biomaterials and 3d printing
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biomateriales metálicos para implantes medicos y mecanismos de impresión en 3D
Metallic Biomaterials for Orthopedic Medical Devices and 3D Printing
Introduction State of Art Capabilities Conclusions
![Page 2: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electron Beam Melting / Introduction
Introduction State of Art Projects Capabilities Conclusions
![Page 3: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Now a day’s cementless prosthesis become to be popular, due the optimal characteristics of bone ingrown fixation into the open cellular array in interconnected pores. In practice, they are employed on acetabula bone, columnar cages or glenoid devices.
Introduction
![Page 4: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Conductivity in the material, pore size and pore arrangement, encourage or limit the dissemination, vascularization and nutrient transport through the porous matrix to the newly formed tissue.
![Page 5: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The pores presented on the matrix represent the greatest influence on bone growth conditions, where the cell can enter into the pores (pore range size 100 mm to 500 mm) and proliferating creating new bone.
![Page 6: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Challenge of this kind of open cellular is achieve a osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration of the bone.
The main porpoise is getting a great fixation into the tissue without employ a PMMA cement fixation, that in a long term is unstable.
![Page 7: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A major problem concerning metallic implants in orthopedic surgery is the differences between the bone Young’s modulus (10–30 GPa) and bulk metallic materials (between 110 GPa for Ti and 230 Gpa for Co–Cr alloys).
Due to this mechanical mismatch, bone is insufficiently loaded and becomes stress shielded, which eventually leads to bone resorption. It has been suggested that when bone loss is excessive, it can compromise the long-term clinical performance of the prosthesis
Problem
![Page 8: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
State of Art
Introduction State of Art Projects Conclusions
![Page 9: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 1. Image of Arcam A1
Arcam EBM
![Page 10: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Arcam Powder Recovery System
![Page 11: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Additive Manufacturing /Arcam EBM
AdvantagesComplexity Shapes Based Computer systems drawing
Purity Process in vacuum
environment
Capability to obtain dense and porous materials with a wide range of mechanical properties.
High Technology on biomaterials
Ti6Al4V and Co-Cr and Recovery Powder Method
![Page 12: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 2. Schematic view of the Electron Beam Melting applied
Additive Manufacturing /Arcam EBM
![Page 13: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 3. SEM micrographs of gas and water atomized metal powder
Raw Materials /Arcam EBM
Powder size between 40 and 80 mm
![Page 14: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Figure 4. Preheated Metal Plate
Electron Beam Incident on the plate at 720° C
Electron Beam Melting /Arcam EBM
![Page 15: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Free Form Capabilities
Introduction State of Art Aspects Conclusions
![Page 16: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
JMGranjeiro - UFF
Classificacion Anatomica del tejido óseo
Compacto o cortical
Canceloso o Esponjoso
![Page 18: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solids Validation
![Page 19: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 5. Solid prototype Pore and strut measurement in 2-D
![Page 20: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 6. Static tensile properties of the Ti6Al4V materials in building direction
![Page 21: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(a) 60 mm
(b) 60 mm Figure 10. A micrograph of (a) a longitudinal cut and (b) a
cross-sectional cut solid titanium piece.[1]
![Page 22: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig. 11 SEM views of the side edge of the test component
![Page 23: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Defects presented on Dense Titanium Alloy Pieces
![Page 24: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Efforts to eliminate the gas voids in the EBM built samples have included standard HIP routines for Ti–6Al–4V: Thermal treatments 15 Ksi pressure at 900°C for 2 h. The present figure shows that while the voids can be largely eliminated by a single standard HIP cycle, remnants sometimes persist.
![Page 25: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mashes
![Page 26: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 7. (A) unit cells of designed Ti6Al4V, (B) Optical light microscopy images of the as produced scaffolds, (C) SEM Images of the as produced Ti6Al4V scaffolds and (D) 3-D Model from micro CT
data sets of the as produced Ti6Al4V scaffolds.
