biomesoftheworld. aquatic biomes figure 50.15 30 n tropic of cancer equator 30 s continental shelf...
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BIOMES BIOMES
of of
the the
WorldWorld
Aquatic Biomes
Figure 50.15
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
30S
Continentalshelf
Lakes
Coral reefs
Rivers
Oceanic pelagiczone
Estuaries
Intertidal zone
Abyssal zone(below oceanicpelagic zone)
Key
Tropic ofCapricorn
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
Littoral Zone: shallow area of lake – only photic zone
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes Limnetic Zone: deep area of lake – includes aphotic zone
“You can swim in the Lim and sit in the Lit”
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
Benthic Zone: bottom of lake or ocean
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Photic Zone: enough light for photosynthesisAphotic Zone: no light
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Intertidal Zone: shoreline –fluctuation between high and low tide
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 mAbyssal zone
)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Neritic Zone: photic zone – near shore Neritic is Near
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Pelagic Zone: deep zone – includes aphotic
Stratification in Aquatic BiomesStratification in Aquatic Biomes
(a)
Littoralzone
Limneticzone
Photiczone
Benthiczone Aphotic
zone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 mContinentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone)
(b)
Figure 50.16a, b
Abyssal Zone: deepest part of ocean
Lakes and PondsLakes and Ponds
Figure 50.17An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango
delta, Botswana
LAKES
Lakes and Ponds Lakes and Ponds CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Lake vs. Pond - based on depth Description: Body of water surrounded
by land, less than 1% salt Vegetation: Cattails, reeds, sedges,
water lillies, algae
Animals: Fish, crayfish, snails, water insects, a few mammals (otter, muskrat), waterfowl
Importance: Drinking water, food supplies
VIDEOVIDEO
Oligotrophic vs. EutrophicOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic
Oligo - little or few nutrients - low productivity due to few producers - high oxygen content - few organisms - clean and clear
Eu - nutrient rich - high productivity due to high number of producers - low oxygen content - many organisms - murky water
Mesotrophic - an oligo that is becoming a eu eutrophication
Eutrophication: change of a lake due to increased nutrient content
- due to influx of extra nutrients - usually due to erosion, run off of fertilizers from agriculture or animal poo - extra nutrients increase the activity of the producers
Natural – long term build up of dead plants and animals increases nutrients
Cultural – increased nutrients due to human activity – agriculture and industry
Impacts:• Algal blooms – increased nitrogen and
phosphorous stimulate algal growth• Anoxia/Hypoxic – low levels of oxygen
due to increased decomposition of dead materials – can lead to fish kills
Eutrophication Animation
Wetlands: Swamps and MarshesWetlands: Swamps and Marshes
WETLANDS
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
WetlandsWetlands Marsh vs. Swamp: Swamps have trees Characteristics: soil is waterlogged and without
oxygen for variable periods of time - lack of O2 causes a large build up of organic material
Vegetation: grasses, reeds, sphagnum moss, trees and shrubs
Animals: beavers, otters, muskrats, game fish, lots of birds and insects
IMPORTANCE: Most biologically productive per square meter, filter water moving through them - detoxify water, control flooding
Streams and riversStreams and riversSTREAMS AND RIVERS
Figure 50.17A headwater stream in theGreat Smoky Mountains
The Mississippi River farform its headwaters
Streams and RiversStreams and Rivers
Characteristics: Flowing waterStreams tend to flow faster, are shallower, have
less nutrients and less organismsRivers are wider, deeper and thus slower - higher
nutrients, less oxygen, more organisms - nutrient content increases the farther down stream/river from the head waters (beginning) moving toward the mouth (end)
