biomemetrics

EmTech 09/10 Natural Systems and Biomimetrics

Francisca Aroso Barbara Barreda George Koufakis Steven Kwo

NATURAL SYSTEMS AND BIOMEMETRICSEmTech 09/10


CONTENT

I. The Plant

II. Trap Mechanism

III. Global Scale IV. Regional Scale

V. Local Scale

VI. Architectural Applications

VII. Bibliography

03 05

08

13

18

21

23

2


I. THE PLANT

3

Venusflytrap(VFT)wouldhaveasanaturalhabitat,thesavannaplains,wherethealmostinexistenceoftreesandbushes,carnivorousplantsliveallovertheworldbutVenus’Flytrapsliveonlyinselectboggy(NorthandSouthCarolina).likethosefoundinNorthandSouthCarolina.Heretheplantsoftengrowsurroundedbygrassesandothercarnivorousplants.Thisplantsgrowindifferenttypesofsoil(withacidPHinbetween4and5),likepeat,loamorsimplesand.Venuscanresistunderadverseconditionsuchfullsunbutonlyinsoilwithhighmoisturecontent,temperaturesbelow0ºbutintheirnatural habitat the temperature rarely falls until then.

Astheotherplants,VFTcollectsnutrientsfromgasesintheairandinthesoil,butsincethesoilswhereVFTgrowsaretoopoorinnutrientstosupporttheirgrowth,lead the VFT to develop the capacity of capture preys as another source of nutrients.

“TheVenusFlytrap, Dionaea muscipula, is a carnivorous plant that catches and digests animal prey—mostly insects and arachnids. Its trapping structure is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant’s leaves and is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves comes into contact with one ormoreofthehairstwiceinsuccession,thetrapcloses.”[1]

[1]Schnell,D.,Catling,P.,Folkerts,G.,Frost,C.,Gardner,R.,etal.(2000).Dionaeamuscipula.2006.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.IUCN2006.www.iucnredlist.org.Retrievedon11May2006.ListedasVulnerable(VUA1acd,B1+2cv2.3)

Fig.1.VenusFlytrapnaturalhabitart:NorthandSouthCarolina.http://www.wikipedia.com

EmTech 09/10 Natural Systems and Biomimetrics 4

The VFT is usually a small plant that you can be divided in 3 parts. Bottom to top: subterraneanrootsbulb-like,connectedwiththebulb,thestems(eachstemreachesmaximumsizeofabout2to10cm)comeupandendswithaleaf.Eachplantcanhavefrom 4 to 7 leaves. The leaves longer with vigorous traps are usually produced after the flowering.Andtheflowers,thatarethetallerelementsofthisplant.Iftheplanthasmorethan7leavesitwillselfdivided,bytheroots,originating2plants.

VFT’sgrowthvariesaccordinglywiththe4seasons.Duringthespringtheleavesandtrapsaretinyandflatusuallyhaveapropensitytolayclosetotheground.Inthesummer,anewgrouplongerandthinner,leavesemergeandextendsupatanangleofabout40-60degreesintheair.Thefall,everythingshrinksagain,leavesandtrapsgetagainclosertotheground.Intertimeistimetosleep,duringthistimetheplanthasitsdormantperiod,partiallyorcompletelyfailingbacktothegroundinareaswheretheweather falls below freezing on regular basis.

The plant consist of three main parts:

1. STEM/FLOWER

trap

2.LEAVES

petiole

1. FLOWERS TheflowersstartappearingonstalkswhichdevelopinbetweenMay/June.Thenumberofflowerdependsontheageandsizeofit.Theflowersaresetingroupsoftwotofifteen.Usualtheyarestart-shapedandhavefivegreensepals,fivewhitepetalsandaroundfifteenstamens.

3. ROOTTheroot,bulb–like,systemisextremelysmall.Thismakessensebecauseallithastodois provide a mechanical anchor and a little water to the plant.Isalsoawaythatplantusestoreproduceitself,aftertheplantgetacertainsizetheplantsdividesitself,throughtheroot,in2ormoreplants.

2. LEAVES TheVFTshowsvariationsinshape,lengthandpositioninspaceaccordingwiththeseason,andweatherconditions.Twolobescreatethetrap,attheendoftheleaf.Theinsidepartofthetrap,usuallygreenwitharedtintontheinside,hasineachsidethreehairsinatriangularformation,surroundedbydigestiveglandswhichfromtheredcolor.Ontheedgeofeachlobe(usuallygreen),fullwithnectar-secretingcells,thatcreatesacenterofattentiontotheinsects.Theexternalboundaryofthelobesisedgedwithpointedteeth-cilia,arrangedinawaythat the cilia mesh when the two lobes close on prey.

