biomethane from pome felda-upm
TRANSCRIPT
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JOINT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT BETWEENJOINT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT BETWEENUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIAUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
FELDA PALM INDUSTRIES SDN. BHD.FELDA PALM INDUSTRIES SDN. BHD.
KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYKYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Professor Dr. Mohd Ali HassanFaculty of Biotechnology& Biomolecular
SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaTel: +603 89467591
Professor Dr. Yoshihito Shirai
Graduate School of Life Science &Systems Engineering
Kyushu Institute of Technology
2-4, Hibikino, Wakamtsu-ku,Kitakyushu,808-0196 Japan
Tel: +8193 6956070
Mr. Zainuri B. Busu
FELDA Palm Industries Sdn. Bhd.
4th Floor, Balai FELDA,
Jalan Gurney Satu
54000 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Tel: +603 26916980
Project Leaders
BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) IN
A SEMI-COMMERCIAL CLOSED ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
Presenters: Alawi Sulaiman, Zainuri Busu, Shahrakbah YacobEnvironmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Bioprocess Technology
Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
Japan Society on Promotion of Science (JSPS)Seminar on Sustainable Palm Biomass Initiatives
29th November 2007
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Biomass existing in nature represents a storehouse of solar energy and iscontinuously reprocessed in a biological cycle (renewable).
The majority of biological decomposition processes in nature takes placeinvolving the consumption of oxygen and, at the same time, the production
of CO2.
A smaller proportion undergoes anaerobic conversion which gives rise tobiogas containing a high percentage of methane representing a
significant energy source.
Preamble
Without human interruption therelease of methane could beeasily absorbed by the eco-systemBUT with industrialization andhuman activities, the emission ofmethane has increased whichpartly contributed to the global
warming phenomena
Global Methane Budget (TG Methane/Yr) -
(Ehhalt and Prather, 2001)
Naturalrelease
36%
Anthropogenic
sources64%
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Global scenario :
Rising of oil price Depletion of reserves Political uncertainties oil producers
Malaysia scenario : Growing demand - developed nationby 2020
Limited fossil fuel reserves Net oil importer soon
Energy Requirement
Depletion of fossil fuels reservesEnergy Balance Report 2003
Rising of crude oil price
http://www.wtrg.com/oil_graphs/oilprice1869.gifhttp://www.wtrg.com/oil_graphs/oilprice1869.gif -
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The climate change
The greenhouse effect and global warming are
two major factors contributed to the catastrophicimplications of the global climate change.
Uncontrolled industrialization/human activities hasincreased the GHG content which increase in heattrapped in the atmosphere (1.4-5.8oC in the 21st
century), resulted in increase of the sea level andchanging weather pattern and water supplies and
eventually affect the WORLD FOOD Supply andnatural ecosystem
Kyoto Protocol (1997) - objective is to achievesustainable development via quantification ofemission limitation and reduction of GHG
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
reduction of GHG emission by facilitating co-operative projects between developingcountries and developed countries with theopportunity for additional financial andtechnological investments in GHG reductionprojects.
h t tp :/ / e n .w i k ip e d i a . o rg / w i k i/ G l o b a l _w a rm i n g _p o t e n t ia l
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Carbondioxide
GWP: 1
Carbon
dioxide
GWP: 1
Hydrofluorocarbon
s
GWP: 11,700
Hydrofluorocarbon
s
GWP: 11,700
Methane
GWP: 21
Methane
GWP: 21
Sulphur
hexafluoride
GWP: 23,900
Sulphur
hexafluoride
GWP: 23,900
Nitrousoxide
GWP: 310
Nitrous
oxide
GWP: 310
Perfluorocarbons
GWP: 9,200
Perfluorocarbons
GWP: 9,200
GHGs
GWP
Greenhouse Gases under Kyoto Protocol
The GWP is defined as the ratio of thetime-integrated radioactive forcing fromthe instantaneous release of 1 kg of a tracesubstance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas(IPCC, l990):
For example, the GWP for methane is 21 means thatemissions of 1 million metric tonnes of methane isequivalent to emissions of 21 million metric tonnes ofcarbon dioxide.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential
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Most abundant in Malaysia - (> 70 million tones annually)
Main contributor of biomass
palm oil industry
EFB (solid)
POME (liquid)
Fiber (solid)
Shells (solid)
Mainly ligno-cellulosic materialsStructure:
Biomass resources: Agricultural residues
94%
1% 1% 4%
Palm Oil Rice Sugarcane Wood Industry
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Biomass output from the palm oil mill
60 t/hr Mill
FreshFruit
Bunch
Steam generation(192,000 t/yr) to generate
1.3 MW power
Excess shell(12,288 t/yr)47% shell
100% fiber
Incineration60% EFB
Soil mulching/Disposal 40% EFB
Treated &discharged
Maintenance CostRM 40,000/yr
Shell(19,200 t/yr)
Fiber(38,400 t/yr)
EFB(70,400 t/yr)
POME(160,000 m3/yr)
From estimation of 28m3 * 0.65 / m3 POME
For 47 million m3 POME would produce
855 million m3 of CH4.
