51 0

The primary producers in nature(a) Plants (b) Animals(c) Man (d) WaterAns : Plants

Flora is the plants of a particular region. Fauna isthe animals of a particular region. Flora and Faunatogether constitutes plants and animals of aregion.

The part of the earth and its atmosphere that iscapable of supporting living things is the bio-sphere.

ent¯m-kv^n-b-À, sslt{Um-kv^n-b-À, Aävtam-kv^n -bÀ F¶o Xe-§-fn -embn biospherehym]n¨pInS¡p-¶p.

Nitrogen fixation means conversion of atmo-spheric nitrogen into useful compounds likenitrates with the help of bacteria and fungi.

The biological nitrogen fixation is done by ni-trogen fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, Nos-toc and Azetobactor.

Plants absorb the element nitrogen in the form ofnitrates

The red colouration of Red Sea (sN¦-SÂ) isdue to a blue - green algae.

Cyanobacteria is a blue - green algae. The profuse amount of pollen grains (]cm-K-tc-

Wp-¡Ä) liberated by pine forests at the time ofpollination during the months of March - April isreferred as 'Sulphur shower' (kÄ^À jhÀ).

Araucaria embricate, a gymnosperm plant is com-monly known as 'Monkey's Puzzle.'

Opium (I-dp- v) obtained from immature fruits(capsule) of popi plant (t]m¸n sNSn).

Litmus is obtained from a lichen (sse¡-³). Hcp ^wKkpw Hcp BÂKbpw kl-Po-hn-X- n-

teÀs¸«v D­m-Ip¶ kky-hÀK-amWv sse¡-\p-IÄ.

From which part of the plant is turmeric obtained(a) root (b) fruit(c) seed (d) stem

Ans : (d) stem Cloves ({Km-¼q) are dried flower buds of plant

'Syzygium aromaticum' ? Clove is obtained from

(a) flower (b) root(c) stem (d) leaves

Ans: (a) flower Potato is a tuber crop. Dcp-f-¡n-g-§nsâ P·-tZiw þ Ata-cn¡

i mk v{Xob \ ma-§ ÄMan ........................................................... Homo sapiensCoconut ..................................... Cocos NuciferaTapioca ................................. Manihot esculentaPepal ........................................................ Ficus BengalinsRice ............................................................... Oryza SativaLotus ............................. Nilumbium SpecieosumGolden shoe flower ....................... Cassia Fistula

China Rose ...................... Hibiscus rosa-sinensisThuba .......................................... Lukas AsparaIndian Elephant ............Elephas maximus indicusFrog ................................................... Rana Hexa DuctileCat .........................................................Felis DomesticsHornbill ....................................... Buceros bicornisPeacock ....................................... Pavo CristatusTiger ............................................................ Panthra Tigris

BIOLOGY

51 1

Vanilla, a flavouring material is extracted from thefruit of an orchid 'Vanilla plantfolia.'

Rubber is obtained from the latex of 'Heveabrasiliensis.'

The milky juice that oozes from some treeslike rubber is known as latex.

]cp- n, NWw, kn¡v, I¼nfn F¶nh {]Ir-Xn-Z¯ \mcp-Ifpw ss\tem¬ Ir{Xna \mcpwBWv.

Sugarcane is a type of grass. Which of the following is a fruit sugar

(a) fructose (b) lactose(c) glucose (d) maltose

Ans: (a) fructose Tissue culture is the method of producing plants

from minute plant fragments. The wall of plant cell is made of cellulose. a\pjy Zl-t\-{µnb hyql-¯n\v Zln-¸n-¡m³ Ign-

bm¯ Hcp ImÀt_msslt{U-ämWv skÃp-tem-kv.

The largest flower in the world is Rafflessia andthe smallest one is Wolffia (duckweed).

The largest sperms among plants are found ingymnosperms.

Numerous minute pores in the epidermis of a leafare called stomata, through which gaseousexchange occurs.

Spores are the reproduc-tive unit of plants, pro-tozoans and bacteria.

The roots which do notgrow from a main root(radicle), but directlyfrom the stem are calledadventitious roots.

DNA (deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) are the two kinds of nucleicacids.

In a plant cell, DNA is found in chloroplasts,mitochondria and nucleus.

Which one of the following is an example of in-sectivorous plant:(a) Saraca (b) Orchid(c) Opuntia (d) Nepenthes

Ans: (d) Nepenthes

Sundew and pitcher plant are also insectivorousplants.

