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BIOMERTICS

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Why the Interest in Biometrics? Convenient

Passwords are not user-friendly

Perceived as more secureMay actually be more secure

May be useful as a deterrent

Passive identification

The increasing mobility of the workforcemeans you can't be sure who's really at theother end of the network link. It's clear thatsimple user ID and password logons are nolonger sufficient.

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HISTORY

This process dates back to 1882,

Frenchman Alphonse Bertillion proposed a

forensic system of identifying people basedon the size of their bodies, heads and limbs.

fingerprint analysis (dactyloscopy) wasdescribed in the late 1800s by Sir Francis

Galton and Sir Edward Henry.

Adopted by Scotland Yard in 1901

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WHAT IS BIOMETRICS ??? Biometrics is the identification orverification

of human identity through the measurement of

repeatable physiological and behavioralcharacteristics

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Uses of Biometrics Simple:

VerificationIs this who he claims to be?

Identificationwho is this? Advanced:

Detecting multiple identities

Patrolling public spaces

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Modality Categorizations

Physical vs. Behavioral

Interactive vs. Passive Overt vs. Covert

Close up vs. Distant

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FACE

FINGERPRINT

HAND

IRIS

DNA

KEYSTROKE

SIGNATURE

VOICE

BIOMETRICS

PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL

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Basic characteristics Universality: Every person should have the characteristic.

Uniqueness: No two people have identical characteristics. Exception- identicaltwins

Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person's face, forexample, may change with age.

Collectibility: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable.

Performance: The method must deliver accurate results under varied

environmental circumstances.

Acceptability: The general public must accept the sample collection routines.Non intrusive methods are more acceptable.

Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive.

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Capture Process Extract

Capture Process Extract Compare Adapt

Match / No match

DB

Enroll

Verify

Biometric devices consist of a reader orscanning device software that converts the

gathered information into digital form, and adatabase that stores the biometric data withcomparison with existing records.

PROCESS

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Modes Enrollment Mode:

A sample of the biometric trait is captured,processed by a computer, and stored for latercomparison.

Verification Mode:

In this mode biometric system authenticates apersons claimed identity from their previously

enrolled pattern.

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Enrollment

Enrollment is a critical process in a biometric

system.

The basis of biometrics:

a biometric sample linked to a known person

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Enrollment(continued)Capture

Obtaining the biometric sample:

Scanning a finger. Taking a picture of an iris

Taking a picture of a fingerprint left at

the scene of a crime.

Recording someone talking Etc.

Also referred to as Acquire

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Enrollment(continued)Process

Some reasons for pre-processing:

Sub-optimal lighting conditions.Eyelashes covering iris.

Dirty or dry fingers.

Person isnt looking straight ahead.Contact lenses causing glare.

Many faces in one photo.

Background noise in a recording.

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Enrollment(continued)Extract

Obtain properties of the sample that are suitable

for computer storage and comparison.

The result is referred to as a template.

The form and size of a template is dependent onthe modality and the approach being used.

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VerificationCompare

A biometric system can be thought of as acomplex pattern recognition machine.

Automating this step accurately is very difficultnever an exact match.

The method of comparison is biometric-dependent.

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For fingerprint Recognition look at:

Friction ridges.

Core.

Crossover.

Delta.

Island.

Ridge Ending.

Pore.

Fingerprint Recognition

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LOOP, ARCH AND WHORL

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Minutiae Uses ridge endings ,bifurcations on a persons finger toplot points know as Minutiae.

The number and locations of the minutiae vary from finger

to finger in any particular person, and from person toperson for any particular finger.

Finger Image Finger Image + Minutiae Minutiae

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Face RecognitionIt involves recognizing people by there:

Facial features.

Face geometry.

Principle:

Analysis of unique shape, pattern and positioning of facialfeatures.

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Face Recognition(continued) It is mainly software-driven

and, therefore relatively cheap

and can operate on any sort oflive digital image.

It's even being used by UKpolice to scan live surveillancefeeds for wanted persons.

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Iris RecognitionIris:

It is the coloured area of the eye

that surrounds the pupil.

It is a protected internal organwhose random texture is stable

throughout life.

The iris patterns are obtainedthrough a video-based imageacquisition system .

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Iris Recognition(continued) Users just position their eye a few centimetres

in front of the device and a pulse of light does

all the measuring instantly.

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DNA IDENTIFICATION

RFLP - Restriction FragmentLength Polymorphism

Widely accepted for crimescenes

Twin problem

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Voice Recognition Voice recognition is not the same as speech

recognition, it is speaker recognition.

