BIO-ELECTRONIC AUTO INSULIN PUMP

A term paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of

Bachelor of technology

In

Electronics and Instrumentation

Submitted by

R.Praneetha (128W1A1099) S.L.Yogitha (128W1A10A6)

V.Parimala (118W1A10B8) P.Venkat Sai Teja (128W1A10B2)

Under the guidance of

Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY, M.Tech

Asst.Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS&INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

VR SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

(Affiliated by JNTUK, Kakinada)

Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA and ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute

Ph.No:0866-2582333/2584930 Fax: 0866-2582672

2014-2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS&INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

VR SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the term paper titled “BIO-ELECTRONIC AUTO INSULIN

PUMP” is a bonafied record of work done by R.PRANEETHA (128W1A1099),

S.L.YOGITHA (128W1A10A6), V.PARIMALA (118W1A10B8), P.VENKAT SAI TEJA

(128W1A10B2), under the guidance of Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY, Asst.Professor EIE Dept

and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Bachelor

of technology In Electronics and Instrumentation, V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College,

(Autonomous, Affiliated to JNTUK) during the academic year 2015-2016.The results in the term

paper report have not been submitted to any other university or institution for award of degree.

Guide:(Mrs.P.SUSHMA CHOWDARY)M.Tech (Dr.G.N.SWAMY)M.Tech.,PhD

Asst.Professor, Professor and Head,

Dept of EIE. Dept. of EIE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This documentation would not have been possible without the support of many people.

We thank, Dr.A.V.Ratna Prasad, Principal, for providing excellent academic

environment in the college.

Our deepest gratitude to Dr.G.N.Swamy, Professor and Head, Department of

Electronics and Instrumentation, without whose support and guidance, this term paper would

not have been successful.

Our deepest gratitude to, Mrs.P.Sushma Chowdary, Asst. Professor EIE, who was

abundantly helpful and rendered her guidance and her valuable technical and moral support

throughout this term paper work.

With pleasure, we thank all other faculty members and all non-teaching staff of EIE

department.We would like to convey thanks to lab faculty and staff for providing the

computer facilities and helping us throughout the work.

R.Praneetha (128W1A1099)

S.L.Yogitha (128W1A10A6)

V.Parimala (118W1A10B8)

P.Venkat Sai Teja (128W1A10B2)

iii

CONTENTS PG.NO

ABSTRACT 1

1.INTRODUCTION 2

2.DEFINITION OF AN INSULIN PUMP 3

3.HISTORY OF INSULIN PUMP 4

4.PARTS OF AN INSULIN PUMP 4

5.FEATURES 6

6.INSULIN PUMP SOLUTIONS 6

6.1PUMP MECHANISM6.2FLOW SENSING6.3POWER SUPPLIES6.4BATTERY MANAGEMENT6.5PROGRAMMABILITY6.6DISPLAY/KEYBOARDS

7.WORKING OF AN INSULIN PUMP 9

7.1BASAL RATE7.2BOLUS DOSE

8.BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION 10

9.ADVANTAGES 11

10.DISADVANTAGES 12

11.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 12

12.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 13

13.LITERATURE REVIEW 15

13.1INTRODUCTION13.2A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING DEVICE13.3DEVELOPMENTAL AREAS13.4SUMMARY

14.CONCLUSION 1815.REFERENCES 19

ABSTRACT

The term Insulin (from the Latin, insula) refers to a peptide hormone produced by beta

cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the

absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be

stored rather than used for energy. Insulin also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver.

The people suffering from diabetes cannot prepare their own insulin(a hormone generally

secreted by pancreas).So,it is to be taken from an external device.Unlike many medicines, insulin

cannot be taken orally at the present time. There has been some research into ways to protect

insulin from the digestive tract, so that it can be administered in a pill. So far this is entirely

experimental. Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single-use syringes with

needles, an insulin pump, or by repeated-use insulin pens with needles. Administration schedules

often attempt to mimic the physiologic secretion of insulin by the pancreas. Hence, both a long-

acting insulin and a short-acting insulin are typically used.

Patients who wish to reduce repeated skin puncture of insulin injections often use an insulin

pump. An insulin pump is a medical device used for the administration of insulin in the

treatment of diabetes mellitus. A traditional pump includes the pump (including controls,

processing module, and batteries), a disposable reservoir for insulin (inside the pump), a

disposable infusion set, including a cannula for subcutaneous insertion (under the skin) and a

tubing system to interface the insulin reservoir to the cannula.In this term paper we are going to

discuss about working of an insulin pump,its uses,disadvantages,recent and future developments.