Figure 8. Pore and strut measurement in 2-D
![Page 27: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 9. The lattice structure of a 1,000 cell octahedron structure. (a) Model (b) actual structure.
(a)
(b)
![Page 28: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figura 11. Struts o ligamentos que constituyen la estructura tridimensional de la malla o esponja.
![Page 29: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Different structures obtained by Arcam EBM
![Page 30: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ligaments analized
![Page 31: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Foams
![Page 32: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figura 12. Modelo de esponja CAD la cual posee diferentes densidades interna y externamente, así como una vista del corte transversal de la pieza.
L.E. Murr, K.N. Amato, S.J. Li, Y.X. Tian, X.Y. Cheng, S.M. Gaytan, E. Martinez, P.W. Shindo, F. Medina, and R.B. Wicker, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Open-Cellular Biomaterials Prototypes for Total Knee Replacement Implants Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting,” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Volume 4, Issue 7, (2011) pages 1396-1411
![Page 33: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 13. The structure of trabecular metal (courtesy of Zimmer). See text for details.
![Page 34: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 14. Fracture plane of Duocel open-cell foam. The numbers indicate the consecutively failed struts and the stars indicate intergranular fracture.
![Page 35: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 15. (a) SE-image of a low density sample. (b) SE-image of a high density sample. Note the scale in (a) and (b).
![Page 36: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Validation Tests for Solids
![Page 37: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Tensile Strength
![Page 38: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Vickers Hardness Scale
HV =1.854 L
d2
L= Load applied (Kg)d= length between angles
Angle 136°
![Page 40: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fig. 19 illustrates these microindentation (HV) comparisons for the solid and open-cellular structures of Ti–6Al–4V and Co–29Cr–6Mo alloy. [9]
![Page 41: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Rockwell-C Hardness Scale
![Page 42: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Mechanical Testing Tensile specimens were machined from cylindrical build components, as illustrated in Figure 2, and tested in an INSTRON** 500 R tensile machine at a strain rate of 3 x 10-3 s-1, at room temperature ~293 K (20 °C)). Fracture surfaces for failed tensile specimens were also examined using FE-SEM [7].
![Page 43: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Tensile Strenght for dense Ti6Al4V alloy based EBM
In order to evaluate the effect of sample orientation on the mechanical properties, samples were built in three different orientations: standing up, laying down flat, and lying on the side. Figure 21 shows the build orientations of the samples with respect to the start plate.
![Page 44: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
In order to validate the Arcam EBM process as an acceptable alternative to conventional fabrication methods, the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples fabricated using the Arcam EBM process were compared to Ti-6Al-4V samples fabricated by other methods such as various casting, forging, and laser deposition procedures.
![Page 46: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Bending Test
![Page 48: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tests for Porous based
![Page 49: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Density Measurement
Pore Density (ppi)
Porosity (%)
Density g/cm3
Cell Hardness (Gpa)
Stiffness (GPa)
Relative Stiffness (E/E0 * 10 -3)
Solid 1 11 55 1.99 46 9.97 90
Solid2 7 71 1.29 47 2.55 23.2
Solid 3 6 79 0.93 46 1.65 15.0
Solid 4 4 82 0.80 41 0.90 8.2
Solid 5 3 82 0.78 46 0.75 6.8
![Page 50: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Compressive strenght/ Mesh Ti
![Page 51: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Young’s modulus
A particularly novel application involves the manufacture of open-cellular structures with pre-selected elastic modulus or stiffness (E) for aerospace structural components, even complex heat exchangers, etc., and orthopaedic implants tailored to eliminate bone stress shielding by reducing E for high-modulus metals (such as Co-base alloys where E=210 GPa) by more than an order of magnitude.
Gibson and Ashby and Gibson have demonstrated that open-cellular structures in general are characterized by:
E = Eo(ρ/ρo)2
E: Young modulusρ: Porous material Densityρ0: Dense material Density E0 : Stiffness obteined by uniaxial compressive test Inside a Co-alloy base mesh stiffness is close to ~ 3.4GPaρ =1.9 g/cm3
ρ0=8.3 g/cm3
![Page 52: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Microbiological / In vitro Cell Assessment employing Human Osteoblast like cells
![Page 53: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Pore size and interconnectivity of synthetic porous biomaterials play a crucial role in bone formation. • A minimum pore size of 100–150 mm. • In some cases [2], (>300 mm) for enhanced bone
formation and the formation of capillaries.
