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BIOMATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Presented by:Arzaga, LeahDayap, Benjie LynDula, ChristineGalicia, Julienne

March 3, 2014

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What is Biomaterial?

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. (Williams, 1987)

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History More than 2000 years ago, Romans and Chinese used gold

in dentistry. 1860's: Lister develops aseptic surgical technique early 1900's: Bone plates used to fix fractures 1930's: Introduction of stainless steel, cobalt chromium

alloys 1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in

dentistry. 1938 : first total hip prosthesis (P. Wiles) 1940's: Polymers in medicine: PMMA bone repair; cellulose

for dialysis; nylon sutures

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History 1952: Mechanical heart valve 1953: Dacron (polymer fiber) vascular grafts 1958: Cemented (PMMA) joint replacement 1960: first commercial heart valves 1970's: PEO (polyethyleneoxide) protein resistant thin film

coating 1976: FDA ammendment governing testing & production of

biomaterials /devices 1976: Artificial heart (W. Kolff, Prof. Emeritus U of U)

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Uses of BiomaterialsReplacement of diseased or damaged part:

Artificial hip joint, kidney

dialysis machine

Assist in healing:

Sutures, bone plates, and

screwsImprove function: Cardiac

pacemaker, intraocular

lensCorrect

functional abnormality:

Cardiac pacemaker

Correct cosmetic problem:

Augmentation mammoplasty,

chin augmentation

Aid to diagnosis: Probes and catheters

Aid to treatment: Catheters,

drains

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Characteristics of Biomaterials

Physical Requirements Hard Materials. Flexible Material.

Chemical Requirements Must not react with any tissue in the body. Must be non-toxic to the body. Long-term replacement must not be

biodegradable.

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7Main features for medical applications

Biofunctionality Playing a specific function in physical

and mechanical terms

Biocompatibility the ability of a material to perform in

an appropriate host response in a specific application.

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8Biocompatible material features

Absence of carcinogenicity (the ability or tendency to produce cancer)

Absence of immunogenicity (absence of a recognition of an external factor which could create rejection)

Absence of teratogenicity (ability to cause birth defects)

Absence of toxicity

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Metals

CompositeMaterials

Ceramics

Polymers

BIOMATERIALS

Orthopedic screws/fixation

Dental Implants

Dental Implants

Heart valves

Bone replacements

BiosensorsImplantable Microelectrodes

Skin/cartilageDrug

Delivery Devices Ocular

implants

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Materials for Use in the Body

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Biomaterials involved in Human Body

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Examples of Biomaterial Applications Intraocular Lenses Heart Valve Dental Implants Hip Replacements

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Intraocular Lenses

March 3, 2014

Monofocal lens

Multifocal or accommodative lenses

Toric IOL for astigmatism

Monofocal Lens (IOL).mp4

Accommodative Lens IOL.mp4

Toric Lens IOL.mp4

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Heart Valve Bioprosthetic Valves

porcine xenograft valves

bovine pericardial valves

allograft or homograft valves

Figure 1. Images of a porcine bioprosthetic valve xenograft (A), bovine pericardial valve (B), and a human aortic valve allograft (C), also called a homograft.

Vesely I Circulation Research. 2005;97:743-755

Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

Both the porcine and bovine valves are treated with glutaraldehyde before implantation. The homograft is stored frozen and implanted without any other chemical preparation and often without any tissue type matching.

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Heart Valve Mechanical Valves

Monoleaflet Valves

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Heart Valve Mechanical Valves

Bileaflet Valves

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Heart Valve Mechanical Valves

Caged Ball

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Dental Implants Small titanium fixture that

serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth.

Implant is placed in the bone of the upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond with the bone.

Most dental implants are: pure titanium screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for crowns and bridges, or as supports for dentures.

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Dental Implants

Capable of bonding to bone, a phenomenon known as "osseointegration”.

Bio-inert, there is no reaction in tissue and no rejection or allergic reactions.

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Hip-ReplacementsNormal hip anatomy. A hip with osteoarthritis.

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Hip-Replacement

(Left) The individual components of a total hip replacement. (Center) The components merged into an implant. (Right) The implant as it fits into the hip.

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