3.ROOT

Fig.5.(a)http://www.waynesthisandthat.com/venusflytrap.html;(b)www.hungryplants.nl/images/flytrapbulb.gif;(c)DavidWebb,BotanicalSocietyofAmerica

Fig.2.GalleriaCarnivora-Amuseumofcolorphotographsof carnivorous plants

Fig.4.(a)http://kids.nationalgeographic.com;(b)VenusFlytrapInformationGuide,http://www.venusflytrap.co.uk/;(c)http://www.sarracenia.com/photos/dionaea/dionamusci044.jpg

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.3. (a)http://bestcarnivorousplants.com;(b)http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2003/3529082666_89ac108a9f.jpg?v=0(c)www.umd.umich.edu/.../venusflytrap-flower9737.jpg

VenusFlytrap-Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Flytrap,page3

The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between elas-ticity,turgorandgrowth.


II. TRAP MECHANISM

cilia

outer epidermis

inner epidermis1. TURGOR

WhentheVFT`smidribrecievestheelectricalsignal,thenthetrapgofromitsopened state to its closed state:

Whenanelectricalsignalreachesthemidrib,aquaporinsopen.

“Aquaporinsareporesinmembranesofcellswhichallowwatertotravelfromonecelltoaneighboringcellthatisconnectedwiththisaquaporin”.

Outer layer of mesophyl cells (littleamountofwater)

Inner layer of mesophyl cells (turgorinthecells)

Outer layer of mesophyl cells

Inner layer of mesophyl cells

5

Fig.6.Drawingshowinginnerandouterlayerofmesophylcellsinanopenedtrap(imbalance).

Fig.7. www.serracenia.com

Fig.8.Drawingshowinginnerandouterlayerofmesophylcellsinaclosetrap(equilibrium).

VenusFlytrap-Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Flytrap,page3

“The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction be-tweenelasticity,turgorandgrowth”.

OPENED TRAP (IMBALANCE)

Intheopenedstate,thetrap`sinsidelobe`ssurfacesareconvexandare“pushed”awayfromeachother,thishappensduetotheimbalanceintheamountofwaterinthetrap`scells.Whenthetrapisopened,theinnerlayerofmesophylcellsarefullofwater(turgor)whiletheouterlayerofcellspresentverylittleamountofwater.

CLOSED TRAP (EQUILIBRIUM)

Whenthetrapcloses,itspreviousinsidelobe`sconvexsurfaceschangetoacon-cavestate.Thisnewstateisduetotheopeningofaquaporinswhichmakethewaterflowthroughtthetrap`scellsandformthisequilibriumstate.

TheTrappingMechanismofaVenusFlytrap,http://www.flytrapcare.com/trapping-mechanism-of-a-venus-flytrap.html,page5


Threshold value line

First stimulation of a trigger hair.

Secondstimulationshortlyafterthefirstone.

Secondtrigger(toolate).

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL REQUIRED TO CLOSE A TRAP

6

Fig.12. TheTrappingMechanismofaVenusFlytrap,http://www.flytrapcare.com/trapping-mechanism-of-a-venus-flytrap.html

ElectricalSignalafterMechanicalTriggerHairStimulation

The graphic shows the strenght of the electrical signal over time. The Threshold valuelineistheminimalstrengthofthesignalthatisrequredforthetraptoclose.Aswecansee,onestimulationisnotenoughtoreachtheThresholdvalue.Withasecondstimu-lation(greenline),theThresholdvalueisexceededandthetrapcloses.Thebluelinerep-resentsasecondtrigger(aftertheredone)whichisjustasplitsecondtoolatetotriggera response. A single triggering always leads to an electrical response of the same magni-tude.

Atwhattimethatatriggerhairisstimulated,thereisanalmostimmediateelectri-calresponse,whichreachesitmaximumveryfastandthenslowlydissipates.Thesecondtriggerhair,whichhasthesameelectricalresponseinpowerandintime,isneededtofinallyclosethetrap.Whenthissecondtriggeroccursfastenoughafterthefirst[seethegreen line] the trap will close. When the second trigger hair takes too long to be touched afterthefirst(morethan35seconds)[seetheblueline]thetrapwillnotclose,butanew period of ± 35 seconds is started in which a third trigger can still close the trap if it occurs fast enough.

There is an electrical communication between the trigger hairs in the red center ofeachlobetowardsthemidrib.Atleast2outofthe6triggerhairsneedtobetouchinorther to get the trap closed. Thenatureofthiselectricalsignalingexplainswhy2stimulationsrequiredandwhythese stimulations need to occur within 35 seconds in order to close the traps. Avoiding the closing movements from false stimulus like rain or an object that is not a prey.

ref:TheTrappingMechanismofaVenusFlytrap||http://www.flytrapcare.com/trappingmechanism-of-a-venus-flytrap.html

“TherapidclosureoftheVenusfly-trap(Dionaeamuscipula)leafinabout 100 ms is one of the fastest movementsintheplantkingdom.”Darwin,C.InsectivorousPlants(Murray,London, 1875).

ThisledDarwintodescribetheplantas “one of the most wonderful in the world”

2. ELASTICITY AND GROWTH

Accordingtoresearchs,whenthehairsarestimulated,this“message”ispropagat-ed and stimulates the lobes and midrib`s cells . The outer layers of the lobes and the midrib move hydrogen ions into their cell walls. This allowsthevenusflytraptoelongateandchangetheshapeofit`slobes.

