biomass utilization in stationary heat & power systems: rd&d...
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Biomass Utilization in Stationary Heat & Power Systems: RD&D Activities at Penn
State’s Energy Institute
Biomass Utilization in Stationary Heat & Power Systems: RD&D Activities at Penn
State’s Energy InstituteBruce G. Miller
CrossOver 2007University Park, Pennsylvania
September 4-5, 2007
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
• Summary of the Energy Institute’s technical areas of expertise (focusing on stationary combustion)
• Examples of biomass characterized/ tested• Overview of the Energy Institute’s biomass
combustion activities• Selected results from biomass combustion &
emissions testing• Examples of companies/ agencies we work with
Technical Areas of Biomass Stationary Combustion Expertise
Technical Areas of Biomass Stationary Combustion Expertise
• Resource assessments• Fuels evaluation (fundamental and applied behavior in
combustion systems) and characterization• Emissions characterization and control• Fundamental behavior of inorganic elements• Analytical techniques for characterizing inorganic phases in
fuels and combustion byproducts• Statistical techniques for designing engineering experiments
and evaluating data
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Woody and Herbaceous Biomass)
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Woody and Herbaceous Biomass)
• Wood residues, herbaceous plants, and crops– Sawdust/ wood chips/ road
clearings– Urban wood waste– Tree-of-Heaven– Grasses -- Switchgrass (aged and
fresh), Reed Canary Grass– Corn/ soybeans
Total forest resources - 368 MDT/yrTotal agricultural residues - 159-954 MDT/yrFrom USDA/U.S. DOE Feedstock Report 2005
Switchgrass
Pine Chips
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Manure and Litter)
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Manure and Litter)
• Manures– Poultry litter– Dairy/ beef manure– Swine wastes– Sheep manure– Horse manure
Poultry Litter
Dairy Manure
Manures - 35-44 MDT/yrFrom USDA/U.S. DOE Feedstock Report 2005
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal Fats and Greases)
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal Fats and Greases)
• Animal fats/ vegetable oils– Choice white grease/ lard– Tallow– Poultry fat– Restaurant grease– Soybean oil– Coconut oil
Fats (excluding oils) - 11.6 B lb/yrFrom Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, Inc. 2005
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal Proteins)
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal Proteins)
• Animal proteins– Feather meal– Blood meal– Poultry meal– Pork meal– Meat & bone meal
Pork Meal
Meat & Bone Meal
Proteins - 9.2 B lb/yrFrom Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, Inc. 2005
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal-Tissue Biomass)
Examples of Biomass Feedstocks(Animal-Tissue Biomass)
• Animal-Tissue Biomass (ATB)– Raw or pre-processed animal-derived
tissues• Animal parts such as specified risk
materials (SRMs)• Whole animals including beef/dairy cow
carcasses, poultry, cervids• Meat processing wastes that are not
desired in animal feed products– Emergency slaughter carcasses
Ground/chippedcattle carcasses
ATB >6 B lb/yrFrom Sparks 2002; Harlan 2004
Comparison of Various Boiler Fuels Tested at the Energy Institute
Comparison of Various Boiler Fuels Tested at the Energy Institute
– Energy Densities –
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Natural
Gas
No. 2 Fuel
Oil
No. 6 Fuel
Oil
Restau
rant G
rease
Choice W
hite G
rease
LardTall
owPoultr
y Fat
Bituminous
Anthracite
Subbituminous C
oalLignite
Feather
Meal
Blood Mea
l
Poultry M
eal
Pork Mea
l
Meat &
Bone M
eal
Coal Refu
se-high
Coal Refu
se-lo
wRail
road
TiesFiberb
oard
Wood Chips/S
