biomechanics for rowing technique and rigging · velocities rigging handle/gate force boat velocity...

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11

Biomechanics for Rowing Technique and Rigging

Dr. Valery KleshnevDr. Valery Kleshnev

Rowing Science ConsultantRowing Science Consultant

President, BioRow Ltd.President, BioRow Ltd.

www.BioRow.comwww.BioRow.com


22

ContentsContents

�� Model of rowing efficiency;Model of rowing efficiency;

�� The main principles of effective rowing technique;The main principles of effective rowing technique;

�� Biomechanical basics of rigging;Biomechanical basics of rigging;

�� Biomechanical measurements and tools;Biomechanical measurements and tools;

�� Biomechanical feedback;Biomechanical feedback;


Efficiency and effectiveness of techniqueEfficiency and effectiveness of technique

Result

Metabolic Power

(Physiology)

Technique

(Biomechanics)

Psychology Race Strategy

EfficiencyEffectiveness

Rowing Style /

Rower’s Efficiency

Blade

Efficiency

Force

Curve

Boat

EfficiencyRowing

Power

Segments’

Velocities RiggingHandle/Gate

Force

Boat Velocity

& Acceleration

Horizontal Oar

Angles

Performance Level

Analysis Level

Measurement Level

Vertical Oar

Angle


How we define rowing technique efficiency?How we define rowing technique efficiency?

The three main parts of rowing as a process of The three main parts of rowing as a process of

energy transformationenergy transformation

Propulsive PowerBlade Propulsive Efficiency

Was

tePow

er

Minimal required Power

Boat Velocity Efficiency

ConsumedPower

Handle Power

Internal (muscle)

Efficiency

Waste

Heat Energ

y


Amounts and Losses of energy during rowing Amounts and Losses of energy during rowing

(example values)(example values)

1667

Total energyTotal energy

consumingconsuming

400

Handle PowerHandle Power

328

PropulsivePropulsive

PowerPower

310

MinimalMinimal

Required PowerRequired Power

93.4%

5.3% 1.3%

Internal LossesBlade Shift Losses

Velocity Fluctuation Losses

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Power (W)


Rowing StylesRowing Styles

�� RosenbergRosenberg -- Large, forward Large, forward

declination of the trunk at the declination of the trunk at the

beginning of the stroke, then beginning of the stroke, then

strong leg extension without strong leg extension without

significant trunk activation;significant trunk activation;

�� AdamAdam -- Comparatively long legs Comparatively long legs

drive and limited amplitude of the drive and limited amplitude of the

trunk. Simultaneous activity of trunk. Simultaneous activity of

legs and trunk during the stroke;legs and trunk during the stroke;

�� DDRDDR -- Large, forward declination Large, forward declination

of the trunk, which begins the of the trunk, which begins the

drive, followed by simultaneous drive, followed by simultaneous

activity of the legs;activity of the legs;

�� IvanovIvanov -- consequent timing and consequent timing and

emphasis on the legs drive.emphasis on the legs drive.

Adam style

DDR style Rosenberg style

Ivanov style

Legs Emphasis

Simultaneous Timing Consequent Timing

Trunk Emphasis


Rosenberg StyleRosenberg Style

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Total

Legs

Trunk

Arms

Rosenberg style

Angle

Pow er (W)

Large, forward declination Large, forward declination

of the trunk at the of the trunk at the

beginning of the stroke, beginning of the stroke,

then strong leg extension then strong leg extension

without significant trunk without significant trunk

activationactivation


DDR styleDDR style

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Total

Legs

Trunk

Arms

DDR style

Angle

Pow er (W) Large, forward declination of the Large, forward declination of the

trunk, which begins the drive, trunk, which begins the drive,

followed by simultaneous followed by simultaneous

activity of the legsactivity of the legs


Adam StyleAdam Style

Comparatively long legs Comparatively long legs

drive and limited drive and limited

amplitude of the trunk. amplitude of the trunk.