Insectivorous plants obtain the element nitrogenfrom animal bodies.

Organisms which obtain their food from non-living material in their environment are called(a) Saprophytes (b) Parasites(c) Epiphytes (d) Sporophytes

Ans: (a) Saprophytes (ar-tXm-]-Po-hn-IÄ)

Kinds of Movements in plants kv]Ài\w, {]Im-iw,- qKpcp-Xzw, Pew XpS-§nb

_mly D±o-]-\-§-tfm-SpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn kky-§-fn Ne\w {]I-S-am-Im-dp-­v.

Chemical stimulus induced growth is calledchemotropism.

Bending of stem towards light is due to(a) photonasty (b) phototropism(c) heliotropism (d) hydrotropism

Ans: (b) phototropism Phototropism means movements ofPplantsS to-

wards light. The movement of plant organs in response to

the force of gravity is called as(a) Haptotropism (b) Hydrotropism(c) Phototropism (d) geotropismAns: (d) geotropism

The movement of an organ induced by contactwith a foreign body is called haptotropism.

Water stimulus induced growth movements arecalled hydrotropism.

The curvature movements of plant parts in re-sponse to the stimulus of contact are termed asthigmotropism.

Curious Plants (I uXp-I k k y-§ Ä )

Smallest seeds ...............................Orchid seedsLargest leaf ................................... Victoria regiaSmallest flower ...................................... WolffiaIndia's national flower ............................... LotusLargest flower ..................................... RafflesiaOldest living plant of the world ................. Pinus

Nepenthes

51 2

Growth movements in response to the stimulusof heat or cold is called thermotropism.

Alternation of day and night causes movementsof plants called nyctinastic movements.

Seismonastic movements are in response to atouch or shock stimulus.

sXm«m-hmSn sNSn-bpsS Ne\w kokvtam-\m-ÌnIvNe-\- n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Living Medium of Plants Habitat (B-hmkØm\w) - The normal locality

inhabited by a plant or animal, particularly inrelation to the effect of its environmental factors.

World Habitat Day - Ist Monday of October. The vegetation of deserts is called Xerophytes

eg: Opuntia (I-Ån-s -Sn)

A hydrophyte is an aquatic plant. Mesophytes (an-X-io-tXmjvW kky§Ä) are

plants adapted to habitats that are neither verywet nor dry.

Plants that grow in saline water are called

(a) Halophytes (b) Hydrophytes

(c) Mesophytes (d) Thallophytes

Ans: (a) Halophytes

Plants growing well in full sunlight are calledheliophytes.

Plants which grow luxuriantly in rainy season andshed all leaves in summer are called tropophytes.

Oxylophytes - plants growing on acidic soil. Lithophytes - plants growing on rocks.

Plants growing in marsh are called.

(a) Helophytes (b) Heliophytes

(c) Halophytes (d) Sciophytes

Ans: (a) Helophytes

The vegetation of Thar desert consists of(a) Hydrophytes (b) Lithophytes(c) Xerophytes (d) MesophytesAns: (c) Xerophytes

Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plantswithout using soil but by using nutr ientsolution.

Growth Regulators of Plants Certain chemical substances regulate the growth

and differentiation of plants. These substancesare called plant growth regulators or phytohormones.

The auxins induce cell elongation and rootinitiation.

Stem elongation and dormancy breaking are in-duced by gibberillins.

Dormancy is the period in which seeds remainsinactive

Cytokinins help to induce cell division and cellelongation.

The plant hormone that controls fruit ripening isethylene.

Unripe fruits can be made to ripe before propertime if they are kept in ethylene atmosphere.

Abscisic acid cures ageing and abscission ofleaves.

It inhibits germination of seeds. Seed dormancy is due to abscisic acid.

Plastids (ssPh -I -W -§ Ä )

Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts are3 types of plastids (ssP-h-I-W-§Ä) in a plantcell.

Chloroplasts are green plastids.

National ResearchInstitutes in India

Central Drug Research Institute ....... Lucknow (U.P)Cattle Breeding Research Institute.... Hissar (Haryana)National Dairy Research Institute .. Karnal (Haryana)Forest Research Institute ......... Dehradun (U.P)Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology .......