Criteria for bone ingrowth:• Cell Size• Migration Requirements• Nutritional transport.
![Page 54: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Human Osteoblast Like cells
![Page 55: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Microbiological Procedures
![Page 56: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Seeding Assessment
![Page 57: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Figura 69. Esquema de adherencia e integridad celular empleado para el análisis de los materiales propuestos.
Sembrado de 14000 células por ml
![Page 58: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Previous Results
![Page 59: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Fig. 7. DLF Ti–6Al–4V in vitro, human osteoblasts after 14 days of culturing, live/dead stain of cells on non-porous material (a) and cell culture plastic as control (b), live/dead stain of culture on porous substrate with a nominal pore diameter of 500 mm (c) and 1000 mm (d), SEM images from the same specimens (e, f). Some of the pores were filled with cells, which had grown along the pore rims in a circular-shaped manner.
![Page 60: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fig. 7. SEM picture of seeded cp titanium foam under static culture conditions after nine weeks (AB) and under perfusion after three weeks incubation (CF) Osteoblast under static culture condition could only be found on the outer seeded surface with SAOS cells: Broken scaffolds inside view of middle section C: SAOS cells seeded outer surface side D : Human osteoblast seeded surface side E: Human osteoblasts broken scaffold inside middle view F: SAOS cell, unseeded surface side.
![Page 61: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
(a) CAD model used for the EBM-fabrication of cp-Ti and Ti6Al4V scaffolds. (b) A photograph showing the scaffolds used in the present study. (c–h) SEM images showing the surface topography of cp-Ti (c–e) and Ti6Al4V (f–h) scaffolds at increasing magnifications; scale bar = 10 μm, 1 μm, and 100 nm, respectively.
![Page 62: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
SEM images showing hES-MPs morphology and distribution across the cp-Ti (a–d) and Ti6Al4V (e–h) scaffolds; scale bar =200 μm (a, b, d, and f) and 1 μm (c and f).
![Page 63: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Histological micrographs of cp-Ti (a–c) and Ti6Al4V (d–f) constructs stained with toluidine blue; scale bar = 100 μm.
![Page 64: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Structures for in vivo and mechanical analysis
![Page 65: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 1. Anteroposterior (right) and lateral (left) radiographs of a dog showing typical position and fit of the femoral component.
![Page 66: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fig. 6. Digital photographs of stained (methylene blue/basic fuchsine) histological sections of 3DFT (A), BMSC 3DFT (B), 3DFT+BCP(C) and BMSC 3DFT+BCP (D) after 12 weeks of implantation on lumbar transverse processes. Bone is stained pink/red, Ti alloy black and BCP ceramic dark brown. The transverse process can be seen at the bottom of the implants and Teflon plates are visible between the implants.
![Page 67: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Epifluorescent microscopy images of fluorochrome markers in 3DFL (A), 3DF (B), 3DFH (C), 3DFDL (D) and 3DFG (E). In all images the earliest label is green (3 weeks, calcein green), the middle label is yellow (6 weeks, oxytetracyclin) and the final label is orange (9 weeks, xylenol orange). The dark blue areas indicate scaffold.
Samples After Assessment
![Page 68: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Transmitted light micrographs of a transverse section through a 52-week implant with small pore size. There are multiple regions of intimate bone-strut contact and evidence of a vascular supply throughout the ingrown bone
![Page 69: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Porous scaffold dowels of Ti6Al4V were prepared and implanted into cancellous and cortical bone sites in adult sheep. Cancellous implants were examined under gap, line-to-line, and press-fit conditions, whereas line-to-line implantation was used in cortical sites. Cortical shear strength increased significantly with time and reached 26.1 ± 8.6 MPa at 12 weeks, accompanied by a concomitant increase in bone integration and remodeling.