Simultaneous activity of Simultaneous activity of

legs and trunk during legs and trunk during

the strokethe stroke

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Total

LegsTrunk

Arms

Adam style

Угол

Power (W)


Ivanov StyleIvanov Style

Consequent timing and Consequent timing and

emphasis on the legs driveemphasis on the legs drive

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

TotalLegsTrunkArms

Ivanov style

Angle

Power (W)

The main principles of effective techniqueThe main principles of effective technique

1.1. Catch through the stretcher;Catch through the stretcher;

2.2. Using the most powerful muscle groups first;Using the most powerful muscle groups first;

3.3. Optimisation of the velocity of the muscles Optimisation of the velocity of the muscles

contraction;contraction;

4.4. Strong posture: efficient back curve;Strong posture: efficient back curve;

5.5. Emphasis of the force application at the front, Emphasis of the force application at the front,

““frontfront--loadedloaded”” drive, the earlier, the better;drive, the earlier, the better;

6.6. Coordinated and fast switching of the musclesCoordinated and fast switching of the muscles--

antagonists;antagonists;

7.7. Effective acceleration of the centre of mass of Effective acceleration of the centre of mass of

the rower;the rower;

8.8. Efficient finish of the drive through the handle.Efficient finish of the drive through the handle.www.biorow.comwww.biorow.com

1111


The main principle of effective CATCHThe main principle of effective CATCH

�� ««Catch through the Catch through the

stretcherstretcher»» givesgives 46% 46%

higher velocity of the higher velocity of the

blade at the same handle blade at the same handle

velocity;velocity;

�� ««Catch through the Catch through the

stretcherstretcher»» is preferable is preferable

because of using of more because of using of more

powerful muscle groupspowerful muscle groups..

Lout

Lin

Fulcrum

Vbl.trans.

Vblade

Vhandle

?Catch through

the stretcher

Vboat

Vbl.prop

In case of “Catch through the handle”:

Vblade = Vhandle (Lout / Lin)

In case of “Catch through the stretcher”:

Vblade = Vstr. ((Lout + Lin) / Lin)

Catch through

the handleVstretcher


Drive ->

Using of the most powerful muscle Using of the most powerful muscle

groupsgroups

The legs start the

movement

The trunk continue andaccelerate the

movement

The arms finalize the

movement

Velocity

Angle

The most effective sequence

of the segments:

< -Recovery

The sequence is mirrored

during recovery

Strong posture: effective back curveStrong posture: effective back curve

�Straighter lumbar area

can help to transfer the

force better from hips to

shoulders and prevent

injuries;

�more curvature in the

thoracic area can be

more economical

because it uses more

elastic properties of the

muscles rather then its

strength.


1414

Drysdale

Waddell

Analysis of Lumbar and Thoracic anglesAnalysis of Lumbar and Thoracic angles

� The best scullers

have significantly

straighter lumbar

angles and more curved thoracic angle


1515

150

160

170

180

Lumbar Angle α (deg)

140

150

160

170

180

Catch Middle Finish

Thoracic Angle β (deg)

Tufte Neykova

Drysdale Karsten

Waddell

β

α

A

B

C

D

E


Advantages of the front loadedAdvantages of the front loaded--drivedrive

FrontFront--loaded drive (F1):loaded drive (F1):

�� Gives 47% higher average Gives 47% higher average

velocity and distance velocity and distance

travelled during the drive;travelled during the drive;

�� Creates much more even Creates much more even

distribution of the power;distribution of the power;

�� Provide better utilization of Provide better utilization of

the most powerful muscle the most powerful muscle

groupsgroups

�� HydroHydro--lift force on the blade lift force on the blade

can be used better.can be used better.

0

2

4

6 F1F2F3

Force (N)

0

5

10

15

V1

V2

V3

Velocity (m/s)

0

20

40

60

80P1P2P3

Power (W)

0

20

40

60 P1P2P3

Distance

travelled (m)


How the frontHow the front--loaded drive looks like?loaded drive looks like?�� It is important to It is important to

increase force increase force

quickly up to 70% of quickly up to 70% of

maximum;maximum;

�� ““TrampoliningTrampolining””

effect?effect?

