in a form that is independent of any particular PC or OS, at a

lower cost than traditional OTP tokens, and with greater convenience for the

user. Furthermore, these methods help with "green" IT initiatives, because

they avoid the need for further devices that will have an environmental

impact. Some phone-based authentication methods can provide additional

value through transaction verification via the same mechanism.

Benefit Rating: Moderate


Maturity: Early mainstream


4. Device-Embedded Biometric Authentication Definition: Device-embedded biometric authentication is a specialized use

of biometric authentication methods to improve the endpoint security of

mobile devices, such as PCs and phones, using capture devices ("sensors")

and feature extraction and comparison software built into the device itself.

Because such a mobile device is essentially personal to one user, the mode

is typically a one-to one comparison of a probe biometric sample against the

user's biometric reference stored on the device.

Advice: There is good reason to believe that enterprise interest will

increase as mobile phones become ever more capable and endpoint

security for phones grows in importance. Even with continued improvement

in fingerprint-sensor technologies, we should expect "passive" biometric

authentication (for example, using face topography) to provide more

consistency and universality. Thus, it will become more prevalent during the

next five years, particularly on phones, where front-facing cameras are

increasingly common. A more robust strategy for access to the network and

downstream or Web applications is to leverage the endpoint (PC or

smartphone) as just a capture device for back-end biometric authentication.

Business Impact: For mobile devices, such as PCs and phones, device-

embedded biometric authentication provides endpoint authentication without

the need for passwords or additional tokens. Thus, it has the potential to

provide significant improvements in user convenience and reduced

operational costs. However, usability issues and a lack of consistency of

technology across different endpoints and vendors will continue to limit the

potential value, and the approach is unsuited for access to the network and

downstream or Web applications.

Benefit Rating: Low


Maturity: Adolescent


X. ISSUES & CHALENGES

Despite the encouraging results and the success of biometric technology in

controlled laboratory environments, there are still a few concerns and

challenges when collecting and using biometrics in actual environments with

plans to a major scaling up to establish an identification system at a national

level.

1. Not everyone can be enrolled in a fingerprint-based identification

system. Fingerprints can be unrecognizable due to cuts or burns or

extreme weight gain or loss. In addition, older individuals may have poor

fingerprints, or the operation of fingerprint readers may be jeopardized due

to arthritis. In other cases skin pigmentation obfuscates the possibility of

getting readable prints. In the most comprehensive study to test the process

and customer attitude during the recording of biometric information, the UK

Passport Service Trial reports an enrolment success rate of 100 per cent for

the 9,250 non-disabled participants and 96 per cent for the 750 disabled

participants.

2. The accuracy of biometric technology remains untested. Biometric

companies report very high accuracy rates from highly controlled trials

which typically use artificially generated data. However, because the

performance of a technology depends greatly on the context, trials using

real life data are far less impressive. Different Trials reports that only 80 per

cent of the cases could be correctly verified, younger individuals being more

successful than older. According to a recent review of available systems,

only a handful of products achieved an equal error rate of under 3%, and

the performance of most was much worse. The cautionary tale is that as the

collection of biometric information increases, and as it moves from law

enforcement to civilian applications, the error rate may significantly increase

3. Individuals negative attitude towards providing their biometrics. there

is the widespread public perception that fingerprinting is linked to the

criminal justice process, individuals may refuse to provide biometrics for fear

of persecution by authorities or others that gain illegal access to such


biometric records. The collection of biometric information could be

considered an infringement of civil liberties.

4. The cost of collecting biometrics can be high. The estimates are sparse

and detailed cost-benefits analyses have not been systematically

conducted. However, the costs of using different types of biometric

technology starting from basic fingerprinting techniques to voice and iris

recognition software can be prohibitively expensive.

5. Biometric technology is not infallible. While biometric technology can be

big step forward to combating issues of identity theft, fraud, and money-

laundering efforts, it is essentially a technological application. As is the case

with any other technology, it can be hacked, infiltrated, or runs the risk of

having data fall into the wrong hands. Since biometric technology in only at

present being piloted on a large scale in some pockets of the world,

legitimate concerns on privacy do arise. For example, it is possible to

imagine that workers on the ID database will be corrupted, threatened or

blackmailed. After all, the perpetrators of 80 per cent of all computer

security lapses are not hackers, but employees. Optical scanners that use

minutiae-based and pattern-matching technologies have been tricked into

accepting reactivated latent prints or artificial fingers with forged fingerprints.