![Page 70: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A porous scaffold of Ti6Al4V (Regenerex; Biomet) was used in the manufacture of the implant dowels, having an average 67% porosity and pore size distribution between 100 and 600 μm.
(A and B), Methylene blue and fuchsin stain at 12 weeks at the cortical site. (A) Low-magnification overview of the exposed implant cross-section. (B) Higher-magnification image of taken at implant center. Histologic analysis demonstrated complete bone formation throughout the implant. De novo bone was in intimate contact with the implant, and no intervening fibrous tissue was observed.
Cancelous bone fill implanted in an adult sheep
![Page 72: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Survey (to the left) and high magnification (to the right) light microscopy micrographs of tibia implants (A), (B), and (C), respectively. The bone is in close contact with the implants and, in the case of implant (C), the bone follows the irregularities of the implant surface.
Survey (to the left) and high magnification (to the right) scanning electron micrographs of implants (A), (B), and (C), respectively. Typical ridges and valleys due to machining are shown for implants (A) and (B). For implant (C), a wavy surface texture with rounded protrusions and multiple crevices
Tibia Prosthesis in rabbits
![Page 73: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Specimens. On top the specimens for the in vivo experiment,below the specimens for the friction test. A wave structure, B cubic structure, C plasma spray coating and D sandblasted surface. (bar 10 mm)
Measurement method for bone ingrowth depth and directbone–implant contact. The arrow represents the maximumbone ingrowth depth of this quadrant. Direct bone–implantcontact was projected onto a circle representing the circumferenceof the implant in order to determine the percentage of direct bone–implant contact
![Page 74: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Qualitative analysis of bone ingrowth. HE-stained slices of the wave (a) and cubic structure (b) with extensive bone ingrowth into the pores. Bone ingrowth on the titanium plasma sprayed (c) and sandblasted (d) control. (bar 1 mm)
![Page 75: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Shoulder Joint Prothesis Causes and Mechanisms
Applied Knowledge of Cementless Prosthesis
![Page 76: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis Severe Trauma (Fracture)
Causes of Shoulder Joint Dysfunction
Main Cause: The cartilage is thinner than it is supposed to be or the bones are too weak.As a result the bones rub together causing pain, swelling and/or loss of motion of the joint. To improve the movement of the joint and to relieve the pain, a prosthesis to replace the glenoid of the shoulder joint is an option.
![Page 77: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
In ball-and-socket joints the spherical of hemispherical head of one bone articulates with the cup-like socket of another. These joints are multiaxial and the most freely moving synovial joints. Moving is allowed in all axes and planes, including rotation.
In the shoulder, the joint sacrifice stability to provide the most freely moving joint of the body.
![Page 78: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Glenoid section or component loosening is the major problem of total shoulder arthroplasty. It is possible that uncemented components may be able to achieve superior fixation relative to cemented components.
Numerous all-polyethylene or metal-backed glenoid components, with keel- or peg-shaped backings, fixated either with or without cement, have been introduced in an attempt to reduce the high glenoid component loosening rate in total shoulder arthroplasty
![Page 79: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Cemented glenoid components are limited by high stresses in the cement layer that cause damage and osteolysis, whereas cementless metal-backed components show problems with rapid polyethylene wear, component dissociation and pull out of the screws used for implant fixation. The glenoid component design is a relevant task.
![Page 80: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Conclusions
Introduction State of Art Projects Conclusions
![Page 81: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
This studies could help us to develop a metallic biomaterials shoulder implant, creating a porous coating of the same material (Ti6Al4V or Co-Cr) with enough stability and long term fixation, to support the osseointegration.
In particular is necessary to know the thickness of the porous film formed on the implant to be removed easily the implant and at the same time reducing the risk of infection.
The final target would be, design the implants models and tools to install and remove them.
![Page 82: Biomaterials and 3D Printing](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/5551d48fb4c905922b8b5463/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Thank you for your attention
Gracias por su atención