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POME
sources
POME Sources and characteristics
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91
Operation days
C
O
D
Feed
(m
gL-1)
Sludge recycling per iod COD Feed Non sludge recycling period COD Feed Start -up period COD FeedCommon COD Strength fluctuations for 100 days
of study
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POME treatment facility anaerobic, facultative and aerobic
Open tanks system
Discharge limit 100 mg/L
> 70% of total mill area i.e 20 hectares for 60t/hr mill
Palm Oil Industry - POME
Facultative ponds
Algae ponds
Open tanks systemBiogas emission - 28m3/m3
POME,with 65% methanecontentUntapped renewable energy
Biogas
Polishingstage
Biogas
Engine
Mill usage OR
gridconnection
Open digester system
Closed digester system
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Research Project Motivation
Better management of palm oil mill effluent(POME)
Replacement for open lagoon system(improvement)
Reduction of land use for treatment
Prevention of bad odor emission (H2S gas)
Reduction of greenhouse gas emission (i.e CH4)
Recovery of methane gas for renewable energy
Carbon credit through Certified EmissionReduction (CER) for CDM programs
Technology transfer for closed anaerobicdigester
Technology
transfer
Sustainable palm oil industry
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The biogas plant location
Malaysia
Distribution of palm oil plantations in Malaysia.
Plantation areas are shown in red
Source: MPOB homepage on
www.mpob.gov.my
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The biochemistry
Hydrolysis: complex organic matter is decomposed into
simple soluble organic molecules using water to split the
chemical bonds between the substances.
Acidogenesis: the chemical decompositionof carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or molds
in the absence of oxygen.
Acetogenesis: the fermentation products are converted
into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide by so-calledacetogenic bacteria.
Methanogenesis: methane (CH4) is formed from acetate
and hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria...
Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that produces a gas principally composed of methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2.
Anaerobic processes could either occur naturally or in a controlled environment such as a biogasplant. Organic waste such as livestock manure and various types of bacteria are put in a digester sothe process could occur. Depending on the waste feedstock and the system design, biogas istypically 55 to 75 percent pure methane.
Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that produces a gas principally composed of methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2.
Anaerobic processes could either occur naturally or in a controlled environment such as a biogasplant. Organic waste such as livestock manure and various types of bacteria are put in a digester sothe process could occur. Depending on the waste feedstock and the system design, biogas istypically 55 to 75 percent pure methane.
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500 m3
Closed AnaerobicDigester
1
Palm Oil MillEffluent (POME)
Holding Tank
2
3
4
5
6
7
GasScrubberSystem
TreatedEffluent
PurifiedMethane
To storage
89
10
Recycling line toholding tank
Process flow diagram of the semi-commercial 500m3 single stage closed anaerobic digester;1-Fresh Raw POME from the mill; 2-Centrifugal pump; 3-Sampling ports; 4-Gas collection chamber;
5-Biogas safety relief system; 6-Settling tank; 7- Sludge recycling pump; 8- pH probe;9- Temperature probe; 10- pH probe for scrubbing liquid (NaOH Solution).
Process Flow Scheme
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HOLDING TANKContinuous feeding
DIGESTERMethane fermentation
GAS STORAGEMethane storage
GAS SCRUBBERBiogas polishing
GAS UTILIZATIONSETTLING TANK
Sludge separation
Sludge recycle
Process Flow Scheme
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Parameters Open digester
system
Closed anaerobic
digester
COD removal
efficiency (%)
81% 97%
HRT (days) 20 10
Methane utilization Released to
atmosphere
Recoverable
Methane yield
(kgCH4/kgCODrem
oved)
0.11 0.20 (target)
Methane content
(%)
36 55
Biogas production
(m3/tone POME)
28 20
Solid discharge
(g/L)
20 8
Performance Comparison
Biogas flare (night and day)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33
Operation days
H
R
T,
V
Feed
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
O
r
anic
loadin
rate
O
LR
HRT (days) V Feed OLR
The relationship between HRT, V.Feed and
organic loading rate (OLR) during start-up operation.
Start-up of the digester
Seeding used sludge from theSimilar waste (open digester)and diluted to 5% TS.
The start-up was completedwithin a month afteracclimatization phase.
The V Feed was increased from10m3/d, 20m3/d, 30m3/d, 40m3/dand 50m3/d.