It is important that a common platform is used if biometrics data is merged with

other datasets. Biometric data is stored in formats that may not be compatible

with the information systems of other government agencies so an effort must be

made to have compatibility if it has to serve as the basis for a national

identification system.


XI. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations, based on literature review for this paper, may

provide useful advices for Biometrics Solutions business initiatives in Latin

America.

1. Strategic Vision:

Japan is the world’s leading and most innovative biometric environment.

The Japanese biometric industry leads international competition in research,

technology, applications and sales. Sovereign, other public and private

customers worldwide prefer Japanese biometric solutions due to their

superior quality and reliability. The industry is a strong and growth oriented

part of the Japanese economy and sells products and solutions that make

the society safer and provide convenience to users.

2. Business Mission:

Biometric solutions are dedicated to meet and exceed the requirements of

governmental, other public, private sector and consumer needs in the field

of biometrics fast, efficient, with superior quality, and on the highest security

level. They research, develop, manufacture, integrate, sell, operate and

consult in the field of biometrics. Understanding the societal responsibility of

any business, the industry commits to the Corporate Governance Code and

the values of ethical business behavior. This means respect for human

dignity, responsibility, trustworthiness, fairness and caring towards their

customers, all interest groups and the society. Biometric solutions seek to

improve the legal and societal framework of biometric technologies, and

they support environmental issues.

Summarizing basic values, these are:

Public and private customer orientation

High security

Superior quality

Technological competence and leadership in international

competition


Innovation & future orientation

Research & application orientation

Commitment to economic policy

Ethical commitment – responsibility, trustworthiness, respect,

fairness, and caring

Environmental commitment

3. Objectives:

Objectives translate both vision and mission into concrete outcomes and

milestones, and they express the commitment to achieve a given result in a

given time. Therefore, they should be measurable, tied to a time restraint,

and achievable. Objectives are either financial (e.g., a higher Return on

Investment) or strategic (market-, efficiency-, competition-, prestige-

oriented etc.). Moreover, they can be oriented towards social and

ecological achievements. Based upon the strategic analysis results, and

pursuing vision and mission, the following objectives are suggested:

4. Financial

Annual revenue growth equivalent to total world biometric revenue

growth, i.e. at least 15% annually in the next 5 years. In the long term,

the LATAM market growth rate should even exceed the world market

growth rate to close the gap to the main competitors.

Biometric investments should create a positive and steadily increasing

net cash flow.

Costs and prices of biometric products should reduce faster than the

U.S. and British biometric industries.

Other financial objectives could be defined by the Strategy Department.

5. Strategic

Achieve a world market share over 5% by 2017. This means to

participate in the growth of international markets and, simultaneously,

large-scale entry in the Latam Region and other emerging Markets.


Diversify the structure of domestic demand to diminish dependency on

government purchases.

Gain technology and quality leadership in the world biometric market,

demonstrated by internationally recognized comparative tests.

Brand recognition should exceeds the U.S. and British biometric brand

recognition among customers in terms of quality, reliability and security.

Research and develop new innovative biometric technologies and

market new products faster than international competitors.

Achieve legal certainty with respect to detailed data protection and

biometric application guidelines.

Support market consolidation to become competitive in size on the

company level.

6. Social & Environmental

Enhance public perception of biometrics and technology acceptance.

This should be reflected in positive media coverage.

Reduce risk aversion among customers.

Prevent ecological criticism in biometric technologies, e.g. concerning

recycling of sort-out products.