1

I. INTRODUCTION

Diabetes became one of the most common diseases throughout the world. The World Health

Organization (WHO) estimated that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the

8th leading cause of death. In 2014, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that

diabetes resulted in 4.9 million deaths.

Earlier diabetic treatments include consumption of capsules, ayurvedic treatment, herbal

treatment etc. These are very effective in controlling blood sugar of diabetic patients. But, as

mentioned earlier, diabetes is a disease due to improper functioning of pancreas. Pancreas

secretes a hormone called insulin, which metabolizes blood sugar level. When it cannot produce

the hormone in a required amount, it results in diabetes. The only thing patients can do is to

inject insulin from an external device.

The most recent development in such external device is an insulin pump. An insulin pump is

an alternative to multiple daily injections of insulin by insulin syringes or an insulin pen and

allows for intensive insulin therapy when used in conjunction with blood glucose monitoring and

carb counting.The insulin pump delivers a single type of rapid-acting insulin in two ways: a

bolus dose that is pumped to cover food eaten or to correct a high blood glucose level, a basal

dose that is pumped continuously at an adjustable basal rate to deliver insulin needed between

meals and at night.You can also change your meal bolus based on the foods you choose to eat.

Insulin pump therapy provides more flexibility for your lifestyle while giving you greater control

of your diabetes.

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II. INSULIN PUMP

Insulin pump [3] is a small, computerized device that some people with diabetes use to help

manage their blood sugar. They wear their pump on their belt or put it in their pocket. The pump

releases rapid-acting insulin into the body through a small, flexible tube (called a catheter) which

goes under the belly's skin and is taped in place.

Some doctors prefer the insulin pump because it releases insulin slowly, like how a normal

pancreas works.Another advantage of the insulin pump is that you don't have to measure insulin

into a syringe.Research is mixed on whether the pump provides better blood sugar control than

more than one daily injection.For instance, more recent models may include disposable or semi-

disposable designs for the pumping mechanism and may eliminate tubing from the infusion set.

The insulin pump is not an artificial pancreas (because you still have to monitor your blood

glucose level), but pumps can help some people achieve better control, and many people prefer

this continuous system of insulin delivery over injections.Pumps can be programmed to releases

small doses of insulin continuously (basal), or a bolus dose close to mealtime to control the rise

in blood glucose after a meal. This delivery system most closely mimics the body's normal

release of insulin.

Figure 1:Insulin Pump

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III. HISTORY OF INSULIN PUMP

In 1963 Dr. Arnold Kadish designed the first insulin pump to be worn as a backpack.In the

seventies, the first insulin pump was approximately the size of a microwave oven.That first pump

performed exactly the same functions that the beta cells did in a non-diabetic pancreas.

Figure 2: An early,large model of an insulin pump

The first portable insulin pump was in fact a chemotherapy pump, and the idea taken from

the way cancer patients were given their medicines.The first pump weighed over a pound (not by

much) and used a large syringe placed on the outside of the pump.

The early pump was about the size of an aerosol can, only a bit wider and rectangular.The

pump delivered diluted regular insulin at a constant rate and the user pumped in extra insulin

based upon meal times and blood glucose levels.

Today’s pump is much different than its predecessors. The new-generation pumps are still

controlled by the wearer (called an "open loop system") but they offer a much wider variety of

features, and a decrease in size.The newer pumps also have features which make it easier to track

trends in lifestyle.They store huge quantities of data such as when and how much insulin the user

has taken or when alarms have gone off and for what reason.

IV.PARTS OF AN INSULIN PUMP

Most insulin pumps are about the size of a pager, and contain a reservoir of insulin, the

pumping mechanism, battery, computer chip and screen. They are outside of the body, so they

are called external pumps.Implantable drug delivery systems are placed in a convenient

location,generally placed in the subcutaneous tissue of chest or abdomen for concealment.

The insulin is contained in a user-replaceable cartridge held inside the pump. This reservoir

is effectively a specialized syringe with a piston that is slowly pressed by the pump. The

cartridge output is connected to flexible tubing going to the patient's subcutaneous injection site,

usually on the abdomen.