HyderabadIndian Cancer Research Centre .......... MumbaiCentral Marine Research Institute ...... ChennaiCentral Public Health Engineering ResearchInstitute .............................................. NagpurNational Institute of Communicable Diseases .Delhi

51 3

The colour of chromoplast is(a) red (b) yellow(c) orange (d) all the above

Ans: (d) all the above Which of the following organism does not

contain chlorophyll?(a) Ferns (b) Mosses(c) Fungi (d) Algae

Ans: (c) Fungi The site of Photosynthesis is

(a) Vacuoles (b) Mitochondrion(c) Chloroplast (d) None of these

Ans: (c) Chloroplast

Plant Processes PHOTOSYNTHESIS ({]Imi kwtÇ-j-Ww) is

the process by which green plants manufacture foodin the form of carbohydrates in the presence of water,CO

2 and sunlight. During photosynthesis plants

use carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Oxygen balance in the atomosphere is maintained

through the process of photosynthesis. The percentage of light energy fixed in photo-

synthesis is generally around(a) 35% (b) 10% (c) 50% (d) 1%

Ans: (d) 1% Photosynthesis takes place faster in

(a) yellow light (b) white light(c) red light (d) darkness

Ans: (c) red light Plant pigments do not absorb all the wavelengths

of visible light. Out of the seven colours of light,only blue, red and some violet light are absorbed.

If all plants vanish from the earth's surface whichof the following gases will also disappear?(a) oxygen (b) carbondioxide(c) hydrogen (d) nitrogen

Ans: (a) oxygen During day time plants

(a) take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.(b) take in carbondioxide and give out oxygen.(c) take in nitrogen and give out oxygen.(d) take in carbon dioxide and give out nitrogen.

Ans: (b) take in carbondioxideand give out oxygen.

Light energy is converted into chemical energyin the presence of(a) Pyrenoid (b) Chloroplast(c) Ribosome (d) Mesosome

Ans: (b) Chloroplast Leucoplast (tiz-X-I-Ww) is a colourless plastid. White colour in plants is due to the presence of

leucoplasts. Chlorophyll (l-cn-X-Iw) is the green pigment con-

tained in the leaves of plants. A solution of chlorophyll pigments looks red in

reflected light due to the presence of fluorescence. Chloroplast contains the green pigment

chlorophyll, which helps photosynthesis.

Chloroplast is called kitchen of the cell. For the formation of chlorophyll, iron and mag-

nesium are needed. Chlorophyll enables plants to produce food with

the help of sunlight. The core metal of chlorophyll is

(a) Iron (b) Copper(c) Nickel (d) Magnesium

Ans: (d) Magnesium Anthocyanins are the pigments producing purple

and blue colours in higher plants. Xanthophyll gives yellow colour to leaves, flow-

ers and fruits. Chromoplasts (hÀ®-IWw) give red, yellow or

orange colour to the flowers and leaves. Chlorophyll is present in

(a) all higher plants (b) in all plants(c) in all lower plants (d) in fungi

Ans: (a) all higher plants

51 4

BIOSYNTHESIS (ssP-h-kw-tÇ-j-Ww) is theprocess by which sunlight gets converted intochemical energy .

GUTTATION: In some plants, water oozes throughcertain pores in the form of liquid, that pores re-main permanently open and this phenomenon iscalled guttation.

OSMOSIS (hr-Xn-hym-]-\w) :The process by whichwater diffuses through a semi-permeable membranefrom a region of higher concentration of solutionto a region of lower concentration of solution.

The required ingredient for photosynthesis inplant is(a) chlorophyll (b) water vapour(c) carbon dioxide (d) Sunlight(e) All the above

Ans: (e) All the above For the process of respiration in plants oxygen is

necessary Which of the following is formed during

respiration?(a) O2 (b) CO2

(c) NO2 (d) SO2

Ans: (b) CO2

Which of the following is the source of respira-tion(a) RNA (b) DNA(c) ATP (d) Stored food

Ans: (d) Stored food Xylem is responsible for the conduction of water

in plantsPlants get water through the roots because of(a) elasticity (b) capillarity(c) viscosity (d) photosynthesis

Ans: (b) capillarity (tIin-I-Xzw)

Seed Dispersal and Pollination(h n p-h n-X-c-Wh pw ] -cm-K-Wh pw)

Pollination means transfer of pollen grains fromthe anther to the stigma of the same plant or adifferent plant.