1. Front-loaded 1. Middle-loaded

1

2

Drive

Force/Body mass (N/kg)

1

2

Boat

Acceleration

1

2

Boat Velocity

R3-D1 D2 D3 D4

www.biorow.comwww.biorow.comR2 R3 D1

D2

D3 D4 D5 D6 R1 R2

Gate

Stretcher

Force

BoatRowerSystem

Acceleration

`

Legs TrunkArms Handle

Velocity

Vertical angleBoat speed

DriveDrive D1 D1 Blade immersion;Blade immersion;

D2 Initial RowerD2 Initial Rower’’s Accelerations Acceleration

�� CatchCatch:: the oar change the the oar change the

direction of the movement by direction of the movement by

means of legs kick through means of legs kick through

the stretcher.the stretcher.

www.biorow.comwww.biorow.comR2 R3 D1

D2

D3 D4 D5 D6 R1 R2

Gate

Stretcher

Force

BoatRowerSystem

Acceleration

`

Legs TrunkArms Handle

Velocity

Vertical angleBoat speed

DriveDrive DD3 3 Initial Boat Initial Boat

Acceleration Acceleration

�� Extending knees using Extending knees using

quads,quads,

�� Pushing the stretcher Pushing the stretcher

through toes.through toes.


FinishFinish

1.1. ““Finish through the handleFinish through the handle”” creates additional force of the blade, which creates additional force of the blade, which

propels the boatpropels the boat--rower system;rower system;

2.2. ““Finish through the handleFinish through the handle”” does not push the boat down;does not push the boat down;

3.3. ““Finish through the handleFinish through the handle”” uses more effective leverage of the oaruses more effective leverage of the oar,,

4.4. ““Finish through the handleFinish through the handle”” allows earlier relaxation of the legs muscles.allows earlier relaxation of the legs muscles.

�� ““Finish through the handleFinish through the handle”” is the only effective way to finish is the only effective way to finish

the drive!the drive!

Fblade

Fstrertcher.

Mинерт.

Fhandle

G.

Fstr.vert.

Finert.


Biomechanically based rowing drillsBiomechanically based rowing drillsDrillDrill PurposePurpose

11 Rowing with feet Rowing with feet

outoutEmphasise the stretcher pressure and Emphasise the stretcher pressure and

fast arms drive at finish of the drivefast arms drive at finish of the drive

22 Late squaring of Late squaring of

the bladesthe bladesPreventing feathering in the water and Preventing feathering in the water and

developing good balancedeveloping good balance

33 Arms with Arms with

shouldersshouldersActive using of the shoulders, arms Active using of the shoulders, arms ––

shoulders coordination.shoulders coordination.

44 ¼¼ slide slide –– fast fast

trunktrunkPush the stretcher through heels Push the stretcher through heels

using gluts and hamstrings, fast using gluts and hamstrings, fast

horizontal trunk drivehorizontal trunk drive

55 Catch Catch –– legs legs

onlyonlyFast blade placement into the Fast blade placement into the

water, quick kick to the stretcher water, quick kick to the stretcher

through toes using quadsthrough toes using quads


Catch Catch –– legs only drilllegs only drill

�� Fast blade placement into the water, quick kick Fast blade placement into the water, quick kick

to the stretcher through toes using quadsto the stretcher through toes using quads


Fast trunk drillFast trunk drill

�� Push the stretcher through heels using gluts Push the stretcher through heels using gluts

and hamstrings, fast horizontal trunk driveand hamstrings, fast horizontal trunk drive

Biomechanical basics of riggingBiomechanical basics of rigging

We will discuss:We will discuss:

��Oar dimensions;Oar dimensions;

��Gearing ratio;Gearing ratio;

��Span/spread and;Span/spread and;

��Gate height and Gate height and

pitch;pitch;


2424

Spread (sweep)

Gate Height

Seat Height from water

Heels Depth

Span (sculling)

Overlap (sculling)

Overlap (Sweep)

StretcherAngle

Work through

Pitch

Seat Travel

Gate Height

Stretcher position

SlidesAngle

Definition of the GearingDefinition of the Gearing

�� The standard definition of the The standard definition of the

gearing is the ration of gearing is the ration of

velocities (or displacements, velocities (or displacements,

travels) of output to input;travels) of output to input;

�� In rowing, velocity of the In rowing, velocity of the

output is defined by actual output is defined by actual

outboard, input outboard, input –– by actual by actual

inboard;inboard;

�� The span/spread does NOT The span/spread does NOT

affect gearing;affect gearing;

�� Blade efficiency or Blade efficiency or ““slippageslippage””

DOES affect Gearing.DOES affect Gearing.


