biomass and bio-energy - bef: home · biomass and bio-energy. ... technology roadmap page 35. ......

IEE/07/823/SI2.500392Electronical handbook

Name, institution xxx. 2010

1

Biomass and bio-energy

Tallinn University of Technology

Ülo Kask

International training “Energy efficiency of buildings and ecological construction materials”6.12.2010, Sigulda, Latvia



Content

• EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use

• Bio-fuels – characteristics and using technologies

• Biomass consumption in energy sector in EU and Estonia

• Good practice examples



EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use

EU directives in force:

Renewable Energy Directive Fuel Quality directive Energy Efficiency directive Co-generation directive Emissions Trading directive Waste directive

Communications of the European Commission:

Communication on low carbon technologies Biomass Action Plan Forestry Action Plan Green paper

Useful links:

The EU documents related to Bio-energy can be found on the following website:

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/bioenergy/bioenergy_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/bioenergy/bioenergy_en.htm



EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use

More information on

SETIS - the Information System of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan

European industrial initiative on Bio-energy - Technology Roadmap page 31

Indicative roadmap - Technology Roadmap page 35

Sustainability Criteria and Certification Systems for Biomass Production

Commission outlines blueprint for forward-looking Common Agricultural Policy after 2013(http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/communication/index_en.htm

http://setis.ec.europa.eu/technologies/Biofuels

http://setis.ec.europa.eu/technologies/Biofuels

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/set_plan/doc/2009_comm_investing_development_low_carbon_technologies_roadmap.pdf



http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/bioenergy/doc/sustainability_criteria_and_certification_systems.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/bioenergy/doc/sustainability_criteria_and_certification_systems.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/communication/index_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/communication/index_en.htm



Biomass action plan SEC(2005) 1573}

EU biomass production potential



DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 23 April 2009

on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC

(1) The control of European energy consumption and the increased use of energy from renewable sources, together with energy savings and increased energy efficiency, constitute important parts of the package of measures needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and comply with the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and with further Community and international greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments beyond 2012.



DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC - III

(8) The Commission communication of 10 January 2007 entitled ‘Renewable Energy Roadmap — Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future’ demonstrated that a 20 % target for the overall share of energy from renewable sources and a 10 % target for energy from renewable sources in transport would be appropriate and achievable objectives, and that a framework that includes mandatory targets should provide the business community with the long-term stability it needs to make rational, sustainable investments in the renewable energy sector.



DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC - III

(12) The use of agricultural material such as manure, slurry andother animal and organic waste for biogas production has, in view of the high greenhouse gas emission saving potential, significant environmental advantages in terms of heat and power production and its use as bio-fuel. Biogas installations can, as a result of their decentralized nature and the regional investment structure, contribute significantly to sustainable development in rural areas and offer farmers new income opportunities.



AEBIOM – European Biomass Association http://www.aebiom.org/

The European Biomass Association is a non profit Brussels based international organization founded in 1990 whose mission is to promote the sustainable development of the Bio-energy sector at EU level.

AEBIOM holds a strong position representing all bioenergysectors and has a unique possibility to influence European directives, communications and various other EU papers. Further to that, AEBIOM is a member of the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC) with its offices based in the Renewable Energy House which is the central point for renewable energy issues in Europe.

Estonian and Latvian biomass associations are a members of AEBIOM.

http://www.aebiom.org/index.php



Aebiom brochures

Pellets roadmap for Europehttp://www.aebiom.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/file/Publications/BrochurePRME_LR.pdf

Biogas roadmap for Europehttp://www.aebiom.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/file/Publications/Brochure_BiogasRoadmap_WEB.pdf

Energy from field energy crops – a handbook for energy producershttp://www.aebiom.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/file/Publications/Handbook%20for%20energy%20producers.pdf

Biogas roadmap for Europe

http://www.aebiom.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/file/Publications/Brochure_BiogasRoadmap_WEB.pdf






What is biomass?

In the Renewable energy directive (2009/28/EC) biomass isdefined as follows:

"Biomass means the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetable and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste".

Biomass is the fourth largest energy source in the world after coal, oil and natural gas – and is the largest and most important renewable energy option at present and can be used to produce different forms of energy, thus providing all the energy services required by the society.