Pollination by insects is called entomophily. Pollination by birds is called Ornithophily. Pollination by animals is called Zoophily. The pollen grains in the plants are produced in

anther.

The chief pollinators ofour agrihorticulturecrops are bees.

Wind borne pollen grainscause pollen allergy.

Imän-eqsS hn¯p-hn-X-cWw \S-¯p¶ kky-§-fmWv Fcp-¡v, apcn-§XpS-§n-b-h.

Pew hgn ]cm-KWw (pol-lination) \S¯p¶kkyamWv hmen-kvt\-dn-b.

sX§v, HXfw F¶nh Pew-hgn hn¯p-hn-X-cWw(seed dispersal) \S- p-¶p.

Micro Organisms Viruses are passive outside the host and can grow

and multiply only in the host. A virus is an infectious agent that reproduces

only in living cells. Virus is too small to be seen through ordinary

microscopes but are visible through an electronmicroscope.

Viruses are believed to be on the borderline be-tween the animate and the inanimate

L.S.D. (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is obtainedfrom a fungi, called Ergot.

Smallest cell - Mycoplasma (earlier known asPleuro Pneumonia Like Organism [PPLO])

Smallest living thing - Virus Bacteria were discovered by Anton Van

Leeuwenhock in 1676 In dairy industry curdling of milk by lactic acid

bacteria, fermentation of milk and the productionof butter and cheese etc are the results of bacte-rial activities.

Natural gas (bio-gas) production by Methano ba-cillus occuring in dung brings about the decay oforganic matter under anaerobic conditions, leadingto the formation of methane. Methane is commonlyknown as biogas, used as a source of energy.

Pasteurisation is the process of heating milk toabout 150

0 F for 30 minutes followed by cooling

to kill pathogenic bacteria.

Chiropterophily

51 5

Cell and Cell Organelles The smallest unit of life that is capable of inde-

pendent existence is a cell.

Cell in our body that engulf foreign particles likebacteria are known as phagocytes.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) provides energyfor all kinds of activities of a cell.

ATP is called the ‘universal biological energycurrency'.

ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondrion. Energy is stored in the mitochondria as ATP

molecules. The physical basis of life is 'protoplasm'. The largest cell is the egg of an Ostrich. The largest human cell is the ovum. Nerve cell(neuron) is the longest cell.

Human cells have 23 pairs (46number) of chro-mosomes.

Genes are hereditary units located in chromosomes. By weight the most abundant element found in

animal cells is oxygen. Chromosome is made up of DNA & Proteins. Chromosomes, other than the sex chromosomes,

are called autosomes. RNA is the Ribo Nucleic Acid. It is the hereditary

material of an organism. Which cell in our body have the least regenera-

tive power?(a) Brain cells (b) muscle cells(c) bone cells (d) liver cells

Ans : (c) bone cells Apart from the nucleus, a typical cell contains

other important cell structures or cell organelleslike the mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi complex,ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum etc.

Mitochondrion is called the 'power house of thecell'.

The ribosomes are chiefly concerned with thesynthesis of protein.

Lysosomes act as suicidal bags.

The Kingdom of Animals The animal with the longest life span on the land

is elephant, while the animal having the longestlife span, in general, is turtles (I-S-em-a) and tor-toises -(Ba).

Blue Whale is the biggest and the heaviestmammal.

The smallest ape is Gibbon. Chimpanzee is the most intelligent ape. Elephant tusks are enlarged incisors (D-fn- -Ãp-

IÄ). Fishes respire through gills. The vertebrate which has a two chambered heart is

fish. Coprophytes are the animals which derives their

food from faecal matters. The organism which has the maximum number of

ribs is the snake. The largest snake is theanaconda found in the Amazon region in South

Largest ape ............................................. GorillaTallest animal ..........................................GiraffeLargest reptile .................................... CrocodileLowest recorded temperature for a human beingwho survived ......................................... 20.30

CFastest Animal .......Cheetah (speed 60-63 km/hr)Smallest bird ................................ Humming birdLargest bird ......................North African OstrichLongest poisonous snake ................ King CobraLargest mammal (animal) .................. Blue Whale

(wt. 209 tones)Largest land animal .. African Elephant (wt. 7 tones)Largest teeth ..... Elephant tusks (upper incisors)

Superlatives in the Animal World

51 6

America. Kangaroo is a nocturnal herbivore. Zebras are jockingly called ''the ponies in

pygamas.'' ap«-t¯m-Sn AS§n-bn-cn¡p¶ apJy -cm-k-]-

ZmÀ°w ImÂknbw ImÀ_-tWäv BWv.