To determine if the traps are close because the outside grows or if cells are just temporilyinflated,theymarkedatrapwithtreedotsandmeasuredthairseparations.Aftertriggeringthetrap,thespacingsweremeasured.Thedotshadincreasedtheirsepa-rations by 10%. Then it was measured the separation again after the trap had reopened and discovered that the 10% increase had remained. What this suggests is that it is a growthphenomenon,notjustasimpleinflationoftheoutercellsthatdrivestheclosure.Ifitwerejustinflation,thenthecellswouldshrinkbacktotheoriginalsizewhenthetrapreopened.

ForForterre,Skotheim,DumaisandMahadevan,thisexperimetnsshowthatthecurvature results from an extension of the outer surface while the inner surface remains unchanged.

X

X

X+10%

X+10%

Toclarifythegrowthandelasticitybehaviourinthetraps,YoelForterre,JanSkotheim,JacquesDumaisandL.Mahadevan(MechanicsoftheVenus`FlytrapClosure,2004)studiedthedynamicsoftheclosure:

Itwasmeasuredthestrainfieldoftheoutersurfacebetweentheopenstateandtheclosedstate:thedirectionofextension(max.10%)isobservedtooccursmainlyinthedirectionperpendiculartothehingeofthetrap(redarrows),whichcorrespondstothemain direction of the cells. This suggests that closure is driven by the change of natural curvatureofthesystemonlyonthisdirection.Theresultwasconfirmedbycuttinginaclosed leaf thin strips in different directions. It can be observed that strip cut in the trans-verse direction keep their inward curvature whereas strips cut in the longitudinal direction bendspontaneouslyoutward,i.e.thanaturalcurvatureisthedirectionisthesameasinthe open state.

Fig.9. Trap marked with tree dots Fig.10. Dots`separationsincrement(10%) Fig.11.Strainfieldoftheoutersurface


touching the hairs(changesintheelectricalpotentialoftheleaf)

STIMULUS

sign to the midrib

leaf closes(changesintheelectricalpotentialoftheleaf)

set up the chang-es in the electrical potential sending the signal to the lower cells of the midrib

REACTION

IAA hormon increases concentration/ /stimulates grwth

hydrogen ions (H+ions)moves into cells walls of the modrib as a response to the action of the hairs

makes this area more acid

move the H+ions out of the midrib cells and into the cell wall spaces between the cells

protons(H+)

dissolve the calcium lower side of

midrib tissues be came flacid

calcium increases inside the cells

absorb whater (H2O)

moved into the cells following the charges gradient

H+ moves out of the cell then it will have the negative charges (electrons)

moved attracted by the positive cations or positive ions

outside of the cell

create a osmotic gradient inside the cell

- greater proportion of CA++ - smaller proportion of H2Oon the inside of the cells than on the outside of the cells in the cell wall spaces

goes into the cell by osmosis

unglued cell

cells expand as theytakeH20

growth of cells

expansion of the out-side of the

leaf

“springing”

the trap

MECHANISM - DIAGRAM

7

Global to regional Scale

Global Scale - The Trap

Regional to local Scale

Regional Scale - The Section Local Scale - The tissue

A

BC

1 2 3 4 5Layers : < < > >

Cells Layers

MAIN SCALES OF THE TRAP

Fig.13.


III. GLOBAL SCALE

cilia

midrib

lobeouter epidermis

inner epidermis

tigger-hairs

A. THE TRAP

tigger-hair

Arrows=DirectionofthestrainSizeofthelines=Strain`smagnitude.

Measurmentsofthelocalstrainfieldassociatedwithleaveclosure:

Fig.14. www.serracenia.com

Fig.15. http://www.botany.org/bsa/misc/carn.html

Fig.16.www.sarracenia.com

Fig.17. Forterre,Yoel;Skotheim,Jan;Dumais,Jacques;Mahadevan,L.,(2005),HowtheVenusflytrapsnaps,

Oneofthesehairs,oneachleaf,mustbetouchedtwiceoroneafteranother(withamaximumtimeof35‘‘inbetween)beforethetrapwillclose.Inperfectconditions,closuretakes place in one thirtieth of a second and will actually produce a snapping sound. The trap closure is initiated by the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs. The double trigger mechanism avoids the trap unnecessarily closing on something otherthanprey,suchasfallingplantdebris,raindrops,oranaccidentalbrush.Afterthecaptureofthepreyandunabletoescapebetweenthecilia,theinsectisgraduallydigested and absorbed by inner epidermis of the leaf. Glands on the leaf surface produce severalhasbeendigestedsufficiently.REF:YoelForterre,JanSkotheim,JacquesDumais,L.Mahadevan_MechanicsofVenus’FlytrapClosure-DAMTP,CambridgeUniversity,CambridgeCB3OWA,UK

The closer movement happens because the morphology of the outer surface’s cells doublingthesize,thisgrowthforcesthetwolobesgettogetherandoccurtheshut. The traps close by the cells on the outer leaf surface doubling in size forcing the twolobestogether,technicallygrowingshut.Togetthenormalshape,theopenstage,theoppositeactionneedstotakeplace,sothecellsfromtheinnersurfaceneedtoenlargeitslengthmakingthelobesapart.Thisoperationisexpensiveinenergeticterms,sothelifespanofeachleaf/trapisrelatedwiththenumberoftheseoperations;itcanonlycatchprey about 3 times before the leaves turn black and then die if the trap fails to catch anything,likewhenyouteaseitbytouchingahairwithasmallbrush,itcanonlyreopenand close again about seven times. After that a new leaf will grow.Ifthetrapaccidentallytriggered,thetrapwilltakearound24hourstoreopen.


B. PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS - GLOBAL SCALE

l1 = 38.50 cm

l2' = 31.00 cm l2 = 38.50 cm+24%+13%l1' = 38.50 cm

l2 = 27.42 cm

l2'

l2''

l2

l1'

l1''

l1

l1 = 38.50 cm

The objective of this experiment is to study how a section can change its curvature by adding pressure into its interior. Twosurfacesthatcanbeeasilycurvedwereused.Thisareconnectedby36pointseach.

TounderstandthegrowthphenomenonoftheoutsideepidermisintheVFT,twodif-ferentmaterialsareusedforeverysurface:fabric(elastic)andcardboard(notelastic).

Byintroducingpressure(balloons)betweenthetwosurfaces,thecurvatureofthesectionisreduced.Bythis,wecanseehowasection,canchangeitscurvaturebyaddingpres-sure into it. It can be observed that the elastic layer increases its dimension according to the amount ofpressureadded.Bythisexperiment,itcanbesaidthatasection(inordertobendbyaddingpressure)dosn`tneedtobedefinedbytwoelasticsurfacesbutjustbyone.

Initial situation without pressure shows a highly curved section and the fabric without tension.

9

Fig.18.

Fig.19.

Fig.20.


Step 1 : Research Data Translated to a model

Model Process :The abstract form of VFT surface

Step 3 : Exportation of the basic form, the abstract surface of opened/closed VFT

Step 3: Elevation

Step 3: Plan

Step 4 : Elevation

Step 4: Plan

Step 5: Elevation

Step 5: PlanFig.21.


C. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR DIGITAL ANALYSIS- GLOBAL SCALE

11

IntheGlobalscaletest(ANSYS),thebehaviouroftheanalysedsurfaceshowthat the pressure of the surface itself seems to be the opposite condition compared to the stored hydraulic pressures stored in the plant. In that case the regional analysis of the differentiation of the forces in the parts of the plant is determina-tive.

PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL SCALEANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE

Fig.22. Whireframe

Fig.23.CurvatureofSurface

Fig.24. Open

Fig.26.Depressed

Fig.25. Release

Fig.27. Sealed


Thenthepressuresweretestedonthevolumeoftheplantingloballevel,inorfdertodefinethepressuealongtheperimeterofthesectionoftheplantineachspecificpartofit.Thisisthebenefitforthetissueresearchinginthenextlevelofthe analysis.

PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE VOLUME

Fig.28.Deformationinvolume

Fig.29.Deformationinsurface

Fig.30. Open

Fig.32.Depressed Fig.33. Sealed

Fig.31. Release


1. TRAP CLOSURE 4 Stages during closure:

- transition lasts 30 minutes or more.- transition lasts 5 to 30 minutes- convexity increases in the regions A and B gions.

- transition lasts 0.3 seconds- the tissue volume in region A increases.- bending of region A towards the centre.

SEALED

- The inner surfaces of the trap areinaconcavestate(balance).- Regions A are tight togeather to sealthetrapandintheregionC,itisformeda“stomach”forthedigestionoftheinsect(glandsinthe lobes secrete enzymes which maskepossiblethedigestion).

APPRESSION

- Regions A of the traps are in contact with each other.

CAPTURE

- There is still a space between lobes to enable small insects to escape. If the insect is big enought,withitsmovementinsidethetrap,ittriggerstheappressionstage.

OPEN

- The inner surfaces of the trap areinaconvexstate(imbalance).

- When fully opened is character-izedbyfurtheroutwardflexureofthe A region and inward felxure of regionsBandC.

IV. REGIONAL SCALE

Tostudythesection,the trap was divided into 3 regions(basedonanatomicalstructureandrelativesizeofthetissuelayers):

A

C

B

A. THE SECTION

(a)

Fig.35. http://simonwootton.com/

(b) (c) Fig.34.(a),(b),(c).http://www.mcbs.unh.edu/faculty/fagerberg/venusflytrap.htmlº

Fig.35.http://aaeptaijiquan.wordpress.com Fig.36.http://www.venusflytrap.co.uk/ Fig.37. http://www.sarracenia.com/photos/dionaea/diona-musci031.jpg

Fig.40. http://www.waynes-thisandthat.com/venusflytrap.html


2. TRAP RE-OPENENING

-movementattheregionCof the lobes makes them to separate outwards.