Vegetation: In water: algae, phytoplankton On bed of stream river (in photic zone), algae
and aquatic plants On shore - various grasses, shrubs and treesAnimals: invertebrates (clams, mussels, snails,
crayfish), insect larvae, fish, otters, muskrats, aquatic birds
IMPORTANCE: Water source, hydroelectric power, transportation
EstuariesEstuaries
Figure 50.17 An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
ESTUARIES
EstuariesEstuaries
Characteristics: Where freshwater rivers meet the ocean - mixing of fresh and salt water
- salinity fluctuates - plants and animals must be
adapted - highly productive due to nutrient
input from river, frequent mixing of water by ocean tides (circulates nutrients and waste) and large photic zone
Vegetation: lots of plants - Mangroves (salt tolerant stilt-like roots, pg. 133)
Animals: fish, shellfish, birdsIMPORTANCE: control flooding-
prevent wave surges from reaching inland - highly productive
Intertidal zonesIntertidal zones
Figure 50.17
INTERTIDAL ZONES
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
Intertidal ZonesIntertidal Zones
Characteristics: Transition between land and ocean - experience daily extremes of salinity, oxygen content and temperature due to changing tideZones: High tide area - exposed and dry during low tide Intertidal - between low and high tide, Low tide - always underwater
Vegetation: dependent on zoneHigh - little to none - some algae unless in a tide pool (low depression in rock or sand where water remains during low tide - experiences extremes in salinity and temperature)
Intertidal - Algae with gummy coats to prevent them from drying out
Low - Larger algae, kelp (brown algae), sea grassAnimals: usually have a mechanism to hold onto
the substrata (rocks), mussels, snails, echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers), some fish in low tide area, crabs, barnacles, worms
IMPORTANCE: Biologically productive, species rich
Oceanic pelagic biomeOceanic pelagic biome
Figure 50.17 Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME
Ocean Pelagic BiomeOcean Pelagic Biome
Characteristics: Open ocean, about 3% salt content
Vegetation: mainly phytoplankton and algae, some sea grass and kelp
Animals: zooplankton, fish, jellyfish, whales, porpoises, sea turtles, penguins
IMPORTANCE: Most productive biome due to size (not per m2), food source (fish)
Coral reefsCoral reefs
Figure 50.17 A coral reef in the Red Sea
CORAL REEFS
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Characteristics: Mounds of calcium carbonate secreted by coral, shallow, warm waters, nutrient poor
Vegetation: Algae (Zooxanthelle)Symbiosis: Coral and ZooxanthelleAnimals: Coral, huge numbers of fishes,
echinoderms, shellfish (8% of fish species in 0.1% of earth)
IMPORTANCE: Biodiversity of Species, Very productive
DANGERS: Human pollution, river runoff (excess sediment and nutrients), over fishing, bleachingDead Zones: due to eutrophication
Marine benthic zoneMarine benthic zone
Figure 50.17 A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE
Marine Benthic ZoneMarine Benthic Zone
Characteristics: Bottom of the Ocean, may be in a photic zone in the shallows
Neritic Zone: Shallow benthic zone, PHOTIC, supports plant life (sea grass and kelp) and a wide variety of fish and invertebrates
Abyssal Zone: APHOTIC - deepest part of sea - no vegetation - hydrothermal ventsAnimals: Decomposers, Very weird fish and invertebrates, tube worms, chemosynthetic bacteria
IMPORTANCE: Decomposition of dead materials, recycling on nutrients
Climate and Terrestrial BiomesClimate and Terrestrial Biomes
Overlapping Areas of Biomes = ECOTONE
The distribution of major terrestrial biomesThe distribution of major terrestrial biomes
30N
Tropic ofCancer
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
30S
Key
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
Figure 50.19
Tropical Rain forestTropical Rain forest
TROPICAL FOREST
A tropical rain forest in BorneoFigure 50.20
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Rainfall: 200 – 400 cm/yearTemperature: 25 – 29 oCVegetation: Stratification, dense
canopy, broadleaf evergreen treesAnimals: High animal diversity, usually
smaller and adapted for life in canopySeasonal Variations: Little to noneOther Characteristics: Nutrient poor