Hibernation is the period of long sleep for ani-mals in cold weather when there is no food avail-able. During this period animals go undergroundand their metabolic activity becomes very lowand hence they do not need to eat or drink dur-ing this period.

‘F¶n Huj-[-Kp-W-anÃ’ F¶ h\whIp- nsâ]c-ky- n ImWp¶ P´p-: Icn-¦p-c§v

The Kangaroo rat neverdrinks water in its entirelife.-

Ostrich, Rhea, Kiwi andPenguin-all are flightlessbirds.

Dodo (a flightless pi-geon) which appeared inMauritius is now extinct.

The smallest flightless bird is kiwi, while thesmallest flying bird is the Bee humming bird ofCuba.

Growth of tadpole (hmÂam-{In) into a frog is calledmetamorphosis (cq]m´-c-Ww)

Cobra venom affects the nervous system and vi-per venom the blood circulatory system.

A baby cockroach is called nymph. Xmsg ]d-bp-¶-h-bn Hä-bm-\mcv?

(F) Im­m-arKw (_n) Pndm^v

(kn) Igp-X- pen (Un) am³

D¯cw : (kn) Igp-X- pen

aäp-Åh kky-`p-¡p-I-fm-Wv.

Which organism is called the ‘slipper animal cule’?(a) amoeba (b) paramecium(c) euglena (d) sponge

Ans : (b) paramecium R­p-I-fn enwK-]-cn-hÀ¯\w \S- p¶ Pohn:

km¡p-en\

The population of which of the following is maxi-

mum on the earth?(a) Fish (b) bettles(c) reptiles (d) birds

Ans: (c) reptiles Saurology is the study of

(a) lizards (b) birds(c) ants (d) fishes

Ans: (a) lizards Ants go in a line by the secretion of

(a) enzymes (b) sweat(c) hormone (d) trial pheromone

Ans: (d) trial pheromone

Human BrainCerebrum Corpus Callosum

Thalamus

Hypo Thalamusbrain stem

Spinal cord

Movementtouch

Speech

behaviourand

Feelinghearing

hearing andblood pressure

Balance andMuscleco-ordination

sight

Cerebellum

Kangaroo rat

51 7

The tallest living bird is(a) Emu (b) Penguine(c) Ostrich (d) Siberean Crane

Ans : (c)Ostrich

Which of the following is an amphibian (D`b-

Pohn-)?(a) whale (b) turtle(c) frog (d) cow

Ans: (c) frog Which of the following is not a mammal?

(a) fish (b) cow(c) goat (d) whale

Ans: (a) fish Insects belong to

(a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda(c) Crustacean (d) Coelenterata

Ans: (b) Arthropoda Silver fish is a

(a) wingless insect (b) ornamental fish(c) Insect with wing (d) sea fish

Ans: (a) wingless insect

Human BodyBrain (Xe -t ¨ m-dv)

Which part of the human body coordinates func-tions of various organs?(a) heart (b) lungs

(c) brain (d) kidneyAns: (c) brain

Cranium is the part of the skull that encloses thebrain.

Brain receives and sends signals in the form ofchemical impulses.

The weight of the brain of an adult is 1.4 kg which isabout 3% of the body weight of a normal person.

Surrounding the brain are the meninges, aprotective membraneous envelope around thedelicate brain.

The largest part of the human brain is cerebrum. The seat of memory in the human brain is located

in the(a) medulla oblongata (b) cerebrum(c) cerebellum (d) hypothalamusAns : (b) cerebrum

Cerebrum controls voluntary actions and it is theseat of intelligence, memory, imagination and will.

The cerebellum regulates muscular movementsof locomotion.

skdn-s_Ãw BWv "enän s{_bn³' F¶-dn-b-s -Sp¶ akvXn-jvI-`m-Kw.

The medulla oblongata controls involuntaryactions (A-ss\-ÝnI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä).