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Figure 3: Continuous Blood Glucose Monitor

A related product for managing diabetes is a continuous blood glucose monitor[1]. This

device provides real-time glucose-level monitoring through a subcutaneous sensor. The sensor

can be left in place for several days at a time, which reduces the need for the patient to test

multiple individual blood samples.

The infusion set is the “connector” that allows insulin to flow from the pump into the skin. It

is attached to the skin with a strong adhesive. On the under side of the infusion set, there is a

short, fine cannula, or tube, that passes through the skin and rests in the subcutaneous fatty

tissue.

Figure 4:Infusion set with a cannula

The cannula of the catheter was subcutaneous and fixed with a plaster, while the pump was

fastened with a bandage or a net.The tubing brings insulin from the pump (insulin reservoir) to

the infusion set.

Figure 5: Sensor used in insulin pump

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V. FEATURES

1. Insulin pumps are wearable devices and, thus, must be very small and lightweight.

2. They typically measure about 2in x 3in x 0.75in, and they weigh in the 2oz to 4oz

range.

3. These form-factor requirements lead designers to put size and power consumption as

high priorities when selecting components.

4. To save space, system designers require highly integrated solutions and extremely

small packages, such as UCS and wafer-level packaging (WLP).

5. To keep batteries as small as possible, designers must reduce power consumption and

improve efficiency wherever possible.

6. If possible, any circuitry that is not in use at any given time is shut down until

needed.

VI. INSULIN PUMP SOLUTIONS [5]

1. Pump Mechanism

Insulin is measured in "units" where there are 100 units per cc (or mL), assuming the

standard U-100 concentration. Basal rates are on the order of one unit/hour administered every

three to ten minutes, while bolus doses are several units. Typical cartridge volumes are 200 to

300units.

Due to these ultra-low flow rates, the motor is geared down, and a screw drive is used to

advance the cartridge piston very slowly with many revolutions of the motor. Consequently, only

coarse angular measurements of the motor are needed. Most major insulin pump manufacturers

use optical encoders and DC motors, although stepper motors can also be used. Other possible

approaches include the use of MEMS-based pumps to miniaturize the system, or pressure pumps

to eliminate motors and piston-based reservoirs.

2. Flow Sensing

Pressure sensors are used to ensure normal operation and detect occlusions. Based on silicon

strain gauges, these sensors provide signals in the millivolt range, rather than the micro volt level

provided by bonded-wire strain gauges.

6

The strain gauges use a typical bridge configuration, which provides a differential signal at a

common-mode voltage that is roughly half of the supply voltage.Designs will use either analog-

to-digital converters (ADCs) with a differential programmable gain amplifier (PGA) input, or

ADCs internal to the micro controller with external differential or instrumentation amplifiers for

signal conditioning. Precision pressure measurements are not needed since pressure readings are

used for indicating normal operation and not for calculating drug delivery.

3. Power Supplies

Insulin pumps typically use a step-up regulator to boost the low voltage (1.5V, nominal)

from a single alkaline cell up to 2V or more. In order to get the most life from the cell, these

boost regulators should run down to the lowest input voltage possible. Maxim offers regulators

that can run down to 0.6V, with startup-voltage minimums as low as 0.7V,to maximize battery-

capacity utilization.

In devices that require tightly regulated power-supply voltages, it may be necessary to

regulate down from the boosted supply discussed above. Linear voltage regulators can be more

efficient in extremely low-power applications, since they do not suffer from the switching losses

of switch-mode power supplies. Buck regulators with skip mode will have good light-load

efficiency; however, low-dropout linear regulators (LDOs) yield physically smaller solutions,

which is very important in these pumps. LDO efficiency is very close to the ratio VOUT/VIN, so

efficiency can be high if VIN is fixed slightly above the LDO dropout-voltage specification.

If voltage regulation is required for the motor, system designers use switch-mode converters.

To minimize size and weight, these converters should run as fast as possible. Power-management

ICs (PMICs) can also be used to save space when multiple power-supply outputs are needed.

4.Battery Management

Insulin pump manufacturers have made great strides in reducing power consumption to

maximize battery life. Today's pumps can operate for three to ten weeks at a time before the

batteries need to be replaced or recharged. Many pumps on the market use single AA or AAA

alkaline or lithium batteries. Primary (non-rechargeable) cells are common, but secondary

(rechargeable) cells can be used to save the patient long-term cost. Since secondary cells have

lower capacities than primary cells, they provide reduced run-time between charges.