2525

Gearing = Actual Outboard / Actual Inboard

= (Out.-SL/2- SW/2) / (Inb.-Hnd/2+SW/2)

Blade Travel

Handle Travel

Oar LengthInboard

PinActual Inboard

Oar LengthInboard

Actual OutboardPin

Dynamic GearingDynamic Gearing

�� At sharp oar angles only part of At sharp oar angles only part of

blade velocity is parallel to the blade velocity is parallel to the

boat velocity;boat velocity;

�� Effect of the oar angle is small Effect of the oar angle is small

until 45deg;until 45deg;

�� Gearing ratio became twice Gearing ratio became twice

heavier at the oar angle 60deg;heavier at the oar angle 60deg;

�� Gearing ratio became three Gearing ratio became three

times heavier at the oar angle times heavier at the oar angle

60deg;60deg;

�� Gearing ratio became six times Gearing ratio became six times

heavier at the oar angle 60deg;heavier at the oar angle 60deg;

�� The most common catch angles The most common catch angles

are between 55deg (sweep) are between 55deg (sweep)

and 70deg (sculling).and 70deg (sculling).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Dynamic Gearing Ratio

(Outboard/Inboard)

Oar Angle (deg)

G(a) = G/cos(a)

Handle Velocity

Blade Velocity

Boat Velocity

The span affects gearing indirectlyThe span affects gearing indirectly

Effect of the span on the catch angle:Effect of the span on the catch angle:

��Two centimetres of shorter spread gives only 0.5 deg of extra Two centimetres of shorter spread gives only 0.5 deg of extra

catch angle;catch angle;

��If we change inboard accordingly to maintain overlap, this If we change inboard accordingly to maintain overlap, this

would gives us 0.8 deg of extra catch angle for every 2cm of would gives us 0.8 deg of extra catch angle for every 2cm of

extra spread.extra spread.

ab

∠a > ∠b

A

B

B > A

““CostCost”” of one degree of the oar angle at catch, of one degree of the oar angle at catch,

when change the stretcher positionwhen change the stretcher position

�� One degree equal about 1.5cm of the arc length in One degree equal about 1.5cm of the arc length in sculling and 1.75cm in sweep rowingsculling and 1.75cm in sweep rowing

�� Change of the stretcher position affects more catch Change of the stretcher position affects more catch angle than finish angleangle than finish angle

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

“Cost” (cm/degree)

Catch Angle (deg)

Rigging Calculator Rigging Calculator

www.biorow.com/RigChart.aspxwww.biorow.com/RigChart.aspx


2929

The difference in force lever is the main reason The difference in force lever is the main reason

of boat rotation in a pairof boat rotation in a pair

Lever of force of bow rower is longer

Centre ofthe shell

Bow

lever

Stroke

lever

Levers are equal

Centre ofthe shell

Bow

lever

Stroke

leverCentre ofthe shell

Bow

lever

Stroke

lever

Catch

Middle of

the drive Finish

Lever of force of stroke rower is longer

Coordination of forces in a pairCoordination of forces in a pair

To prevent rotation To prevent rotation

of the boat:of the boat:

��Stroke rower must Stroke rower must

apply higher force at apply higher force at

catch;catch;

��Bow rower must Bow rower must

apply higher force at apply higher force at

finish;finish;-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Stroke

Bow

A (deg)

Handle Force (N)

��Average force of the Average force of the

stroke rower must be stroke rower must be

about 5% higher than about 5% higher than

of the bow rowerof the bow rower0%

20%

40%

60%

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Bow L.