soil, high rate of decomposition and turn over, extremely high biodiversity, competition for light
Layers of Tropical RainforestLayers of Tropical Rainforest
DesertDesert
Figure 50.20
DESERT
The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona
DesertDesert
Rainfall: Less than 30 cm/yearTemperature: Wide variation both
seasonally and daily (-30 to 50 oC)Vegetation: Low, scattered, deeply rooted
succulents (Cacti), dense root mats to absorb water, adapted to heat and low water
Animals: reptiles, insects, many nocturnalSeasonal Variations: some have short wet
periods – plant growth fast and short
SavannaSavanna
Figure 50.20
SAVANNA
A typical savanna in Kenya
SavannaSavanna
Rainfall: 76 – 150 cm/yearTemperature: Continually warm, 24 – 29
oCVegetation: Scattered trees (acacia),
wide expanse of grasses, adapted to fires, deep roots
Animals: Hoofed mammals, zebras, giraffe, lions, hyenas
Seasonal Variations: Seasonal DroughtOther Characteristics: Frequent fires,
location of the LION KING
ChaparralChaparral
CHAPARRAL
An area of chaparral in CaliforniaFigure 50.20
ChaparralChaparral
Rainfall: 30 – 50 cmTemperature: Fall, Winter, Spring 10
– 12 oC, Summer 30 oCVegetation: tough evergreen woody
shrubs and small trees adapted to seasonal fires
Animals: Deer, goats, many small mammals, amphibians, birds and reptiles
Seasonal Variations: Summers are hot and dry, fall, winter and spring are cool and rainy
Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland
Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
Figure 50.20
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland
Rainfall: Dry winters, Wet summers – 30 to 100 cm
Temperature: Cold Winters (-10 oC), Hot summers (30 oC)
Vegetation: ummm….GrassAnimals: Large Grazers (buffalo),
prairie dogsSeasonal Variations: dry winters,
wet summers – Fire ecology
Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or TaigaConiferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga
Figure 50.20
Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado
CONIFEROUS FOREST
Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga
Rainfall: 30 – 70 cm with periodic drought some may receive up to 300 cm (Pacific North West)
Temperature: Cold, long winters (-70 oC in Siberia), summers may be hot (30 oC)
Vegetation: Cone bearing trees (pine, spruce, fir, hemlock), conical shape helps snow fall off so branches don’t break
Animals: Moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers, lots of insects during summer
Seasonal Variations: Cold, harsh winters, warm summers
Temperate broadleaf forestTemperate broadleaf forest
Figure 50.20
TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST
Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
Temperate broadleaf forestTemperate broadleaf forest
Rainfall: 70 – 200 cmTemperature: 0 oC (winter) to 30+ oC
(summer)Vegetation: Broadleaf Deciduous Trees (drop
leaves in fall to prevent water loss in winter), conifers, shrubs and various grasses and herbaceous plants
Animals: Black bear, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds (migratory and permanent), insects
Seasonal Variations: Distinct seasons of fall, winter, spring and summer
Other: You live here
Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest
Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest
Rainfall: More than 125 cm, lots of fogTemperature: Small amount of seasonal
variation ( 3 – 18 oC)– mild winters, cool summers
Vegetation: Conifers, lots of lichens and epiphytic plants
Animals: Squirrels, mule deer, elk, birds, amphibians and reptiles
Seasonal Variations: Mild differences in season due to location near coasts
Other: Low nutrient turnover due to low temperatures. Results in a high accumulation of biological detritus on forest floor
TundraTundra
Figure 50.20
TUNDRA
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
TundraTundra
Rainfall: 20 – 60 cmTemperature: Long cold winters (-30 oC),
Short cool summers (10 oC)Vegetation: Herbaceous (non-woody), dwarf
shrubs and trees, lichens, moss, grassesAnimals: Ox, caribou, reindeer, Santa Claus,
Bears, wolves, foxes, lots of insects in summer
Seasonal Variations: Short growing periodOTHER: Contains permanent layer of frozen
soil call PERMAFROST