7. Strategy Recommendations

The pursued strategy approach for biometric solutions entry should be

strongly market-oriented for three reasons. First, the strategic analysis

indicated that developing the LATAM biometric market is the most difficult

strategic aspect. Second, the industry comprises many players with

contradictory competitive and financial interests. Therefore, an industry

strategy will concentrate on non-competitive domestic aspects and

international competition. Financial aspects must remain general as

described by the objectives in the previous section. Third, this approach is

supported by the observation that increasingly, markets are the bottleneck

of managerial and business activities. Therefore, strategic marketing applies

strategic management methods to analyze complex market situations and

provide the basis for decision making and implementation of activities. This


enables the permanent adaption of objectives, resources and strategies to

changing environment and market conditions to guarantee the survival of

the company. Modern, market-oriented management has to comprise all

these fields. The strategy should also consider general regional economic

and security interests. Considering these premises, a joint industry

strategy is possible as a consensus that can differ from the companies’

individual strategies.Based on this approach, the sub-strategies should be

develop systematically, then illustrated in a strategy grid.

XII. CONCLUSIONS

Four technological developments will lead to evolution of second generation

biometrics systems; (i) emergence of potentially new biometric traits, (ii)

added value offered by soft biometrics, (iii) effective use of multiple

biometric traits for large-scale human identification, and (iv) technologies

to ensure a high degree of privacy, security and flexibility in the usage of

biometrics systems.

The expectations and the challenges for the second generation biometrics

technologies are huge, technologies is going to be cumulative and continuous

effort, rather than resulting from a single novel invention. The low cost of

biometrics sensors and acceptable matching performance have been the

dominating factors in the popularity of fingerprint modality for commercial

usage. Continued improvements in the matching performance and gradual

reduction in cost of biometrics sensors can be cumulative enough to alter the

selection of biometrics modalities in future. The development of smart sensing

technologies will allow the researchers to effectively exploit extended biometric

features and develop high performance matchers using efficient noise

elimination techniques.

Surveillance will be a key issue for social and political analysis in the 21st

century. It is also a crucial arena for ethical scrutiny and for policy debate. It

takes its place within a larger politics of information that promises to expand as

organizations come increasingly to depend on informational infrastructures.


Information, and above all personal information, has become valuable both to

corporations seeking to construct customers for their products and for

governments concerned about the adequacy of their security arrangements.

Because these two very powerful entities are pushing hard for access to ever-

increasing sources of digital data it is clear that the struggle to ensure that

sufficient safeguards are in place to protect persons will be severe.

Social and privacy concerns associated with biometrics technologies can be

effectively handled with a two-fold approach. Firstly, the personal privacy

should be regarded as an essential component of biometrics technologies.

Policy makers, system developers and system integrators must ensure that

these technologies are used properly. Secondly, the policy issues (ethical and

legal framework) relating to the deployment of biometrics technologies should

be clearly formulated to demarcate the conflict of interests among the

stakeholders. The development of widely acceptable biometrics standards,

practices and policies should address not only the problems relating to identity

thefts but also ensure that the advantages of biometrics technologies reaches,

particularly to the underprivileged segments of society who have been largely

suffering from identity hacking.

The future of biometrics societies is by no means a foregone conclusion. What

actually happens from day to day is not the result of some technological fate or

some relentless social process. Organizations are governed by many other

factors in addition to bureaucratic rationality. Human beings are knowledgeable

and reflexive, fully capable of intelligent response to the growth of surveillance

systems, particularly when the latter appear to operate in unfair or inappropriate

ways. So much, in other words, is contingent, that no definitive forecasts about

surveillance societies are either possible or desirable. At the same time,

standing back to take a long-term view of where discernible trends seem to be

leading is worthwhile.

Positively, this means that every effort should be made both to understand and

to intervene in surveillance societies, on multiple levels. More research is

required to follow through the implications of surveillance expansion, especially


in areas involving biometrics, universal identifiers, and video (CCTV), along

with the growing cross-border traffic in personal data for both law-enforcement

and commercial purposes. Ethical and policy research is also vital as a

background to how governments and other authorities should debate attempts

to regulate personal data flows. Educational initiatives are also required, both at

a general level within high schools and universities and (especially) within

university departments of computer and information science, to encourage

contextual understanding of everyday processes involving personal information.