StrokeF1

StrokeF2

Str.L.BowF1

BowF2

Ratio of Levers and Forces (%)

Oar Angle (deg)

Big boats with the normal rigBig boats with the normal rig

�� In the four and eight with In the four and eight with

the normal rig the sum of the normal rig the sum of

the levers turns the bow to the levers turns the bow to

the port side;the port side;

�� The stroke rower can turn The stroke rower can turn

the eight at catch to the the eight at catch to the

same side;same side;

Each stroke with synchronous Each stroke with synchronous

force application creates force application creates

the boat yaw angle:the boat yaw angle:

�� 0.37 deg in a pair, 0.37 deg in a pair,

�� 0.076 deg in the four,0.076 deg in the four,

�� 0.015 deg in the eight0.015 deg in the eight

RR

Fbl

Fbl

R

Fbl

R

Levers of the blade force in

the pair, four and eight

. Mass moments of inertia

in various boat types (kg m2)

1076074003360Eight

1125882243Four

1038815Pair

Total

Rower

sBoat

The normal and Italian rigs in the fourThe normal and Italian rigs in the four

�� In the Italian rig the sum of levers is zero, so the boat goes In the Italian rig the sum of levers is zero, so the boat goes straight at the equal force application;straight at the equal force application;

�� The boat with normal rig can go straight, if stroke rowers The boat with normal rig can go straight, if stroke rowers apply force earlier and/or higher (5% difference in the apply force earlier and/or higher (5% difference in the average force).average force).

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

4 32 1Sum

Lever (m)

Oar angle (deg)Seat:

4

3

2

1

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

4 32 1Sum

Lever (m)

Oar angle (deg)Seat:

14

3 2

Normal rig Italian rig

Average levers in fours (in meters)

0.003.36-3.13-2.902.66Italian

-0.47-3.363.13-2.902.66Normal

Sum1234Seat

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Stroke and 2 seat

3 seat and bow

Handle Force (N)

Oar Angle (deg)

Effect of the span on the torque in pairEffect of the span on the torque in pair

�� A rower with longer A rower with longer span produces span produces higher torque higher torque relative to the relative to the centre of the boat centre of the boat (CB) at the same (CB) at the same force (or the same force (or the same torque at lower torque at lower force);force);

�� This in not a real This in not a real ““gearinggearing”” because the ratio of because the ratio of

velocities and forces on the handle and the velocities and forces on the handle and the

blade remains the same irrelative to the span.blade remains the same irrelative to the span.

Levers

Catch

Bow.

Stroke.

Finish

Bow.

Stroke.


Handle and seat forcesHandle and seat forces

�� Lift force depends on the Lift force depends on the

height of the handle height of the handle

relative to footrelative to foot--stretcherstretcher::

Flift = H / Lw * Fh

�� Handle force is limited at Handle force is limited at

certain handle height and certain handle height and

rowerrower’’s weight:s weight:

Fh.max = Lw / H *W

�� Seat force can be good Seat force can be good

indicator of rowing indicator of rowing

technique.technique.

Good

Bad

Seat Force (N)

Angle (deg)

Rower’s Weight

Recovery

Recovery

CMW

H

Lw

Fh

Flift

MhCM

Fhr

Gate height and pitchGate height and pitch

� In case of the most common pitch 4 deg, only 0.24% of the propulsive force is lost;

� the height of the handle (and gate) is defined mainly by a comfort for a rower at finish;

� a lower gate height requires more pitch and more significant arms “grubbing and vice versa;

� Lateral pitch is useful to overcome the difference in comfortable height of the handle.


3636

12deg

4deg

Pitch

angle

Biomechanical Tools and DevicesBiomechanical Tools and Devices

�� Telemetry system;Telemetry system;

�� Immediate feedback Immediate feedback

tools;tools;

�� ““Stroke coachesStroke coaches”” and and

““boat checkboat check”” meters;meters;

�� Mobile rowing tank. Mobile rowing tank.


3737

BioRowTel Telemetry System v.4.5BioRowTel Telemetry System v.4.5


� The system is quick to setup (30-90 min for 1x - 8+) and remove. It does not affect any rigging settings, which is

important before regattas.

� Two-dimensional (2D) oar angle sensor measures position of the oar shaft in horizontal and vertical planes, which allows to define a path of the blade relative to water.

� Position sensors of the seat and shoulders allow to derive their velocities and power, which defines a rowing style.