7

Given size constraints and the wide usage of primary cells, insulin pumps do not include

battery chargers. Since there are not fuel gauges for primary cells, battery-life indicators rely on

simple battery-voltage and, sometimes, temperature measurement. These readings of voltage and

temperature will be sent to the ADC to be digitized. The micro controller will process this data

and use a lookup table to determine the remaining capacity within three or four bins. It will then

drive the display, typically a battery symbol with a number of bars indicating remaining capacity.

When down to the last bar, the insulin pump will issue a low-battery warning.

5.Programmability

As mentioned above, a sophisticated array of options is provided to users to tailor basal and

bolus dosages to their needs. This is all done through a fairly simple interface using just a few

keys for user inputs. Users can also set reminders to help manage insulin doses.

6.Displays/Keyboards

Monochrome, custom alphanumeric, backlit liquid-crystal displays (LCD s) are commonly

used, although some pumps use color screens. The display provides information about insulin

dosages and rates, remaining battery life, time and date, reminders, and system alarm conditions

(e.g., blockages or low-insulin reserves). Display self-test at power-up is an FDA requirement, so

designers require drivers with built-in self-test features. Visible and audible response to user

touch inputs is also usually needed.

Newer pumps include continuous monitoring displays. For these systems, a separate

continuous monitor with a radio transmitter measures and reports blood glucose levels to a

sensor-enabled pump. The pump, in turn, displays trend information with graphical charting of

glucose history to aid insulin dosage calculations.

8

VII.WORKING OF AN INSULIN PUMP

The insulin pump works [3] nonstop, according to a programmed plan unique to each pump

wearer. We can change the amount of insulin delivered. Between meals and overnights, the pump

constantly delivers a small amount of insulin to keep your blood sugar in the target range. This is

called the "basal rate." When you eat food, you can program extra insulin -- a "bolus dose" -- into

the pump. You can calculate how much of a bolus you need based on the grams of carbohydrates

you eat or drink.When you use an insulin pump, you must check your blood sugar level at least

four times a day. You set the doses of your insulin and make adjustments to the dose depending

on your food and exercise.

Figure 6: Working of an insulin pump

The pump contains insulin and delivers it in a continuous and precise flow through a thin,

flexible tube called an infusion set. The end of this tube sits comfortably under the skin and is

replaced every two to three days.

A) Basalrate

We can program your insulin pump to continuously deliver tiny and precise amounts of

insulin 24 hours a day. This is called the basal rate. It helps you maintain normal sugar levels

between meals and overnight. Your baseline insulin needs may fluctuate throughout the day

and the pump can match that with different basal rates.

B) Bolus dose

We can deliver additional insulin, called a bolus dose, to cover meals and to correct a high

blood-glucose reading.

9

VIII.BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

Figure 7: Block Diagram of an insulin pump

Figure 8: Simple Internal circuitry of an insulin pump

10

IX. ADVANTAGES OF USING AN INSULIN PUMP

Some advantages [2] of using an insulin pump instead of insulin injections are:

Using an insulin pump means eliminating individual insulin injections

Insulin pumps deliver insulin more accurately than injections

Insulin pumps often improve A1C

Using an insulin pump usually results in fewer large swings in your blood glucose levels

Using an insulin pump makes delivery of bolus insulin easier 

Insulin pumps allow you to be flexible about when and what you eat

Using an insulin pump reduces severe low blood glucose episodes

Using an insulin pump eliminates unpredictable effects of intermediate- or long-acting

insulin

Insulin pumps allow us to exercise without having to eat large amounts of carbohydrate

Figure 9: Advantage of insulin pump over injections

11

X. DISADVANTAGES OF USING AN INSULIN PUMP

Although there are many good reasons as to why using an insulin pump can be an advantage,

there are some disadvantages [2].

The disadvantages of using a pump are that it:

Can cause weight gain

Can cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if our catheter comes out and if we don’t get

insulin for hours

Can be expensive

Can be bothersome since the patients are attached to the pump most of the time

Can require a hospital stay or maybe a full day in the outpatient center to be trained

XI.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

New insulin pumps are becoming "smart" as new features are added to their design. These

simplify the tasks involved in delivering an insulin bolus.

