BIOLOGY/LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW

DO NOW

• Abnormal cell division may result in • Disease prevention• Tissue repair• Metamorphosis• Cancer

• What would happen if the nucleus of a cell became damaged in some way?

LIVING VS. NON LIVING

• Living is used to describe anything that is or has ever been alive (dog, flower, seed, road kill, log)• all living things grow, breathe, reproduce, excrete,

respond to stimuli, and have similar basic needs like nourishment.

• Nonliving is used to describe anything that is not now nor has ever been alive (rock, mountain, glass, wristwatch)

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF _________

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyWYID2cTK0

WHAT ARE CELLS?

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things.• This means that cells:

• Make up all living things.• Provide instructions for what the organism is

supposed “to do”.• Provides the outline for what the organism is

supposed “to look like”.

WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY?

• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function in living things• All cells are produced from other cells

PLANTS VS. ANIMAL CELLS

EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS

• Eukaryotic has a nucleus with a membrane around nucleus• Animal and Plant Cells

• Prokaryotic has no membrane around their nuclear material• Bacteria and cells that form pond scum

ALL CELLS

• All cells have three basic components: Cell Membrane, Nucleus (DNA), Cytoplasm and Ribosomes

PLANT VS. ANIMAL

PLANT CELLS VS ANIMAL CELLS

• Cell Walls • Chloroplasts • Rectangle shape because of cell wall

• 2 large vacuoles (store food/energy)

• No cell walls • No chloroplasts,

can’t make own food

• Round shape• Many small

vacuoles

CELL WALL

• Cell Walls are only found in plant cells.

• Cell Walls perform the following:• Protect the Cells• Give the Cells a Strong Shape• They provide support for the Cells

BACTERIA CELLS

• Contain cell wall and cytoplasm• One single chromosome• There is no nuclei, but they do contain ribosomes

• No membrane-covered organelles

ORGANELLES

• Cell membrane• Nucleus• Chromatin• Cytoplasm• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Ribosome

• Golgi body• Mitochondria• Lysosome• Cell wall• Chloroplast

READ PAGES 45 – 55 ANSWER # 1-3

Feature Plant Cell Animal Cell Bacteria Cell

Prokaryotic/eurkaryotic

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Nucleus

Chlorophyll

Vacuoles – large or small

PERMEABILITY

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITYTHINK OF PASTA…

ALTHOUGH THE COLLANDER HAS HOLES IN IT, THE PASTA STAYS INSIDEBECAUSE THEY ARE LARGER

THAN THE HOLES.IF WE PUT RICE IN THE COLLANDER, THE RICE WOULD MOST LIKEYLY FALL

THROUGH THE HOLES BECAUSE IT IS SMALLER THAN THE COLLANDER HOLES.

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

THE PROPERTY OF A CELL MEMBRANE THAT ALLOWS SOME MATERIALS TO PASS THROUGH WHILE KEEPING OTHERS OUT IS

KNOWN AS SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

DIFFUSION•Molecules are constantly moving. They tend to move from crowded areas to where there are fewer of them.

•Diffusion = movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration- spreads out evenly till dynamic equilibrium is reached

OSMOSIS• Osmosis = diffusion of water through a cell membrane

• When the transfer of water into and out of the cell reaches the same rate, equilibrium is reached

• If cells are not surrounded by pure water, they will lose water

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

The movement of particles across the cell membrane by diffusion

The cells use no energy to move materials

http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/passivetransport/

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ACTIVE TRANSPORTWhen materials require

energy to move through a cell membrane

Transport proteins are also involved

Sometimes cells are required to move substances from where there are small amounts to where there are large amounts.

HTTP://WWW.BRAINPOP.COM/SCIENCE/CELLULARLIFEANDGENETICS/ACTIVETRANSPORT/

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

CELL DIVISION:

•All cells are derived from preexisting cells (Cell Theory)

•Cell division - process where cells produce new cells

REASONS FOR CELL DIVISION:

Cell growth Repair & replacement of damaged cell parts

Reproduction of/ species

CELLS DIVIDE IN TWO STEPS1. NUCLEUS DIVIDES

2. CYTOPLASM DIVIDES

MEIOSISSEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Meiosis = process of nuclear division that produces sex cells

• A new organism is produced when sex cells from TWO parents combine

• Male sex cell – sperm• Female sex cell – egg

IMPORTANCE OF SEX CELLS

• In body cells, chromosomes are found in pairs

• 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs of chromosomes

• Alike chromosomes will pair

FERTILIZATION

• Fertilization = the joining of an egg and a sperm

• Fertilization results in the formation of the Zygote. (fertilized egg)