- Formation of a bulge in the A and B regions of the lobe.-The“stomach”inregionCbeginstoflat.

- Formation of a bulge in the A region

OPEN

- the inner surfaces if the trap are backtoaconvexstate(imbalance).

RELEASE DEAPPRESSION

Fig.39. http://www.waynesthisandthat.com/venusflytrap.html

(c)(b)Fig.38.(a),(b),(c).http://www.mcbs.unh.edu/faculty/fagerberg/venusflytrap.html

Fig.40. http://www.waynesthisandthat.com/venusflytrap.html

Fig.41. http://www.waynes-thisandthat.com/venusflytrap.html

Fig.42. http://www.botany.org/bsa/misc/carn.html

(a)

SEALED

-Digestiontakesabouttendays.- The inner surfaces of the trap areinaconcavestate(balance).


B. PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS - REGIONAL SCALE

Fig.43.Equilibrium

Fig.45.SmoothCurvature

Fig.47.ParallelCurvatures

Fig.44.Paralleloutsidesurface&Curvedinsidesurface

Three surfaces that can curve easily are connected (7pointseach)with7ballons.Theballonsaredividedintwo parts that are connected in a way that air can be tran-fered between the divided parts representing the plant’s molecules. In all these cases it is obvious that the volume can change and the pressure of each molecule is different. Thisdifferentiationaffectsthefinalshapeofthesurfaceand this experiment the change is applied on the section’s outline. In the experiment the amount of air inside the bal-loonsisthesameexceptthefinalexaple,No6wheretheamountofairhaschanged.Theflexibilityofthesystem,andthe potential variety of solutions and emerged forms is unique. The Venus Fly Rtap’s section is constructed by 5 layers of different sized molecules. That structural sys-tem expand the potential behaviour of the VFT plant. The complexity of the differentiation and the size of the cells in the plant is not able to be described by a sim-ple experiment. Istead, this experiment is a proof ofthe mechanism that the plant uses for the movements.

Fig.46.DifferentDegreeCurvaturesSameamountofvolume(air)

Fig.48.DifferentDegreeCurvaturesDifferentamountofvolume(air)

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

P+P+

P+

P+

P+

P+

P+P+P+

P+P+P+

P-

P-

P-P-

P-

P-

P-P-

P-

P-

P-

Connection-Type:a-fixedpoints.

Connection-Type:b-nozzle of the balloon.

Connection-Type:c-division of the balloon.

Fig.49.


IN OUT

A

B

C

Timber (12%m.c.): Peppermint, narrow-leaved - Modified(isotropic material)

Brick Element Structural Properties:

Modulus 1.400000x10 MPaPoisson`s Ratio 0.3Density6.000000x10T/mmViscousDamping0.000000x10Ns/mm/mmDampingRatio0.000000x10ThermalExpansion3.500000x10/CNonlinear Type Elastic PlasticYielsCriterionVonMises

C. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR - REGIONAL SCALE

16

0 -90

0 200

0 0

Example:Case8/appliedpressuresthatrespondtotheVFTbehaviour

UsingSTRANDAnalysisthedigitalexperimentsetsaroughmodelofasec-tion. In VFT plant the cells are organized in 5 layers. In this experiment`s model therearetwolayers(theinnerandtheouterlayer,asinthepictureabove).Cellsaredesignedasbricks.onthebricksisappliedpressure(negativeorpossitive).Thebricksareorganizedin3regions.Differentpressuresareappliedonthere-gions(12cases).

Inthe3firstcases,thesmalldifferencesintheregionsdosentchangeinaconsiderablewaythefinalcurvatureofthesection.Thepotentialsofthatcasesare limited. In cases 4-8 the pressure is negative and possitive in different parts. This causescurvaturesclosertotheVFTbahaviour,andthatmeansthatthepressurethat is possitive could be located in molecules of a different layer instead of mol-ecules with the possitive pressure. The zero axis is the axis of the middle layer. Incase9,wherethenegativeandpossitivepressureisappliedonthesameregion the result is false. In cases 10-12 the gradient pressure is also a good sample of the behaviour of the section that can be helpfull for the architectural proposals. This experiment explore the values of pressure that could be applied on a system like VFT plant mechanism.

Equilibrium-closeleaf

stored pressure - open leaf

Fig.50.


Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4



4 30

2 10

1 5

4 100

2 10

1 5

0 -50

0 200

0 0

0 -100

0 200

0 0

0 -80

0 200

0 0

0 -90

0 200

0 0

4 100

2 100

1 -5

0 -100

10 50

0 0

0 50

0 50

0 10

0 50

0 100

-50 50

-100 100

-50 50 0 50

17

0 100

0 10

0 50

Fig.51. Fig.52. Fig.53. Fig.54.

Fig.55. Fig.56. Fig.57. Fig.58.

Fig.62.Fig.61.Fig.60.Fig.59.


Usuallythevenusflytrap`slobesareconformedby5tissuelayers:

For analizing and explaining the changes in the cell size of the 5 layers over different time periodsinthethreeregionsofthetrap,itisusedcolorcoding(Fig.64.).