Considered both physiological and behavioral.

Popular and low-cost, but less accurate andsometimes lengthy enrollment.

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Signature Verification Static/Off-line: the conventional way.

Dynamic/On-line: using electronicallyinstrumented device.Principle:

The movement of the pen during the signingprocess rather than the static image of thesignature. Many aspects of the signature in motioncan be studied, such as pen pressure, the sound the

pen makes.

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Comparison output:

Yes / No, On / Off,

Match / No-match

Results: Green light / Red light

Unlock door / Keep door locked

Login / Keep out

Consequence of a Match

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Potential Matching ErrorsFalse Reject

Also known as False Non-Match

Also known as Type I ErrorImportant measure: FRR

False Accept

Also known as False Match

Also known as Type II Error

Important measure: FAR

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Potential Matching Errors(continued) false accept rate or false match rate (FAR or FMR)

the probability that the system incorrectly matches theinput pattern to a non-matching template in the database.

It measures the percent of invalid inputs which areincorrectly accepted.

false reject rate or false non-match rate (FRR or

FNMR)the probability that the system fails to detect amatch between the input pattern and a matching templatein the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs

which are incorrectly rejected.

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The possible outcomes

Genuine Accept

False Accept Genuine Reject

False Reject

Which is the worst outcome and why ???

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workingHow can computers do the equivalent

comparison for complex patterns?

The rough answer: statistics

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ExampleAssume the following are two templates

(enrolled and claimant).

Enrolled biometric 11100101100110110010110101011010

Claimant 11000111100110010001100101011011

Comparison Result 00100010000000100011010000000001

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Continued In the previous example, if two templates of the

same person are compared we can say that thegenuine score is 7.

If two templates of different people are compared

we can say the imposter score is 7.

To restate: is 7 a score that should be considered a

match?

H d d id h h h

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How do we decide whether the

previous templates are a match?

There is typically a value referred to as a threshold

value above/below which it is considered a match.

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The Relationships

Threshold and FAR and FRR are dependent

values. If an algorithm threshold is changed so that the

FAR goes down, then the FRR will most likely go

up. There is no perfect biometric that has a 0% FAR

and 0% FRR.

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relative operating characteristic(ROC)

Threshold

Score

Comparison

Imposter Genuine

ROC plot is a visual characterization of the trade-off between the FAR and the FRR.

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Advantages Biometric identification can provide extremely

accurate, secured access to information;fingerprints, retinal and iris scans produce

absolutely unique data sets when done properly. Current methods like password verification have

many problems (people write them down, they

forget them, they make up easy-to-hack passwords) Automated biometric identification can be done

very rapidly and uniformly, with a minimum of

training .

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Disadvantages The finger print of those people working in Chemical

industries are often affected. Therefore these companiesshould not use the finger print mode of authentication.

Data obtained during biometric enrollment could be usedin ways the enrolled individual does not consent to.

When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, thereis a chance that the thieves will stalk and assault theproperty owner to gain access.

Biometrics is an expensive security solution.

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solution to previous

problem One advantage of passwords over biometrics is

that they can be re-issued. If a token or a password is lost or stolen, it can be

cancelled and replaced by a newer version. This isnot naturally available in biometrics. If someonesface is compromised from a database, they cannotcancel or reissue it.

Cancelable biometrics is a way in which toincorporate protection and the replacementfeatures into biometrics.

It was first proposed by Ratha et al.

The first fingerprint based cancelable biometric

system was designed and developed by Tulyakov.

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Biometric application Biometric Time Clocks -Which are being

increasingly used in various organisations tocontrol employee timekeeping.

Biometric safes and biometric locks- Providessecurity to the homeowners.

Biometric access control systems Providingstrong security at entrances. Biometric systems arealso developed for securing access to pc's andproviding single logon facilities.

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Biometricapplication(continued) Wireless biometrics for high end security and

providing safer transactions from wireless deviceslike PDA's, etc.

Identifying DNA Patterns of biometricstechnology in identifying DNA patterns foridentifying criminals, etc.

Biometrics airport security devices are alsodeployed at some of the world's famous airports toenhance the security standards.

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conclusionAs the technology becomes pervasive, users willquickly become used to it and will most

likely appreciate its benefits one of which isthat they no longer need to remember variouspasswords.

As secure, biometric-enabled data storage and

access tracking become the rule of the day,companies will be able to expand coverage of thetechnology to their business partners.This helps tofacilitate e-business

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