• An egg with 23 chromosomes joins a sperm with 23 chromosomes, a zygote forms that has 46 chromosomes

• Then the zygote underdoes mitosis

MITOSISASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Mitosis - Division of nucleus to form two identical nuclei

Each nuclei has the same number and type of chromosomes as the original

BUDDING

• Type of a-sexual reproduction in which a new organism grows from the body of the parent organism

• A few organisms can repair damaged or lost body parts by regeneration.• A whole organism may develop from a

piece of the organism

GENETICS

HEREDITY•Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring

•Traits are controlled by genes

HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED? PAGE 124

• Genes control all the traits that are present in an organism

• When pairs of chromosomes separate into sex cells during ___________, pairs of genes also separate from one another.

• Each sex cell then ends up with one form of a gene for each trait that an organism shows

HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED? PAGE 124

• The study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles is the science of genetics

GREGOR MENDEL

The basic laws of heredity were first formed during the mid-1800’s by an

Austrian botanist monk named Gregor Mendel. Because his work laid the foundation to the study of heredity,

Mendel is referred to as “The Father of Genetics.”

DOMINANT & RECESSIVE

• Dominant = the form of a trait that appears to dominate or mask another form of the same trait

• Recessive = the form of a trait that does not dominate or mask another trait

PUNNETT SQUARE

• A tool that shows how genes can combine: used to predict the probability of types of offspring

• Capital Letter (T)= Dominant• Lowercase letter (t) = Recessive• When the letters combine, they show a

genetic makeup, or genotype of an organism

TOOLS TO KNOW

A PUNNET SQUARE IS A TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES FOR THE OFFSPRING OF TWO KNOWN PARENTS.

PARENT’S GENES

PA

RE

NT

’S G

EN

ES

TERMS TO KNOW

ALLELES DIFFERENT FORMS OF A TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY HAVE T,t

HOMOZYGOUS AN ORGANISM WITH TWO ALLELES THAT ARE THE SAME TT, tt

HETEROZYGOUS AN ORGANISM WITH TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT Tt, Gg

TERMS TO KNOW

HYBRID SAME AS HETEROZYGOUS Tt, Gg

DOMINANT A TRAIT THAT DOMINATES OR COVERS UP THE OTHER FORM OF THE TRAIT

REPRESENTED BY AN UPPERCASE LETTER

T OR GRECESSIVE THE TRAIT BEING

DOMINATED OR COVERED UP BY THE DOMINATE TRAIT

REPRESENTED BY A LOWER CASE LETTER

t or g

TERMS TO KNOW

PHENOTYPE THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)

TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED

GENOTYPE THE GENE ORDER OF AN ORGANISM(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK LIKE)

TT, GG, Tt, ggGg, tt

RATIO THE RELATIONSHIP IN NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE THINGS

3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1

HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT SQUARE

THE PARENTS’ ALLELES GO ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE SQUARE B B

b

b

BB X bb

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

DO NOW

• A cell’s chromosome contains1. Genes2. Sperm 3. Egg 4. Cholorphyll

• Which human body systems work directly together to allow locomotion?

1. Circulatory, excretory, respiratory2. Circulatory, endocrine, reproductive3. Skeletal, muscular, nervous4. Skeletal, digestive, respiratory

SYSTEMS

• Digestive• Circulatory• Respiratory• Skeletal/muscle• Nervous • Endocrine• Excretory • Reproductive

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Nutrients• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Amino Acids• Fats• Vitamins• Minerals

Pages 600 - 608

INTRODUCTION

• The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.

INTRODUCTION

There are four stages to food processing:

1. Ingestion: taking in food

2. Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients

3. Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells

4. Egestion: removing any leftover wastes

THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Begins when food enters the mouth.

• It is physically broken down by the teeth.

• It is begun to be chemically broken down by amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates.

THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contractions that push broken down food down towards the stomach.

THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The acid kills off any invading bacteria or viruses.

The enzymes help break down proteins and lipids. Chemical Digestion.

The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid.

DIGESTION AND HOMEOSTASIS

• The endocrine, nervous, digestive and circulatory systems all work together to control digestion.

• Before we eat, smelling food releases saliva in our mouths and gastrin in our stomachs which prepares the body for a snack.

The Hormone Gastrin

DIGESTION AND HOMEOSTASIS

A large meal activates receptors that churn the stomach and empty it faster.

If the meal was high in fat, digestion is slowed, allowing time for the fat to be broken down.

Hence why we feel fuller after eating a high fat meal.