UE upper epidermisUC upper cortexM mid-trapLC lower cortexLE lower epidermis

1

1’

EXT. INT.

V. LOCAL SCALE

A. THE TISSUETISSUES BEHAVIOUR - TRAP CLOSURE

CAPTURE APPRESSION SEALED

TISSUE DYNAMICS

1 cell layer thick2 to 3 layers of cells.Big sized cells.3 to 5 layers of cells.1 cell layer thick

18

Fig.65.Crosssectionalrepresentationofthestagesofclosure.Tissuesundergoingactivegrowth.Thelenghtofthelinerepresentsindicatesarelativeincreaseinsizeofthetissuefromthatofthelaststage.(Source:Fagerberg,WayneR.;Dawn,Allain(1991),AquantitativestudyoftissuedynamicsduringclosureinthetrapsofVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis))

Fig.64.LightmicrographoflongitudinalsectionsfromregionCofthetraplobeshowingfivetissues.(Source:Fagerberg,WayneR.;Howe,DouglasG.(1996),AquantitativestudyoftissuedynamicsinVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis)IITrapreopening))

Fig.63.http://simonwootton.com/


B. PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - LOCAL SCALE

The objective of this experiment is to study how the geometry and arrangement of the VFT tissues react when the whole section is bending.

Forthis,theVFTtissueswererepresentedbycirclesmadeofpaperstrips(non-elastic),whicharejoinedsowhenaforceisapplied,theyreactasagroup.

Fig.67.Originalsituationofthetissuesandthesection.

Fig.68.Bendingthesectionfromtheextremes.Showshowthe“tissues”areforcedtochangeitsgeometry.

This experiment demostrates that elasticity and growth in the VFT tissues is needed inordertobendasectionkeepingthesameconfigurationofthetissues.

Greyarrows=Bendingforces.Colouredarrows=Tissuesthatshowmajorincreases()ordecreases()inNCL(changesinnormalizedcellchanges)valuesineachregionofthetrap.

SEALED-DEAPPRESSION DEAPPRESSION-REALASE RELEASE - OPEN

TISSUES BEHAVIOUR - TRAP RE-OPENENING

AccordingtoFagerbergandHowe`sstudies,thecrosssectionalthicknessisalsorelated with changes in the tissue density and intercellular spaces.

TRAP THICKNESS

AsFagerbergandHowepointout,thetraplobes`crosssectionalthicknesspresentseveral changes during the re-opening stages:

[2]Fagerberg,WayneR.;Howe,DouglasG.(1996),AquantitativestudyoftissuedynamicsinVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis)IITrapreopening,inAmerican

JournalofBotany,vol.83,No.7,BotanicalSocietyofAmerica,836-842

19

Fig.66.Stainforcesoccurringintransitionbetweenre-openingstages.(Source:Fagerberg,WayneR.;Howe,DouglasG.(1996),Aquantitativestudyoftissuedy-namicsinVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis)IITrapreopening))

Intheopentrap,cross-sectionalthicknessofthelobeswasgreatestnearthemidrib and decreased toward the lobe margins. Both A and B regions remined significallymorenarrowthantheregionCduringthestagesofreopening.Duringthesealedstage,thecross-sectionalthicknessoftheAandBcompart-mentswasnotsignificallydifferent;however,inallsubsequentstages,thecross-sectionalthicknessofregionAwassignificantlylessthanthatofregionB. As the trap progressed through various stages of reopening the difference in thickness between regions A and B became larger due to the decreased mean thicknessoftheregionA.WithintheBandCregions,trapthicknesdon`tvarysignificantlyduringthestagesofreopening.


micro-level of tissues with different size

Equivalentstressinsidetissue

subdivision after using voronoi

Total deformation of tissue

The different distribution of pressureindifferentsize,itcanbeseethatinlocallevel,thedistributionismoreequalaround. It is obvious that the structureismoreefficient.

C. PRESSURE ANALYSIS IN LOCAL LEVEL

20

Fig.69.

Fig.70.

Fig.72. Fig.73.

Fig.71.


VI. ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS

Intheapplication,maybewecancontinuely apply this structure in towerdesign.Forinoneaspect,the inner-tension is distributed evenly and performs good when analysingit,whichmayhelpittostand the force from horizental direction.Intheotheraspect,rolling the planar surface would let it bearing the force from ver-tical direction.

A. Tower design using tissue structure

Fig.74.

Fig.75.

Fig.76.


Astestedinpreviousexperiment(localscale)thinkingaboutanarchitecturalap-plicationtheelasticityandgrowthof“components”isnecessaryinordertoformdoublecurved surfaces. Componentsmightbefabricatedbyanelasticmaterialthatcanprovidethemtheability of increasing and decreasing its volume according to the pressure inside them.