The central control of respiratory activity inhumanbody is exercised by(a)cerebrum (b) cerebellum(c)medulla oblongata (d) hypothalamus

Ans: (c) medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata has the centres for regulat-

ing the working of the heart, contraction of blood

Numbers in Human BodyNumber of bones ........................................... 206Number of muscles ........................................ 639Number of ribs ................................................ 24Number of bones in skull ................................ 22Number of bones in neck .................................. 7Number of bones in face ................................. 14Number of cranial nerves ........................ 12 pairsNumber of spinal nerves ......................... 31 pairsNumber of heart beat .............. 70-72 times/minute

Respiratory rate ........................ 16-20 times/minuteRate of blood pressure .................... 120/80 mm. Hg.Number of RBC's .......... in male - 5,000,000/Cu. m.m.

in female - 45,000,000/Cu. m.m.Life span of RBC...................................... 120 daysLife span of WBC ................................... 2-15 daysAmount of blood ...................................... 5-6 litresAverage amount of haemoglobin ............................

14-15 mg/100 ml bloodWeight of brain ............................................ 1.4 kg.

51 8

vessels and respiratory and digestive movements.It also has reflex centres of vomiting, coughingand sneezing. So an injury to medulla oblongatamay cause sudden death.

The thermoregulatory centre of the human bodyis hypothalamus.

The spinal cord (kp-jp-av\) controls reflex ac-tions in human beings. \s«-Ãn¡qSn IS-¶p-t]m-

Ip¶ Xe-t¨m-dnsâ mK-amWv kpjp-av\.

kpjp-av\bv¡v GI-tZiw 45 sk.-ao. \of-ap-­v.

We lose consciousness if blood flow to the brainis cut-off for more than five seconds.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairsof spinal nerves in man.

E.E.G. (Electro Encephalo Gram) is used to recordchanges in the electric potential in various areasof brain.

Biological Death of a patient means the death oftissues of the brain.

Encephalitis (a-kvXnjv¡ timYw) is caused byvirus.

Disorder of brain affecting recognition of lettersand words - Dyslexia.

Endocrine Glands and Hormones(A ´ x-{k mh n{KÙ n-I f pw t l mÀt am-Wp-I -f pw)

Hormones are biochemical substances producedby ductless or endocrine glands.

Thyroid gland is a bilobed gland in the neck, justbelow the larynx.

Thyroid gland is popularly known as Adam’sApple.

The organ in the body, which accumulates io-dine, is thyroid gland.

Thyroid gland controls growth and metamorphosis. Insufficient iodine in the diet resulting in thyrox-

ine deficiency disease called(A) simple goitre (B) exophthalmic goitre(C) cretinism (D) mixoedema

Ans: (A) simple goitre Overproduction of thyroxine causes exophthalmic

goitre.

Under activity or degeneration of the thyroidcauses myxoedema in adults and cretinism inchildren.

Deficiency of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)secreted by parathyroid gland causes tetany inwhich calcium level in blood decreases.

Adrenal glands are situated over the kidneys. Adrenal gland has two parts, Adrenal cortex and

Adrenal medulla. Blood pressure controlled by

(a) Adrenal gland (b) Thyroid gland(c) Thymus (d) Corps luteum

Ans: (a) Adrenal gland

NOBLE PRIZE – 2006

Andrewfare Craig Mello

John Mather George Smoot

PHYSICS

MEDCINE

Roger D. Federer

CHEMISTRY

51 9

Adrenal cortex produces cortico steroids (mainlyhydro cortison and aldosterone).

Adrenal medulla produces two hormones-adrenalin and nor- adrenalin.

Adrenal gland prepares the animal to fight orflight.

Adrenaline hormone raises the rate of heart beatand blood pressure.

HcmÄ `b-s¸ -Sp -t¼mÄ Dev]m -Zn -¸ n -¡p¶tlmÀtam¬ þ A{Un-\m-en³.

Adrenalin is known as emergency hormone. The gland that secretes both an enzyme and a

hormone is pancreas (B-tá-b-{K-Ùn). If pancreas stops functioning in the body then

the level of insulin and glucagon will decrease. The beta cells of islets of langerhans (cells in the

pancreas) secrete insulin and alpha cells secreteglucagon.

Deficiency of insulin leads to excess sugar in theblood and this sugar is excreted in the urine. Thisdisease is known as diabetes mellitus (hyperglycaemia)

The main function of insulin is to control the levelof sugar in the body.

Pituitary gland is an endocrine gland attachedto the base of the brain.

The pituitary gland is called 'the master gland'in the body because it controls all other endo-crine glands present in the human body.