Insulin on board: This calculation is based on the size of a bolus, the time elapsed since

the completion of the bolus, and a programmable metabolic rate. The pump software will

estimate the insulin remaining in the bloodstream and relay it to the user. This supports

the process of performing a new bolus before the effects of the last bolus are complete

and, thereby, helps prevent the user from overcompensating for high blood sugar with

unnecessary correction boluses.

Bolus calculators: Pump software helps by calculating the dose for the next insulin

bolus. The user enters the grams of carbohydrates to be consumed, and the bolus

"wizard" calculates the units of insulin needed. It adjusts for the most recent blood

glucose level and the insulin on board, and then suggests the best insulin dose to the user

to approve and deliver.

12

Full featured remote: Insulin pump has a separate electronic display and controls. This

remote, or PDM, features a built-in meter that uses freestyle test strips. The modern pump

has a meter remote included based on the Lifescan OneTouch UltraSmart meter that can

be used as a glucose meter and a pump remote control.

Simple remote: The modern pumps offer an optional RF remote control that allows the

user to deliver a discrete bolus or stop insulin delivery when the pump is concealed or

inaccessible. This feature was introduced in 1999.

XII. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

When insulin pump technology is combined with a continuous blood glucose monitoring

system, the technology seems promising for real-time control of the blood sugar level.

Currently there are no mature algorithms to automatically control the insulin delivery

based on feedback of the blood glucose level. When the loop is closed, the system may

function as an artificial pancreas

Figure 10: Development in continuous glucose monitoring system

Insulin pumps are being used for infusing pramlintide (brand name Symlin, or synthetic

amylin) with insulin for improved postprandial glycemic control compared to insulin

alone.

Dual hormone insulin pumps that infuse either insulin or glucagon. In event of

hypoglycemia, the glucagon could be triggered to increase the blood glucose. This would

be particularly valuable in a closed loop system under the control of a glucose sensor.

13

Ultrafast insulins. These insulins are absorbed more quickly than the currently available

Humalog, Novolog, and Apidra which have a peak at about 60 minutes.Faster insulin

uptake would theoretically coordinate with meals better, and allow faster recovery from

hyperglycemia if the insulin infusion is suspended. Ultrafast insulins are in development.

A mobile app can be developed to have a look of the amount of insulin that is injecting or

remaining in the reservoir and about the bolus rates. It also helps us to store the previous

data of our blood glucose levels.

Figure 11: Development of a mobile app

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XIII. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Introduction:

Literature review is needed before any project begun. The review will help you

understanding the scope of the project and also the need to build the project. The Review comes

from the reading in websites and also from books. The information from the review is used to

start the project with an excellent idea. The review may also contain a sample of the existing

projects.

2.A brief description of existing device:

Figure 12:Functional block diagram of an insulin pump

Compared with insulin injections, insulin pumps release insulin more like a pancreas

does, allowing flexibility with the timing and content of meals, exercise, and more [4]. The palm-

sized devices deliver insulin via tubing to a needle or cannula placed under the skin. Throughout

the day, the pump automatically delivers a continual flow of rapid-acting insulin using one or

more basal, or background, insulin delivery rates. At meals, pump users select and deliver what’s

called a bolus dose of rapid-acting insulin to cover the carbohydrate they will eat and drink.

15

Unlike syringes or pens, pumps allow users to more precisely adjust the levels of background or

basal insulin, and built-in software helps calculate mealtime doses

. Most pumps today use an infusion set to deliver insulin. It’s a long, thin tube that shuttles

insulin from the pump body to a needle or cannula held under the skin by adhesive.For most

people, a pump’s reservoir size may not be a deciding factor. But people who require a lot of

insulin will want to pay close attention to how much a pump’s reservoir can contain. Pump

reservoirs can hold between 176 and 315 units.

3.Developmental areas:

Optimal diabetes management relies on accurate glucose monitoring devices. Advances in

blood glucose (BG) monitoring technology results in improved accuracy, smaller required blood

volumes, and the ability to transfer data between the BG meter and insulin delivery devices.