havings
Cull-Cow SRM
Fed-C
attle
SRM
Cow Carc
asse
s
Poultry L
itter
Dairy/B
eef M
anureCorn
Switchgras
s
Reed C
anary
Gras
s
As-
Fire
d H
eatin
g Va
lue
(Btu
/lb)
Natural Gas
Fuel Oils
Animal Fats/ Greases
Coals
Animal ProteinsCoal
Refuse WoodyResides
Manure/Litter
HerbaceousPlants/ Crops
Animal Tissue Biomass
Resource AssessmentsResource Assessments• Local (University Park)
– 45 and 100 mile radius– As part of a study on the feasibility of
installing a CFB on campus to cofirebiomass and coal
• Statewide
Fuel CharacterizationFuel Characterization• Advanced Fuel Analysis
– Fundamental combustion/ pyrolysiskinetics
– Fundamental nitrogen and volatile matter evolution studies for burner design and NOx control
– Chemical fractionation to assess behavior of inorganics
– Fuel structure
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Temperature (C)
Perc
ent o
f Ele
men
t Evo
lved
as
Vola
tile
Mat
ter
Percent Nitrogen Evolved as Volatile Matter
Percent Carbon Evolved as Volatile Matter
Step 2
AmmoniumAcetate (1M)
Leaches residuefrom Step 1
Ion-exchangeableMaterial
Step 1
DeionizedWater
Leaches raw fuel
Water-SolubleSalts
Step 3
HydrochloricAcid (1M)
Leaches residuefrom Step 2
Acid-Soluble SaltsCarbonates, Sulfates,
and Mono-Sulfides
Volatile N and C evolution from Pittsburgh 8 coal
Chemical fractionation technique
Fundamental Behavior of Inorganic Elements
Fundamental Behavior of Inorganic Elements
• Application of thermodynamic modeling (ChemSage, FACTWin, FACTSage) to predict ash deposition and agglomeration, particle formation, and emissions
• Characterization of trace elements in flue gas
• Relating the occurrence, size, and composition of inorganicsin biomass to ash formation, partitioning of inorganic elements during combustion, and physical properties of ash and slag formed
1
10
100
1000
10000
1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
Fuel 1 (0)Fuel 5 (10)Fuel 6 (20)Fuel 7 (30)Fuel 8 (40)Fuel 10 (100)
Visc
osity
, poi
se
Temperature, °F
.
W e i g h t % i n L i q u i d P h a s e
Temperat ure, °F
2200 2600 3000 3400 3800 42002400 2800 3200 3600 40000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CaOK2O
CaOK2O
Na2O
Na2O
Fuel 1 (100% Coal)
Fuel 4 (80% Coal/20% Manure)
Na2 O Fuel 4
Na2 O Fuel 1
FBC bed agglomeration
Combustion Test UnitsCombustion Test Units• Bench-scale drop-
tube reactor• Residential corn
furnace• Residential pellet
stove
Residential pellet stove testing
switchgrass pellets
Residential corn stove
Drop-tube reactor
Combustion Test UnitsCombustion Test Units
• Commercial watertubeboiler
• Pilot-scale fluidized-bed combustor
Oil-Designed Watertube Boiler Firing Lard
FBC Firing Animal-Tissue
Biomass
Emissions Characterization andEmissions Factor Development
(from Watertube Boiler Testing)
Emissions Characterization andEmissions Factor Development
(from Watertube Boiler Testing)
PCNo.
2 F
.O.
No. 6
F.O
.Nat
ural
Gas
Yello
w Gre
ase
(120
° F)
Yello
w Gre
ase
(140
° F)
Soyb
ean
Oil
Soyb
ean
Oil (1
20°
F)
Choi
ce W
hite
Gre
ase
(140
° F)
Poul
try F
at
Tallo
wBi
odie
sel
COSO2
NOx
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Emissions (ppm)
Emissions Characterization & Food Security Assessments
Emissions Characterization & Food Security Assessments
PCPoultryMeal/PC NG
PoultryMeal/NG PC
MBM/PCNG
MBM/NG
CO
SO2
NOx0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Emissions (ppm)
Examples of Recent Research SupportersExamples of Recent
Research Supporters• Federal Agencies
– U.S. Department of Energy
• State Agencies– SUNY Syracuse– Penn State Office of
Physical Plant– Pennsylvania Energy
Development Authority
• Industry– Cargill Meats Solutions– National Cattlemen’s Beef
Association– Foster Wheeler– Oilmatic International, LLC– Hatfield Quality Meats– Keystone Protein Company– Soy Energy, LLC– Monona Farms