Water balance in the body is mainly controlledby the secretion of ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)by hypothalamus

The normal value of blood sugar is 80 to 120 mg/100 ml of blood.When this exceeds 150mg, sugarwill be excreted through urine.

Insulin is secreted in human body from(a) gall bladder (b) liver(c) beta cells of islets of langerhans(d) alpha cells and islets of langerhans

Ans: (c) beta cells of islets of langerhans All of the following glands in the human body

are ductless glands, except(a) adrenal (b) pituitary

(c) lachrimal (d) thyroidAns: (c) lachrimal

Lachrimal glands secrete tears. a\p-jy-i-co-c- n\v ]pd-¯p-h¨v \nÀ½n-¡p¶

C³kp-en³ BWv lypap-en³ (humulin or humaninsulin).

Thymosin, secreted by thymus gland iscommonly known as juvenile hormone (bp-hXztlmÀtam¬)

Thymus gland becomes fully developed by about7 years and degenerates and disappears after 14years of age because of the activities of the sexglands.

Pineal gland is commonly known as 'biologicalclock' (ssP-h-L-Sn-Im-cw).

Pineal gland secretes melatonin and serotonin. tlmÀtam¬ C³kp-en-\p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-

¶-Xp-t]mse "{Sn]vkn³' F´p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p?

(F) Pqkv (_n) IcÄ(kn) cmkmán (Un) Zl\w

Ans: (kn) cmkmán

C³kp-en³ F¶Xv tlmÀtam-WmWv. {Sn]vkn³cmkm-án-bpw.

Eyes and Eye Diseases The eye (photoreceptor), is a globular ball like

organ situated in a bony cavity, the orbit of theskull.

The iris (Ir-jvW-a-Wn) regulates the size of thepupil in human eye.

Retina, in the eye, acts like the film in a camera. The image formed on the retina of the human eye

is real and inverted. Rods -(I-dp¸pw shfp¸pw Xncn- -dn-bm³ klm-bn-

¡p-¶p) and cones -(\nd-§Ä Xncn- -dn-bm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p) are the special cells associated withthe sense of sight.

Rhodopsin is the light sensitive pigment of rodcells.

The average human eye can distinguish about40 shades of colours.

Colour blindness is a hereditary disease. A person suffering from colour blindness is un-

able to distinguish red and green colour.

52 0

Myopia (short sight) is a vision defect . When a person suffers from myopia he cannot

see distant objects since the image is formed infront of the retina.

Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses. In long - sightedness (hypermetropia) a person

cannot see nearby objects since the image isformed behind the retina.

Long - sightedness can be corrected with convexlenses.

Cylindrical lenses help to correct astigmatism(hn-j-a-Zr-jvSn).

Cataract (Xn-an-cw) affects the eyes due to ageing. Squint eye (tIm-¦-®v) is another eye defect which

can be corrected by an operation. IrjvW-aWn CuÀ¸-c-ln-Xhpw (dry) AXm-cy-hp-

ambn (opaque) ¯ocp¶tcmK -amWv kntdm -^ vXmÂanb (Xe-rophthalmia).

tImÀWn-b, ZrjvSn-]-S-ew(sclera), hn{Sn-bkv lyqaÀF¶o t\{X-`m-K-§-fmWvI®p-am-än-h-bv¡Â ikv{X-{In-b-bn DÄs -Sp-¶-Xv.

a§nb shfn- -¯n ImgvN-i-àn-bn-Ãm-sX-bm-bn-¯o-cp¶ tcmK-amWv ame-¡-®v(\nim-ÔX or Night blind-

ness). tcmKm-Wp-¡-fp-sS km¶n-[y-an-ÃmsX I®n-\p-­m-

Ip¶ Akp-J-amWv shsÅ-gp v (presbiopia). Glaucoma is an eye disease due to the increased

pressure in the eye ball. Twenty-twenty means perfect vision. If acid gets into eye, pour 2% bicarbonate soda

lotion liberally into the eyes. If an alkali gets into the eyes, wash with diluted

vinegar. Ophthalmology - study of eye diseases.

Heart The circulation of blood (cà-]-cy-b-\w) in the

body is regulated by the heart (lr-Z-bw).

The human heart is on the left side beneath theleft nipple.

