BiologyBiology

The Study of LifeThe Study of Life

BiologyBiology: The Study of Life

I. Branches of Biologyspecific areas of study

I. Branches of Biologyspecific areas of study

Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applicationsAnatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodiesBiochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular levelBioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic dataBiomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modelingBiomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciencesBiotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modificationBotany - the study of plantsCell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlifeCryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure. Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements. Entomology - the study of insectsEnvironmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activityEpidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populationsEthnology - the study of animal behaviorEvolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time Genetics - the study of genes and heredity. Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?) Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.Ichthyology - the study of fishMacrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit.Mammology - the study of mammalsMarine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing

the body from states of diseaseMicrobiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living thingsMolecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistryMycology - the study of fungiNeurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathologyOceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine BiologyOrnithology - the study of birdsPaleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric lifePathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of diseaseParisitology - the study of parasites and parasitismPharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines. Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organismsPhytopathology - the study of plant diseasesPre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicineVirology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology

Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applicationsAnatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodiesBiochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular levelBioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic dataBiomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modelingBiomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciencesBiotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modificationBotany - the study of plantsCell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlifeCryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure. Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements. Entomology - the study of insectsEnvironmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activityEpidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populationsEthnology - the study of animal behaviorEvolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time Genetics - the study of genes and heredity. Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?) Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.Ichthyology - the study of fishMacrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit.Mammology - the study of mammalsMarine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing

the body from states of diseaseMicrobiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living thingsMolecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistryMycology - the study of fungiNeurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathologyOceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine BiologyOrnithology - the study of birdsPaleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric lifePathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of diseaseParisitology - the study of parasites and parasitismPharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines. Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organismsPhytopathology - the study of plant diseasesPre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicineVirology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology

II.Characteristics of LifeLiving things….

II.Characteristics of LifeLiving things….

1. Are made of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code 4. Grow and Develop 5. Obtain and use materials and energy 6. Respond to their environment 7. Maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group living things change over time

( evolve) To be considered a living organism, all 8 must be done

1. Are made of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code 4. Grow and Develop 5. Obtain and use materials and energy 6. Respond to their environment 7. Maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group living things change over time

( evolve) To be considered a living organism, all 8 must be done

A. CellsA. Cells

*Smallest unit of an organism that is considered alive

1. unicellular- one cell

2. multi-cellular- more then one cell

3. There are many different types of cells in a multicellular organism but all derived from one cell. This process is known as cell differentiation.

*Smallest unit of an organism that is considered alive

1. unicellular- one cell

2. multi-cellular- more then one cell

3. There are many different types of cells in a multicellular organism but all derived from one cell. This process is known as cell differentiation.

B. Reproduction B. Reproduction

*Process by which new organisms are produced1. 2 Main Types

a.*Sexual Reproduction= 2 cells from diff. parents unite to produce the first cell

b.*Asexual Reproduction= New organism has only one parent.

i. Binary Fission=Splitting (Bacteria)ii. Budding= growing offspring off parent

and eventually separating to become and independent organism. (Hydra, Coral, Sea Anemones…)

*Process by which new organisms are produced1. 2 Main Types

a.*Sexual Reproduction= 2 cells from diff. parents unite to produce the first cell

b.*Asexual Reproduction= New organism has only one parent.

i. Binary Fission=Splitting (Bacteria)ii. Budding= growing offspring off parent

and eventually separating to become and independent organism. (Hydra, Coral, Sea Anemones…)

C. The Universal CodeC. The Universal Code

*All organism use the same basic code to pass information and control heredity

1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

a. From Bacteria to Blue Whales, the letters of the code are the same (A, T, C, G)

*All organism use the same basic code to pass information and control heredity

1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

a. From Bacteria to Blue Whales, the letters of the code are the same (A, T, C, G)

D. Grow and Develop D. Grow and Develop

1. Growth: Increase in size and number of cells

2. Development: Changes that occur to an organism as it grows from a single cell to a multicellar organism a. Cellular Differentiation, Metamorphosis,

Puberty…

1. Growth: Increase in size and number of cells

2. Development: Changes that occur to an organism as it grows from a single cell to a multicellar organism a. Cellular Differentiation, Metamorphosis,

Puberty…

E. EnergyE. Energy

* Required by all organisms to power lifes functions

1. Autotroph: Organism that can make its own food a. photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into

stored energy in the form of glucose b. chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules

into stored energy in the form of food2. Heterotroph: Organism that must eat other organisms for energy a. Respiration: the process of converting breaking glucose

molecules to obtain the energy stored in bonds.3. Metabolism:The chemical reactions through which an organism

builds up or breaks down materials as it lives.

* Required by all organisms to power lifes functions

1. Autotroph: Organism that can make its own food a. photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into

stored energy in the form of glucose b. chemosynthesis: process of converting inorganic molecules

into stored energy in the form of food2. Heterotroph: Organism that must eat other organisms for energy a. Respiration: the process of converting breaking glucose

molecules to obtain the energy stored in bonds.3. Metabolism:The chemical reactions through which an organism

builds up or breaks down materials as it lives.

F. Response to EnvironmentF. Response to Environment Stimulus: Signal organism responds to such as…

pH Sunlight Sound Smell Sight Touch Taste Chemicals Hormones Temperature Moisture

Stimulus: Signal organism responds to such as… pH Sunlight Sound Smell Sight Touch Taste Chemicals Hormones Temperature Moisture

G. HomeostasisG. Homeostasis

*Maintaining a stable Internal Environment

1. Feedback Mechanisms Sweating (too hot) Shivering (too cold) Exhaling (too much

Carbon Dioxide)

*Maintaining a stable Internal Environment

1. Feedback Mechanisms Sweating (too hot) Shivering (too cold) Exhaling (too much

Carbon Dioxide)

H. EvolutionH. Evolution

*Change over time

1. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve

*Change over time

1. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve

Review Time Living ThingsReview Time Living Things

1. Are made of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code 4. Grow and Develop 5. Obtain and use materials and energy 6. Respond to their environment 7. Maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group living things change over time

( evolve)

1. Are made of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Are based on a Universal Genetic code 4. Grow and Develop 5. Obtain and use materials and energy 6. Respond to their environment 7. Maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group living things change over time

( evolve)