IntheAquarium,thecomponentisdesignedasanelasticmaterial.Theamountofpressure,thegeometryandtherelationshipbetweencomponentsareassignedinordertocreatefixedstraightsurfaces. Eventhought,thecomponentinthisreferenceisusedtoreachadifferentglobalsurfacewithadifferentbehaviourinrelationwithspace,thereareseveralaspectsthatcanbeconsidered:thegeometricrealtionsbetweencoponents,theeasthetics,theuseofthematerialandgeometryanditsresponsetopressure,anditstransparentpotentials.

REFERENCE: BEIJING OLYMIC AQUARIUM

Apossiblearchiteturalapplicationcouldbeadoublelayeredsystemofcomponents,which are connected in a way that air can be transfered between components and between layers.

The idea would be based on a function that when the pressure in the components change,thevolumefollow.Thechangesinthepressureandthedistributionoftheairbe-tween components and layers would affect the whole curvature of the surface as is men-tioned in the regional scale`s physical and digital experiments.

AVFTmechanismsystemappliedtoarchitecturecouldcreateeasthetic,complexandflexiblesurfacesabletochangeaccordingtoprogramme`sneeds,climaticconditions,environmentalchanges,etc

Forthis,itisnecessarytorecognizethedifferenceinscaleandprogramme.

B. Application of the Mechanism

1.Equilibrium

2.SmoothCurvature

3.ParallelCurvatures

4.Paralleloutsidesurface&Curvedinsidesurface

Three surfaces that can curve easily are connected (7pointseach)with7ballons.Theballonsaredividedintwo parts that are connected in a way that air can be tran-fered between the divided parts representing the plant’s molecules. In all these cases it is obvious that the volume can change and the pressure of each molecule is different. This differentiation affects the fi nal shape of the surface and this experiment the change is applied on the section’s outline. In the experiment the amount of air inside the bal-loons is the same except the finalexaple,No6wheretheamount of air has changed. The flexibilityofthesystem,andthe potential variety of solutions and emerged forms is unique. The Venus Fly Rtap’s section is constructed by 5 layers of different sized molecules. That structural sys-tem expand the potential behaviour of the VFT plant. The complexity of the differentiation and the size of the cells in the plant is not able to be described by a sim-ple experiment. Istead, this experiment is a proof ofthe mechanism that the plant uses for the movements.

5.DifferentDegreeCurvaturesSameamountofvolume(air)

6.DifferentDegreeCurvaturesDifferentamountofvolume(air)

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

OUTERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

INNERSURFACE

P+P+

P+

P+

P+

P+

P+P+P+

P+P+P+

P-

P-

P-P-

P-

P-

P-P-

P-

P-

P-

Connection-Type:a-fi xed points.

Connection-Type:b-nozzle of the balloon.

Connection-Type:c-division of the balloon.

Fig.78. http://e-architect.co.ukFig.77. http:// treehugger.com

Fig-43-48

Fig.68.


VII.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown,WilliamH.(1916),TheMechanismofMovementandtheDurationoftheEffectofStimulationintheLeavesofDionaea,Volume3,Issue2,AmericanJournalofBotany,68-90

Williams,MaryE.;Mozingo,HughN.(1971)TheFineStructureoftheTriggerHairinVe-nus’sFlytrap,Volume58,Issue6,AmericanJournalofBotany,532-539

Fagerberg,WayneR.;Dawn,Allain(1991),Aquantitativestudyoftissuedynamicsdur-ingclosureinthetrapsofVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis),inAmericanJournalofBotany,vol.78,No.5,BotanicalSocietyofAmerica,647-657

Fagerberg,WayneR.;Howe,DouglasG.(1996),AquantitativestudyoftissuedynamicsinVenus’sflytrapDionaeamuscipula(Ellis)IITrapreopening,inAmericanJournalofBota-ny,vol.83,No.7,BotanicalSocietyofAmerica,836-842

Forterre,Yoel;Skotheim,Jan;Dumais,Jacques;Mahadevan,L.,MechanicsoftheVenusFlytrapClosure,http://fluid.ippt.gov.pl/ictam04/CD_ICTAM04/MS2/11581/MS2_11581.pdf,consultedon14January2010

Forterre,Yoel;Skotheim,Jan;Dumais,Jacques;Mahadevan,L.,(2005),HowtheVenusflytrapsnaps,inLetterstoNature,vol.433,NaturePublishingGroup,421-425

ActionPotentialsinVenus’s-Flytraps:Long-termObservationsFollowingtheCaptureofPreyAuthor(s):JamesM.AffolterandRichardF.OlivoSource:AmericanMidlandNatural-ist,Vol.93,No.2(Apr.,1975),pp.443-445Publishedby:TheUniversityofNotreDameStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2424177

Aphrodite’sMousetrap:ABiographyofVenus’sFlytrap,withFacsimi-lesofanOriginalPamphletandtheManuscriptsofJohnEllis,F.R.S.byE.CharlesNelsonSource:Taxon,Vol.41,No.3(Aug.,1992),pp.627-628Pub-lishedby:InternationalAssociationforPlantTaxonomy(IAPT)StableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1222863

