Biometrics: An overview

Presented By:Prof. M. HanmandluDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIIT Delhi

Outline

Introduction

Biometric Traits

Multimodal Biometrics

Threats to Biometrics

Biometric Standards

Introduction :The need to Identify

Every day we are required to

Access a cash machine using a bank card with a PIN

To log on a computer with the password

Open a door with a key

Provide a passport and driving licence as proof of identity

We need to be able to accurately IDENTIFY an individual to minimize the current issues and threats

Is Biometrics The Answer

A biometric is part of the person and is not easily compromised through:

Theft

Collusion

Loss

Simplifies user management resulting in cost savings

Users do not need to remember PINS & passwords

Easy to use

Biometric Definition

The automated recognition of individuals is based on their behavioural and biological characteristics

The general meaning of biometrics encompasses counting, measuring and statistical analysis of any kind of data in the biological sciences including the relevant medical sciences

The term is derived from the Greek words “bios” meaning life and “metron” meaning measure

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Biological and behavioural

Biological

Fingerprint

Iris

Vein pattern

Hand geometry

DNA

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Behavioural

Signature

Gait

Voice

Keystroke dynamics

Biometric Market Share

Classes of biometrics

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Biometric Traits: Iris

Captures the pattern of flecks on the iris

Uses conventional cameras

Average 2 seconds for identification

No physical contact between user and reader

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Face

Based upon the geometric shape and position features of the face

Resistant to changes in skin tone, facial hair, hair style, and eye glasses

No active user involvement required in order to perform identification/verification

Limited success in practical applications

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Hand geometry

Measures the physical characteristics of the user’s hand and fingers

Low level infrared light and camera used to capture an image

Suited to applications where there is a large user base or users access the system infrequently

Systems are easy to use and robust

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Signature

Authentication is based on the analysis of the dynamics of a handwritten signature, e.g. shape, speed, stroke order, pen pressure

Generally use pressure sensitive tablets or wired pens

User friendly

Non intrusive – minimal public acceptance issues

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Fingerprint

Variety of fingerprint devices available (silicon and optical)

Template constructed by analysing patterns that make the fingerprint

Minutiae (Bifurcations

& ridge endings)

New Trends in Biometrics: Knuckle

Infrared Thermal vein

Facial Thermogram

Ear print

Retina

Human eye has its own totally unique pattern of blood vessels.

Because of its internal location, the retina is protected from variations caused by exposure to the external environment (unlike fingerprints).

Which Biometric is the Best?

Universality (everyone should have this trait)

Uniqueness (everyone has a different value)

Permanence (should be invariant with time)

Collectability (can be measured quantitatively)

Performance (achievable recognition accuracy, resources required, operating environment)

Acceptability (are people willing to accept it?)

Circumvention (how easily can it be spoofed?)

Multimodal Biometrics

Multimodal Biometric system is a system that uses more than one independent or weakly correlated biometric identifiers taken from an individual (e.g., fingerprint and face of the same person, or fingerprints from two different fingers of a person)

Multimodal Systems

Multimodal biometrics systems improve performance

A combination in a verification system (1:1) improves system accuracy

A combination in an identification system(1:n) improves system speed as well as accuracy

Multi-modal Systems: Fusion

Decision fusion

Each modality is first pre-classified independently

The final classification is based on the fusion of the outputs of the different modalities

PRSG Meeting Jan 09 IIT Delhi

Performance Evaluation (ROC:FAR vs. GAR)

Decisions based on two types of error rates

FAR: Number of imposter scores, falsely accepted

FRR: FRR: NNumberumber of genuine scores, falsely rejectedof genuine scores, falsely rejected

Genuine Acceptance rate Genuine Acceptance rate GAR=100GAR=100--FRRFRR

Threats to Biometrics

The Modern Burglar

Matsumoto’s Technique: Fingerprint Spoofing

Only a few dollars’ worth of materials

Making the Actual Clone

You can place the “gummy finger” over your real finger.

Biometric Standards

A field of study devoted to the design, development, and analysis based on natural selection (simulated evolution).

A population of Candidate Solutions (CSs) is randomly generated.

Each of the CSs is evaluated and assigned a fitness value based on a user specified evaluation function.

The Benefits of Standards

They foster wide spread utilization of the Biometric technology

They are a sign of industry maturity

They reduce time-to-market

They facilitate interchange and/or interoperability

They reduce risk of integrators and the end users

They reduce vendor “lock-in” effect

Basic Standards

BioAPI – The most popular API in the biometrics area

CBEFF – Common Biometric Exchange File Format

ANSI X9.84-2003 – Biometric Information Management and Security for the Financial Services Industry

ISO/IEC 19794 – Biometric Data Interchange Formats

Features

DCT, PCA (Face, Iris)

Gabor, wavelet & fuzzy (Iris, Palmprint,Hand vein)

ICA (hand geometry, ear)

Classifiers

Euclidean Distance

Hamming Distance

SVM, Fuzzy SVM

RBF Networks

BPNN

Evolutionary Learning

Particle Swarm Optimization

Ant Colony Optimization

Bacterial Foraging

Genetic Algorithm

Reinforced Learning

Hybrids of the above

Conclusions

Biometrics is an ever growing field

New traits are being explored

New sensors are being developed

Biometrics standards are being evolved

It is an era of Biometrics fusion

Sky is the limit to the human aspirations

References and Links

Signal Processing Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

http://scgwww.epfl.ch/

Biometric Systems Lab, University of Bolognahttp://bias.csr.unibo.it/research/biolab/

www.sciencedierect.com

Textbooks 1 and 2 CPSC 601.20

Thank You !Thank You !