Bio-fuel, bioenergy

Bio fuel (=biomass fuel) – fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass. The fuel may have undergone mechanical, chemical or biological processing or conversion, or it may have had a previous use. Bio fuels refers to solid, gaseous and liquid biomass-derived fuels.

Bio energy: Useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter - the conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel, processed into liquids and gases, or be a residual of processing and conversion.



Biomass originates from forest, agricultural and waste streams

• Forest and wood-based industries produce wood which is the largest resource of solid biomass. The sector covers a wide range of different bio-fuels with different characteristics – wood logs, bark, wood chips, sawdust and more recently pellets. Pellets, due to their high energy density and standardized characteristics, offer great opportunities for developing the bio-energy market worldwide.

• Agriculture can provide dedicated energy crops as well as by-products in the form of animal manure and straw. Available land can be used for growing conventional crops such as rape, wheat, maize etc. for energy purposes or for cultivating new types of crops such as poplar, willow, miscanthus and others.

• Biodegradable waste is the biomass that can cover several forms of waste such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, woodwaste, refuse-derived fuels, sewage sludge, etc.



Biomass resources

Each biomass resource has different characteristics in terms of calorific value, moisture and ash content, etc. that requires appropriate conversion technologies for bio-energy production. These conversion routes use chemical, thermal and/or biological processes. Finally biomass/ bio-energy can be classified according to its end use as follows (Look at the next slide):

Wood is the oldest form of biomass known to mankind. For centuries wood was used for heating, cooking and industrial purposes. In the developing world wood is still used for the same reasons. In the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was gradually replaced by cheap fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which were easy to handle and had higher energy density.

Nowadays there is a growing interest in bio-energy which can be used in an efficient way using modern technologies for the production of heat, electricity and transportation fuels. Biomass, used in a sustainable manner, is a regenerative source of energy.



Biomass / bio-energy classified according to its end use



Classification based on raw material



Technological pathways to convert biomass to energy



Classification of wood fuels



Bio-fuels – characteristics and technologies

Specification and classes (prEN 14961-1)

• Classification is based on origin and source, major tradedforms and properties.

• Hierarchical classification system in table format:1 Woody biomass2 Herbaceous biomass3 Fruit biomass4 Biomass blends and mixtures• blends = intentional• mixtures = unintentional

•Special requirements for chemically treated biomass.•Chemical treatment defined as any treatment with chemicalsother than air, heat or water (e.g. glue and paint).



Solid bio-fuel utilization chain



Solid bio-fuels



Composition of wood

Chemical composition: Components:51% carbon 50% cellulose42% oxygen 25% hemicellulose6% hydrogen 25% lignin< 1% nitrogen < 5% resins etc.< 0,1% sulphur, < 1% ash forming mineralshalogenes Lignin includes lot of carbon

and hydrogen – energy producing

Lignin content is higher forconiferous (soft wood) thandeciduous (hard wood) trees



Quality characteristics in standardization

a) Combustion related properties− moisture content EN 14774− calorific value EN 14918− volatile matter EN 15148− ash content EN 14775− ash melting behavior EN 15370

b) Mechanical properties− bulk density / particle density EN 15103/15150− particle size distribution EN 15149− durability (compressed fuels) EN 15210

c) Chemical properties



Interdependency among physical/mechanical properties

Moisture is the parameter with the largest influence on otherphysical properties.



Particle density/bulk density

Effects of fuel density• Energy density• Transport and storage

volume demand• Logistical planning• Combustion properties

(specific heat conductivity,rate of gasification)

• (Hardness of compactedmaterial: Particle density



Space requirement for 10 MWh, m3



Chemical properties

• Elementary analysis− Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N)− Sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromium (Br)− Ultimate analysis includes analysis of ash content, moisture,

volatiles and char• Properties like sulphur, chlorine and heavy metals are

important to know for environmental reasons• High alkali content like potassium (K), sodium (Na) and

chlorine (Cl) can cause corrosion and slagging problems insteam boilers

• Major and minor elements (mg/kg dry matter)− Major elements; (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and Ti)− Minor elements; (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se,

Sn, V and Zn)



Characterization of solid bio-fuels

FUELRANK



Characterization of solid bio-fuels – C, H, Q



Composition of wood * proportion in dry matter (d), %

• Chlorine content (Cl) for virgin wood < 0,05w-% of dry matter.• Usually mineral content less than 1w-% of dry matter.