APhysicalAnalysisoftheOpeningandClosingMovementsoftheLobesofVenus’Fly-TrapAuthor(s):OttoStuhlman,Jr.Source:BulletinoftheTorreyBotanicalClub,Vol.75,No.1(Jan.-Feb.,1948),pp.22-44Publishedby:TorreyBotanicalSocietyStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2482137

BiologicallyClosedElectricalCircuitsinVenusFlytrapHabitatsofDionaeamuscipula(Venus’FlyTrap),Droseraceae,AssociatedwithCaro-linaBaysAuthor(s):JamesO.LukenSource:SoutheasternNaturalist,Vol.4,No.4(2005),pp.573-584Publishedby:HumboldtFieldResearchInstituteStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3878224

ComparativeSensoryPhysiologyoftheDroseraceae-TheEvolutionofaPlantSensorySystemAuthor(s):StephenE.Wil-liamsSource:ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,Vol.120,No.3(Jun.15,1976),pp.187-204Publishedby:AmericanPhilosophicalSocietyStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/986558

DifferentialEscapeofInsectsfromCarnivorousPlantTrapsAuthor(s):Thom-asC.GibsonSource:AmericanMidlandNaturalist,Vol.125,No.1(Jan.,1991),pp.55-62Publishedby:TheUniversityofNotreDameStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2426369

MolecularEvidencefortheCommonOriginofSnap-TrapsamongCarnivo-rousPlantsAuthor(s):KennethM.Cameron,KennethJ.Wurdack,Rich-ardW.JobsonSource:AmericanJournalofBotany,Vol.89,No.9(Sep.,2002),pp.1503-1509Publishedby:BotanicalSocietyofAmericaStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4124068

Plant Responses to Mechanical Stimuli Author(s):JanetBraamSource:NewPhytologist,Vol.165,No.2(Feb.,2005),pp.373-389 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the New Phytologist Trust Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1514719

ResponsesofVenusFlyTrap(Dionaeamuscipula)toFactorsInvolvedinItsEndemismAuthor(s):PatriciaR.RobertsandH.J.OostingSource:EcologicalMonographs,Vol.28,No.2(Apr.,1958),pp.193-218Publishedby:EcologicalSocietyofAmericaStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942208

TechniquesforMassCaptureofFlightlessBlueandLesserSnowGeeseAuthor(s):GrahamCoochSource:TheJournalofWildlifeManagement,Vol.17,No.4(Oct.,1953),pp.460-465Publishedby:AllenPressStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3797052

TheRoleofATPinMechanicallyStimulatedRapidClosureoftheVenus’s-Fly-trapAuthor(s):M.J.JaffeSource:PlantPhysiology,Vol.51,No.1(Jan.,1973),pp.17-18Publishedby:AmericanSocietyofPlantBiologistsStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4263061


Web pages

HowtheVenus`sFlytrapsWork:MovementofTrapLeavesinVenus`sFlytrap(Dioneamus-cipula),http://www.mcbs.unh.edu/faculty/fagerberg/venusflytrap.html

SchmidtWayne,Jaws,http://www.waynesthisandthat.com/venusflytrap.htmlBotanicalSocietyofAmerica,VenusFlytrap-Dionaeamuscipula-CarnivorousPlantsOn-line,http://www.botany.org/carnivorous_plants/venus_flytrap.php

Discoveryexplainshowthevenusflytrapsnaps,http://www.physorg.com/news2841.html

EarthNews-Venusflytraporigins,http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/new-sid_8151000/8151644.stm

GardenScientists-TheNatureConservancyinNorthCarolina-GreenSwampPreserve,http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/northcarolina/preserves/art5606.html HowVenus’sFlytrapsworks,http://www.mcbs.unh.edu/faculty/fagerberg/venusflytrap.html

TheMechanismoftrappingofaVenusFlytrap,http://www.flytrapcare.com/trapping-mechanism-of-a-venus-flytrap.html TheNatureConservancyinNorthCarolina-GreenSwampPreservehttp://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/northcarolina/preserves/art5606.html redOrbit-HabitatShrinkingForTheVenusFlytrap-ScienceNews,http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1578854/habitat_shrinking_for_the_venus_flytrap/

Venusflytrapgrowing,http://flytrapgrowing.info/category/habitat/ Venusflytrap-Dionaeamuscipula,http://www.sandjgreens.com/plants/fly_trap_b.htmVenusflytraphttp://www.strato.net/~crvny/sa03005.html

TheTrappingMechanismofaVenusFlytrap,http://www.flytrapcare.com/trapping-mecha-nism-of-a-venus-flytrap.html

VenusFlytrap-Dionaeamuscipula-CarnivorousPlantsOnline-BotanicalSocietyofAmerica,http://www.botany.org/carnivorous_plants/venus_flytrap.php

VenusFlytrap-Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Fly-trap

Cover Imagehttp://www.botany.org/carnivorous_plants/venus_flytrap.php

24

biomemetrics

Documents

carnivorous plant

small plant

main parts

capacity of capture

cat 2cv2

dionaea muscipula

terminal portion

tiny hairs