REVIEW

1. ______ provides energy and materials for development, growth, and repair

2. Why does the body need vitamins?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Page 625

Resting Heart Rate

Heart Rate after Exercise

FUNCTION

• To circulate blood, nutrients and waste throughout the body to maintain homeostasis

• 3 forms forms of circulation• Coronary• Pulmonary• Systemic

HEART

• Four cavities called chambers• Two upper chambers are right and

left atria• Two lower chambers are the right

and left ventricles• Blood flows from the atria to the

ventricle

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

• Blood flows in a continuous circulation• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood

through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• Systemic circulation moves oxygen-rich blood to all of your organs and body tissues except for the heart and lungs

• Once nutrients and oxygen are delivered by blood to your body cells and exchanged for carbon dioxide and wastes, the blood returns to the heart in veins

CORONARY CIRCULATION

• The heart has its own vessels that supply it with nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes

• Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to the tissues of the heart.

• When coronary circulation is blocked, oxygen cannot reach the cells of the heart• RESULT = ?

BLOOD VESSELS

• Arteries : Move blood AWAY from the heart• Each ventricle of the heart is connected to

an artery, so with each contraction blood is moved from the heart into arteries.

• Veins : Brings blood back to the heart• Capillaries: Connect the arteries and veins

BLOOD PRESSURE

• When the heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system, blood exerts a force on the walls of vessels called blood pressure

• The pressure is highest in the arteries

• As the wave of pressure rises and falls in your arteries it is felt as your pulse

• Blood pressure is measured in large arteries

BLOOD

• Carries oxygen from lungs to all body cells• Removes carbon dioxide from your body

cells and carries it to the lungs to be exhaled

• Carries waste products to be removed• Transports nutrients from the digestive

system to body cells• Fight infections and help heal wounds• Makes up 8% of your body’s total mass

PARTS OF BLOOD

• Plasma: liquid part of blood, mostly water

• Blood Cells: red and white• Red: carry CO2 from body to lungs

• White: fight bacteria, viruses and other substances that invade the body

• Platelets: irregular shaped cell fragments that help clot blood

BLOOD TYPES

Type Can Receive

Can Donate To

A O,A A, AB

B O, B B, AB

AB All AB

O O All

PAGE 632 #1-4

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

• Supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.

BREATHING VS. RESPIRATION

• Breathing process of fresh air (oxygen) moving into and stale air moving out of lungs

• Respiration• Transport of oxygen

from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

• Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration

ORGANS

• Nasal cavity• Pharynx• larynx• Lungs• Trachea• Bronchi• Diaphragm

ORGANS• Pharynx: tubelike passageway for food and

air• Larynx: airway to which your vocal cords are

attached• Trachea: a tube about 12 cm in length. Lined

with mucus to trap dust, bacteria and pollem• Bronchi: two short braches at the end of the

trachea, carry air into lungs

HOW YOU BREATHE

• Inhale/Exhale• Diaphragm: muscle beneath your lungs that helps move air in and out of your body

• Contracts and relaxes when you breathe

• Diaphragm exerts or relieves pressure• Inhale: diaphragm contracts and moves down

• Exhale: diaphragm relaxes and moves up

BRAIN POP

• Username: stjlabs• Password: pop• “Respiratory System”• Take quiz

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY FUNCTION

• Responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.• Undigested materials from digestion

• Carbon dioxide• Sweat

ELIMINATION

• Undigested material is eliminated by your digestive system

• Waste gas, carbon dioxide, is eliminated by the combined efforts of the circulatory system and respiratory system

• Sweat –excretion of sweat• If wastes aren't eliminated, you become

sick.• Toxic substances build up and damage

organs

URINARY SYSTEM

• This system rids the blood of wastes produced by the metabolism of nutrients and control blood volume by removing excess water produced by body cells

• Bladder, kidneys, nephrons

ORGANS IN URINARY SYSTEM

• Kidneys:

• Nephrons

• Bladder

Define each term / state it’s function

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Function: Process of continuing life on Earth

• Organisms that carry out sexual reproduction form eggs and sperm to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• External organs• Penis• Scrotum

• External location regulates temperature for sperm production

• Within the scrotum are two testes• During puberty testes begin to produce

male reproductive cells, sperm and the male sex hormone, testosterone

• Sperm are single cells with a head and tail,• The tail moves the sperm• The head contains genetic information

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Eggs are the reproductive female cells

• Female baby already has her total supply of eggs at birth

• When the female reaches puberty, her eggs start to develop in her ovaries, the female sex organ

• Most of the female reproductive organs are internal

SEX CELLS

• 23 chromosomes from father, 23 from mother

• When sperm fertilizes and egg, it is now called a zygote.

• The baby develops inside the mother’s uterus

• Takes a baby 40 weeks (10 months) to fully develop