Most important are: potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese(Mn), calcium (Ca), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), phosphorus (P),iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn).



Properties of wood fuels

Properties are stated in value w-% of dry matter



Comparison of solid bio-fuels

Properties are stated in value w-% of dry matter



Net calorific value, dry matter, MJ/kg



Net calorific value as received, MJ/kgar*

*Typical average moisture content has been used.



Net calorific value as received - wood



Moisture content at plant - blending



Ash content versus net calorific value



Effect of chlorine-sulphur chemistry to deposit formationin boilers



Biomass consumption in EU



Share of biomass in electricity generation in EU

The share of renewables in the total electricity consumption is 16.4% in EU and it is 4.6% below the target (21%) set by Directive.



Solid biomass, primary energy production * EU 2007 ja 2008**, Mtoe.

Source: EurObserv’ER 2009

1 toe = 11.63 MWh

1 MWh= 3 600 MJ = 3.6 GJ

k - kilo 103 T tera 1012

M - mega 106 P peta 1015

G - giga 109 E eksa 1018



Electricity production from solid biomass in EU 2007 ja 2008*, TWh.




Bio-fuels use in transport, EU 2008*, toe.




Comparison of current trendwith scenario of Biomass Action Plan, Mtoe. Source: EurObserv’ER 2009



Next 10 slides from statistical report showing right



Environmentally compatible bio-energy potential in the EU 25, (Mtoe)

The table shows the production potential for biomass in the EU 25 as calculated by the European Environmental Agency (EEA).

The figures for EU 27 can be estimated as 10% higher.

The main growth is seen in the sector of “waste and residues” and “energy crops from agriculture”.



Environmentally compatible bio-energy potential in the member states of the EU25, (Mtoe)

Excerpt from whole table to show Latvia and Estonia



Energy output per ha in toe based on

average yields 2005-2007



Contribution of renewables to heat production in the EU 27 in 2007, Mtoe

As the following table shows, biomass covers 97,4% of the renewable heat market and thus dominates renewable heat.



Electricity from biomass (TWh)

Biomass electricity generation is based on three fuel types:solid biomass, biogas and biodegradable fraction of MSW.As can be seen in table above electricity from biomass grew by 15-20% in the last years.

ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS (TWH)



Gross inland consumption of peat for energy (ktoe)

Peat is not recognized as biomass by the European Commission andtherefore is also not considered a renewable source of energy.Peat is an important source of energy for many northern Europeancountries and is often co-fired with biomass.



Primary production of biogas in the EU 27 in 2006 and 2007 (ktoe)



Member states electricity production from biogas in the years 2006 and 2007 (GWh)



Fuel consumption and political targets in Europe

The following table shows the consumption for transportation fuels without air traffic and ship traffic for the EU 27.

Bio-fuels:For 2005, 2006 and 2007 the realized production of bio-fuels is presented.

For 2010 and 2020 the targets of the European Union as decided by the council.

Total demand of gasoline and diesel:For 2005-2007 the realized consumption is shown,

For the following years two projections, one following the assumptions of a baseline scenario, one based on a stronger policy for RES and energy efficiency (EE).



Fuel consumption and political targets in Europe -2



Ethanol and biodiesel production in EU, 2000-2007

Source: EurObserver bio-fuels barometer, 2009; F.O., EBB; Eurostat

The share of biodiesel in transport fuels is 63% (in tones) in EU, 2007.



Good practice example

Reconstruction of Lihulaboiler house and taking intouse herbaceous biomass (2009)

District heating network:14 consumers incl. 8apartment houses.Heat consumption 3,2-3,5 GWhper year.Boilers:Danstoker 1,8 MW, herbaceousbiomass.Danstoker Multimaiser 1,23 MW(1995) – back-up boiler, oil shaleoil.

Fuel – Meadow hay -~1000 t/a(appr. 3 000 bales), price 41 €/t.



Reconstruction of boiler house in Lihula



Thank you for your attention!

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