biomechanics module
TRANSCRIPT
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Biomechanics Module
Newton’s laws
Musculoskeletal levers and mechanical advantage
Classification of force systems
Vector addition and resolution
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Newton’s Laws
Law of Inertia Law of Acceleration Law of Action-Reaction
Biomechanics Module
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Law of Inertia (equilibrium)
3 Hall, Basic Biomechanics, 5th ed
Biomechanics Module
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Law of Inertia (equilibrium)
Biomechanics Module
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Law of Acceleration
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Biomechanics Module
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Law of Acceleration
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Biomechanics Module
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Law of Acceleration
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Biomechanics Module
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10 pounds
Law of Acceleration
Biomechanics Module
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B
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Newton’s Laws
Law of Inertia Law of Acceleration Law of Action-Reaction
Biomechanics Module
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Within object
Between objects
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Law of Action-Reaction
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
(Forces occur in pairs) Between two objects
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Biomechanics Module
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Law of Action-Reaction
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
(Forces occur in pairs) Between two objects Objects must be in contact
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Biomechanics Module
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Law of Action-Reaction
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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Biomechanics Module
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Law of Action-Reaction
Ground reaction force
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Hall, Fig 12-1
Body weightGRF =
Biomechanics Module
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Musculoskeletal Levers
Why is Charlie Brown up in the air?
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Biomechanics Module
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Musculoskeletal Levers
Why is Charlie Brown up in the air?
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Biomechanics Module
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Musculoskeletal Levers
(Force A)(MAA) vs (Force B)(MAB)
Charlie Brown is up in the air if: (Charlie’s force)(MA) < (Linus’ force)(MA)
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Force A
Force Bfulcrum,
pivot point
MAA MAB
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Musculoskeletal Levers
Interaction between the forces or loads on the segment and the joint
Levers: two forces and a pivot point (fulcrum, axis) Internal force (muscle) External load (gravity etc) Pivot point (joint)(N.B. not consistent w/ Levangie)
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Musculoskeletal Levers
First class lever Second class lever Third class lever
Differentiated by the relative position of the internal force, external load, and pivot point
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Musculoskeletal Levers
First class lever
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Internal force
fulcrum, pivot point
External load
Biomechanics Module
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Musculoskeletal Levers
Second class lever
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Internal force
fulcrum, pivot point
External load
Biomechanics Module
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Musculoskeletal Levers
Third class lever
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Internal force
fulcrum, pivot point
External load
Biomechanics Module
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Mechanical advantage
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Mechanical advantage
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Ext Int
fulcrum, pivot point
External MA Internal MA=
First Class Lever
Mech Adv = 1 if fulcrum in middle
Ext
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Mechanical advantage
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External MA Internal MA<
Int
fulcrum
Second Class Lever
Mech Adv > 1
Ext
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Mechanical advantage
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External MA Internal MA>
Int
fulcrum
Third Class Lever
Mech Adv < 1
Ext
Biomechanics Module
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Classification of force systems
Linear same segment same plane same line
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Biomechanics Module
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Classification of force systems
Linear same segment same plane same line
Concurrent same segment same plane common point of application
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Biomechanics Module
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Classification of force systems
Linear same segment same plane same line
Concurrent same segment same plane common point of application
Parallel same segment same plane parallel to each other
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Biomechanics Module
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Fun with Forces
Vector addition Composition Tip to tail Parallelogram
Vector resolution Graphical Trigonometric
Application to human movement Parallel forces Perpendicular forces
Biomechanics Module
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Vector addition
Composition Works with collinear vectors
Same direction (addition)
Opposite direction (“subtraction”)
30
Hall, Fig 3-11, 3-12
Biomechanics
+ =
+ =
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Vector addition
Addition (composition)
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Hall, Fig 3-11, 3-12
Works with collinear vectors
Biomechanics
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Vector addition
Addition (composition)
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Hall, Fig 3-11, 3-12
Works with collinear vectors
Biomechanics
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Vector Addition Tip to tail
Concurrent vectors (vectors which can intersect)
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Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
+ =
+ =
=
=
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Vector addition Addition – tip to tail
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Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
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Vector addition Addition – tip to tail
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Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
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Vector Addition
Addition – parallelogram
36
Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
+ =
+ =
=
=
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Vector addition Addition – parallelogram
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Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
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Vector addition Addition – parallelogram
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Hall, Fig 3-13
Biomechanics
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Vector Resolution
Resolving a vector into perpendicular components Methods:
Graph paper Trigonometry
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Biomechanics
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Vector Resolution
Graphically
40 Hall, Fig 3-15
Biomechanics
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Vector Resolution
Graphically
41 Hall, Fig 3-15
Biomechanics
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Vector Resolution
Graphically
42 Hall, Fig 3-15
Biomechanics
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
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Hall, Fig 3-15
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
60°
30°
opposite
oppositeadjacent
adjacenthypo
tenu
se
hypo
tenu
se
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
44
Hall, Fig 3-15
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
60°
30°
opposite
oppositeadjacent
adjacenthypo
tenu
se
hypo
tenu
se
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
45
Hall, Fig 3-15
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
60°
30°
opposite
oppositeadjacent
adjacenthypo
tenu
se
hypo
tenu
se
8.7
5.0
10
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
46
Hall, Fig 3-15
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
60°
30°
opposite
oppositeadjacent
adjacenthypo
tenu
se
hypo
tenu
se
10
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
47
Hall, Fig 3-15
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
60°
30°
opposite
oppositeadjacent
adjacenthypo
tenu
se
hypo
tenu
se
8.7
5.0
8.7
5.0
10 10
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
48
Hall, Fig 3-15
55°
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
20
20cos(55) = 11.4
20si
n(55
) =
16.
4
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
49
Hall, Fig 3-15
55°
45°
30°
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
Hypotenuse = 100
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric
50
Hall, Fig 3-15
55°
45°
30°
Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
Hypotenuse = 100
82
57
71
71
87
50
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Vector Resolution
Trigonometric How does angle change the composition?
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Angle Sin Cos
0 0 1
30 0.50 0.87
45 0.71 0.71
55 0.82 0.57
60 0.87 0.5
90 1 0
Biomechanics
90° 60° 45° 30° 0°
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Application to human movement
Resolve force into: Perpendicular force
Rotation
Parallel force Compression
Position dependent
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perpendicular
parallel
Biomechanics Module
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End of Biomechanics Module
Don’t forget to take the quiz
Biomechanics Module
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