-9

-6

0

3

6

-50 -25 2

5

1

2

Horizontal Angle

Vertical Angle

Catch Slip

Release Slip

Water Level

Recovery

Drive

Catch

Finish 3 -3

Averaging

-

2

-

1

0

1

2

Legs

Trunk

Arms

Handle

Velocity (m/s)

Time

Adam

DDR Rosenberg

Ivanov

Analysis


Visual Immediate Feedback System:Visual Immediate Feedback System:

��The System can be used with any standard video camera. The The System can be used with any standard video camera. The

transmitter is attached to the video camera. VFS system worn by transmitter is attached to the video camera. VFS system worn by the the

athlete and the integral headphones allow the coachathlete and the integral headphones allow the coach’’s comments to be s comments to be

heard. heard.

��VFS can be used for immediate feedback on various elements of VFS can be used for immediate feedback on various elements of

technique: oar blade work, leg work, arm work, synchronization otechnique: oar blade work, leg work, arm work, synchronization of the f the

crew, etc.crew, etc.

Pattern of boat acceleration as a fingertipPattern of boat acceleration as a fingertip

� Magnitudes of both negative peak and the first peak of the boat acceleration are highly dependent on the stroke rate.

� No significant difference was found between sculling and sweep rowing.

� The pattern is quite similar in all boat sizes.

� The best rowing crews have

the highest magnitude of the negative peak of the boat acceleration at catch and the highest first peak.


-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Olympic Champions LM2x

National level LM2x

Drive

Boat Acceleration (m/s2)

Time (s)

Catch Finish

RecoveryRecovery

LM2x at 35 str/min

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Olympic Champions M2-

National level M2-

Drive


Time (s)

Catch Finish

Recovery Recovery

M2- at 39 str/min

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Time

(% of cycle)


Catch Finish

Zero

before

catch

Negative

peak.

Zero

after

catch

First

peak

Drive

humpSecond

peak

New New ““check factorcheck factor”” for for

ActiveTime ActiveTime ™™ stroke rate meterstroke rate meter

� Delta boat acceleration (DA) was selected as the most appropriate parameter for evaluation of technical skills of the crew.

� New algorithm was developed and implemented in the latest version of

ActiveTime ActiveTime ™™ stroke rate meter.stroke rate meter.

� The quality of each stroke is displayed as a score F from 0 to 100:

0-20 – Beginners

20-40 - Club rowers;

40-60 - National level;

60-80 - International level;

80-100 - Champions www.biorow.comwww.biorow.com

Rowing MachinesRowing Machines


4242

M = ∞

Mr.

F inertia

F inertia

Mr.

F inertia

F inertia

M flywheel = M boat

= 17kg

0

200

400

600

800F handle

F stretcher

F(N)

T

0

200

400

600

800F handle

F stretcher

F(N)

T

RowPerfect

Concept 2

Catch Drive Release

Mobile Rowing Tank (MRT)Mobile Rowing Tank (MRT) ©©19891989--2008 Dr. Valery Kleshnev2008 Dr. Valery Kleshnev


Advantages of MRT compare to a

stationary tank:

�There is power transfer through the

stretcher, which contribute nearly 40% of

power production in on-water rowing.

�There is a gearing effect similar to on-water rowing, where the stretcher force is

40% higher than the handle force.

�Similar to on-water rowing, MRT requires

more legs power, while stationary rowing requires more upper body power.

�The stretcher acceleration makes

vestibular sensations of the rower very similar to the sensations during on-water

rowing.

�Rowers can interact through the stretcher to develop an accurate synchronisation,

similar to on-water rowing.

V+

Fdrag

Fprop

Water tank

Mobile rower’s

workplace

Resistanceunit


4444

Thank you for attentionThank you for attention

�� Dr. Valery KleshnevDr. Valery Kleshnev

�� Rowing Science ConsultantRowing Science Consultant

�� ee--mail: mail: [email protected]@btinternet.com

�� Rowing Biomechanics NewsletterRowing Biomechanics Newsletter

�� www.biorow.comwww.biorow.com

biomechanics for rowing technique and rigging · velocities rigging handle/gate force boat velocity...

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