While the future of the surveillance society may not be a foregone conclusion,

present directions suggest that urgent, concerted and informed action will have

to be taken on a number of fronts to harness surveillance power for humane

and just purposes, and thus to preclude the possibility that it creates as many

risks as it sets out to limit. While there are palpable risks to be faced – yes, with

the aid of technology in the unstable globalized world of the 21st century, it

must be seen that these risks include ones that are technologically mediated

and augmented. Companies and governments must come to realize that

nothing important is lost, and much that is vital could be gained, by attending

carefully to the social and political consequences of automating personal data

processing. The future of liveable democratic societies will depend in part on

seeing questions of data protection and civil liberties as more than mere noise

in the process of selling technologies and promoting security.

.

Herve Delhumeau

Managing Partner

H+D Consulting Group


Resources:

Workshop London, England, June 23, 2009, available at

http://www.ipc.on.ca/images/Resources/2009-06-23

TrustEconomics.pdf3

Cavoukian, Ann (2011) “Patience, Persistence, and Faith: Evolving the

Gold Standard in Privacy and Data Protection”, IFIP Advances in

Information and Communication

Biometrics Collection Device Fails to Meet Standards”, Data Breach

Today, http://www.databreachtoday.asia/articles.php?art_id=3600

Georgia Institute of Technology “Walk the Walk: Gait Recognition

Technology”, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/GAIT.htm

Global Security Intelligence (2012) http://globalseci.com/ page_id=44

Identification”, USAWC Strategy Research Project.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA404488

Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology,

http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/

Applications, Challenges and Research Areas”, International Journal of

Biometrics

Biometrics and the Challenges to Privacy, Ottawa, Canada.

http://www.i-gov.org/images/articles/15467/Biometrics.pdf

Systems News: http://www.securitysystemsnews.com/article/report-

finds-biometrics-‘fallible’-siadisagrees

U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Annual Report Military and Security

Developments.

U.S. Department of State (DOS) (2012) “Safety & Security of U.S.

Borders”. http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/info/info_1336.html

360 Biometrics, What is a Hand Geometry, URL:

http://360biometrics.com/faq/Hand-Geometry-Biometrics.php

360 Biometrics, Difference Between Identification and Authentication,

URL: http://www.360biometrics.com/blog/difference-between-

identification-authentication/


About.com Terrorism Issues. History of Biometrics URL:

http://terrorism.about.com/od/issuestrends/tp/History-of-Biometrics.htm

A Century of Biometrics, URL

http://www.cnil.fr/fileadmin/documents/en/AR-22-biometrics_VA.pdf

Authentify Voice Biometric Authentication URL:

http://www.authentify.com/solutions/voice_biometrics.html

Biometrics in the Here and Now URL:

http://www.technewsworld.com/story/59728.html

Demistifying Voice Biometrics: The Future of Security is Available Today

URL: http://www.usfst.com/article/Demystifying-Voice-Biometrics--The-

Future-of-Security-is-Available-Today

Derawi Biometrics: Research on Different Biometric Modalities, Gait,

URL: http://biometrics.derawi.com/?page_id=38

DNA as A Biometric Identifier, URL:

http://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse891/Sect601/CaseStudy/DNABiometricIde

ntifier.pdf

Global Security.org, Hand Geometry and Handwriting, URL:

http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/systems/biometrics-hand.htm

Bometric Gait recognition, Jeffrey E.Boyd, James J.Little, URL:

http://course.ku.ac.th/lms/files/resources_files/2512/157917/gait_10.1.1.

110.9741.pdf

Biometrics History,

URL:http://www.biometrics.gov/documents/biohistory.pdf

Biometrics in the Here and Now URL:

http://www.technewsworld.com/story/59728.html

Derawi Biometrics: Research on Different Biometric Modalities, Gait,

URL: http://biometrics.derawi.com/?page_id=38

DNA as A Biometric Identifier, URL:

http://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse891/Sect601/CaseStudy/DNABiometricIde

ntifier.pdf

Gartner Group / July 2012 Report

Frost & Sullivan

biometrics report and entry strategy latam

Documents

biometrics industry

biometrics usage

biometrics growth areas

biometric technology

popular biometrics modalities

biometric applications

fingerprint technology

commercial sector