Current home BG meters use capillary blood samples

ranging from 0.3-1.5 micro liters. The sample is analyzed using either a glucose oxidase or a

glucose de-hydrogenase reaction. Some strips use the enzymatic/bio sensor reaction alone, while

others convert the enzymatic reaction into an electrochemical signal first. Although whole blood

is used, the meter output is calibrated to provide results that correlate with plasma glucose

values. Subtle differences exist among meter performances, such as the ability to withstand

temperature extremes and accuracy at higher altitudes. Additionally, certain substances interfere

with test strip accuracy. An altered hematocrit will falsely alter the BG in the same direction.

Maltose, ascorbate, and acetomi-naphen interfere with the enzymatic reaction on the test strip,

greatly affecting the accuracy of the BG reading. A combination of interfering substances can

have up to a 193% impact on the accuracy of the BG reading. Despite slight variations in meter

advantages, all of the currently FDA approved meters are within 10-15% of actual laboratory

plasma glucose values.

Health-care is in the middle of a mobile revolution. Doctors are adopting mobile apps that

make them more effective, and patients are taking to ones that give them more control over their

health-care.Among the innovative mobile medical apps we found is one that lets doctors use

interactive diagrams to show patients what's happening with their bodies, where procedures will

be done, and exactly what will happen during different procedures.

16

Alternatively, patients can use this app to get doctors to provide detailed visual answers to

their questions.Other mobile apps discussed here have less to do with doctor-patient interaction

but are still changing the way health professionals and patients function.We found apps that

allow healthcare consumers to comparison shop, track their asthma symptoms, and find their

way around Mayo Clinic facilities. Another gives people a way to keep track of their

immunizations.

The mobile health technology market--including devices, applications, and services--is

expected to exceed $8 billion by 2018, according to research company Globaldata. That's up

from $500 million in 2010, a 44% compound annual growth rate. The rapid growth is being

fueled by the increasing availability of a variety of health-care applications.

A flashing green LED usually indicates normal operation, while a red LED signals an alarm

or warning.Insulin pumps require audible and visible alarms to alert users when a fault is

detected, a specific time arrives, or a warning condition is triggered. Individual LEDs can be

used as visual indicators in glucose monitor remotes and insulin pumps.Newer pumps may also

include an eccentric rotating mass (ERM) motor to implement a vibrating alarm. The drive to the

ERM motor is not critical, but an amplifier or voltage regulator of some type might be used. The

ERM should self-test at battery installation by spinning briefly.

Motor loading is monitored and motor-stall detection is needed.ADCs, either internal or

external to the microprocessor, are needed to digitize sensor readings such as temperature, motor

loading, insulin-line pressure, and battery voltage.

4.Summary

Based on the literature review,an insulin pump has advantages as well as

disadvantages.Moreover,there are certain aspects that may need further development.Those

aspects can be:

1)software,2)wireless communication,3)alarms,4)human factors.5)calculation of bolus dose

time to time.The benefits and drawbacks on using a pump are explained clearly.It is necessary

for us to conclude that inspite of having some drawbacks,insulin pumps are generally safe and

effective in controlling diabetes.Though it is developed for type-1 diabetes,more type-2 diabetic

patients too prefer this.

17

The functioning of an insulin pump is briefly described with the help of a block diagram

i.e.,figure 12.

XIV. CONCLUSION

We are in the midst of a revolution of technological advancements in diabetes care. This

technology boom and associated variety of diabetes management tools will enable clinicians to

develop new and innovative means of treating their patients. Additionally, these advancements

have the potential to decrease the burden of diabetes management on the patients themselves.

Advances in diabetes technology will continue to improve patient care and its delivery, and may

one day lead to fully automated treatment systems for people with diabetes mellitus.Though we

cannot completely assure on overcoming the drawbacks of the device,we can assure user’s safety

through careful regulation.

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30,NOVEMBER 11,1983.

http://www.trevormarshall.com/old_papers/New_Microproc_Based_Insulin_Infuser.pdf

4.  Richard M. Bergenstal, M.D., William V. Tamborlane, M.D., Andrew Ahmann, M.D., John B.

Buse, M.D., Ph.D., George Dailey, M.D., Stephen N. Davis, M.D., Carol Joyce, M.D., Tim

Peoples, M.A., Bruce A. Perkins, M.D., M.P.H., John B. Welsh, M.D., Ph.D., Steven M. Willi,

M.D., and Michael A. Wood, M.D., for the STAR 3 Study Group*, vol. 363 no. 4, july 22, 2010

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http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/4675

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