The HRT was reduced from 50 daysdown to 10 days.
The OLR was automatically increasedfrom 1.0 kgCOD/m3/day to6.0 kgCOD/m3/day.
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0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33
Operation days
CO
D
Rem
Eff,
VFA:Alk
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
COD
Feed
VFA:Alk COD Rem. Eff. (%) COD Feed
The COD Rem. Eff. (%), VFA to alkalinity ratio andCOD Feed fluctuation during the start-up period.
The digester performanceduring the start-up period
High COD Feed fluctuation, yet
the system still stable
High COD removal efficiencyof higher than 90%
COD Rem. Eff. = COD Feed COD Treated X 100%COD Feed
VFA increased with OLRbut theVFA/Alkalinity ratiowas within the optimumrange (0.1-0.3)
COD measures the organic strength of the raw POME
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The effect of increasingorganic loading rate
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 19 28 37 46
Operation days
O
LR
,V.
Feed,
VFA,
C
O
D
R
em
.Eff
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
M
ethane
ield
OLR V.Feed VFA COD Methane Yield
The effect of increasing OLR on VFA, COD removalefficiency and methane yield.
OLR was increased by increasingthe V Feed to the digester; thusHRT was reducedHRT=500m3
VFeedm3/day
VFA increased(steadily after OLR 1.5) but stillbelow 1000 mg/L (critical limit)
Alkalinity reduced as morealkaline needed in order tomaintain neutral pH condition(pH 6.8-7.2)
VFA/Alkalinity increased but stillwithin acceptable limit (0.1-0.3)
Methane yield reduced from 0.17to 0.10 kg CH4/kgCOD removed
Steady increasedVFAmaintained
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The effect of sludge recyclingon the digester performance
Comparison of the digester performanceparameters for the sludge recycling and nonrecycling modes
Organic
loadingrate
(OLR)
Mean SD
VFA (mgL-1)
Mean SD
COD Rem.Eff. (%)
Mean SD
Methane yield
(kgCH4kgCODremoved-1)
Sludge
recycling
Non-sludge
recycling
Sludge
recycling
Non-sludge
recycling
Sludge
recycling
Non-sludge
recycling
1.0 - 23822 - 961.0 - 0.170.02
1.5 - 24320 - 961.7 - 0.140.14
2.0 284122 41277 971.6 940.9 0.170.0
4
0.160.15
2.5 26832 46742 960.7 950.2 0.170.0
1
0.120.12
3.0 29367 709138 952.1 941.0 0.140.0
1
0.120.12
3.5 25576 98794 960.8 911.9 0.150.0
1
0.100.09
4.0 22489 1300262 943.5 911.2 0.140.0
1
0.070.07
4.5 34388 - 962.8 - 0.140.0
1
-
5.0 33685 - 951.6 - 0.130.0
1
-
5.5 43283 - 941.2 - 0.120.0
1
-
6.0 500109 - 962.0 - 0.100.01
-
SD-Standard deviation
The effects of sludge recyclingare clear:The operating OLR was higher
(6.0 kgCOD/m3/day) thanwithout case (4.0 kgCOD/m3/day)
The VFA accumulation wasrestricted to below 500 mg/L as
compared to 1300 mg/L at OLR ofonly 4.0 kgCOD/m3/day
COD removal efficiency was
higher even at higher OLR
Methane yield was higheri.e at OLR 4.0 kgCOD/m3/dayyield was 0.14 kgCH4/kgCODremoved
as compared to0.07 kgCH4/kgCOD removed
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The pilot plant design was appropriate for treatment and biomethanation of POME
The biomethanation of POME in a semi-commercial scale was successfully demonstrated.
The biogas plant was start-up and operated within a month after acclimatization period.
Despite high fluctuation of COD the plant was still able to be operated due to its simpleand effective design for POME.
The biogas plant was started-up without sludge recycling and received its peak load at 50
m3
/day indicating suitable seeding from the existing open digester tank.
The sludge recycling mode was found to be an effective technique to enhance methaneyield.
Moreover, the technique also ensured higher OLR (up to 6.0 kgCOD/m3/day) to be
operated while restricting VFA accumulation (only to 500 mgL-1) within the system.
The methane yield was improved to 0.14 kgCH4/kgCODremovedat OLR of 4.0 kgCOD/m3/day while maintaining good COD removal efficiency at higherthan 90%
Conclusion
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Special acknowledgements
1. Environmental Biotechnology Group Universiti Putra Malaysia(Technical and research-MSc. And PhD)
2. Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT) Japan andJapan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS)(Technical and funding)
3. FELDA Palm Industries (M) Sdn. Bhd.(Site and engineering works)
4. Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) (PhD scholarship)