The pericardium protects heart from harm. The average weight of the heart is about 340 gm

in men and 225 gm in women. The human heart has four chambers, a pair of

auricles and a pair of ventricles. The human heart consists of four chambers and

in fish the heart consists of two chambers. Inthose of amphibians there are 3 chambers. Heartof reptiles is incompletely divided into 4 cham-bers (Crocodile has 4 chambered heart). Mam-mals and birds also have four chambered hearts.

The deoxygenated blood (impure blood) from thebody received by the heart is in the right auricle.

The oxygenated blood from the lungs is receivedby the heart in left auricle.

Dr. Jose ChackoPeriapuram

First Heart Trans-plant peroformedin Kerala

Dr. Venu GopalFirst Heart Transplantperoformed in India

Dr. Christian BernardFirst Heart Transplantperoformed in World

52 1

Aorta (alm-[-a-\n) is the largest artery ([a-\n)which carries oxygenated blood (ip²-c-àw).

The largest blood vessel in the body is Aorta. As blood passes through lungs, gases are ex-

changed through blood vessels called capillar-ies of alveoli.

The normal heart beat is 70-72 per minute inmales and 78-82 per minute in females.

Normal pulse rate of healthy adult human is 72per minutes.

The heart beat of a child is more than that of anadult.

The science dealing with the study of the heartand its diseases is known as cardiology.

ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) is used for checkingheart ailments (EEG was invented by WilliamEinthoven).

Arteries ([a-\n-IÄ) carry pure blood from theheart to the tissues.

Pulmonary artery is the only artery carrying im-pure blood.

Veins (knc-IÄ) collect impure blood from thetissues and carry it to the heart.

Pulmonary vein is the only vein carrying pureblood.

The largest vein in human body is called inferiorvenacava (A-t[m-a-lm-kn-c).

\½psS cà-¡p-g-ep-IÄ¡v GI-tZiw Hcp-e£wIntem-ao-äÀ \ofw hcpw.

World's first heart transplant was performed on3rd December 1967 by Christian Bernard.

Dr. Venugopal of All India Institute of MedicalScience performed India's first heart transplanton 3rd August, 1994.

The first heart transplantation in the history ofKerala was conducted at Cochin Medical TrustHospital under the guidance of Dr. Jose ChackoPeriyapuram.

Jarvik Heart is the artifical pump to replace thehuman heart developed by Robert K. Jarvik.

John H. Gibbon (USA) built the first successfulheart-lung machine.

A pacemaker is used to stimulate the heartmuscles.

Pacemaker of man is also known as S.A. (SinuAuricular) node, which works as an artificial heart.-Hä-bm-\mcv?(F) sNhn (_n) izmk-tImiw(kn) hr¡ (Un) lrZbw

D¯cw : (Un) lrZbw

lrZ-b-sam-gnsI aäp-Åh tPmUn-bm-bmWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

Blood The blood serves to trans-

port and distribute materialswithin the body.

Distribution of enzymes isnot a function of blood.

Blood circulation was dis-covered by William Harvey.

The pH value of humanblood is nearly 7.5.

The blood cholesterol levelin 100ml of blood in a normal person varies be-tween 150-250 mg

The liquid part of the blood viz. the plasma con-stitutes 55% of the total blood volume.

Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are the plasmaproteins.

Fibrinogen is concerned with Coagulation ofblood.

The blood cells are of three types - red bloodcells (erythrocytes - AcpW càm-Wp-¡Ä).White blood cells (leucocytes - tizXcàm-Wp-¡Ä) and the platelets (thrombocytes).

Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC or Nph¶ càm-Wp-¡Ä) contain haemoglobin which gives bloodits red colour. kkvX-\n-I-fn H«-I- n-sem-gnsIaäp-Å-h-bn \yq¢n-bkv CÃm¯ tImi-§-fmWvNph¶ càm-Wp-¡Ä.

RBCs are produced in the bone marrow. Spleen destroys the dead RBCs in human body.

Spleen is known as graveyard of RBC. Spleen serves as a Blood Bank (Reservoir of

blood) in the body. The life span of RBC is about 100-120 days. Haemoglobin consists of iron containing pigment

haeme and a protein globin.

Karl landsteinerInvented Blood

group

52 2

Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment gives redcolour to RBC.

Haemoglobin helps in transportation of oxygen. Normal adult human male has 14 grams of hae-

moglobin in 100 millilitre of blood. The condition when haemoglobin content of the

blood falls below normal is termed anaemia. The disease resistant constituent of blood is

W.B.C. which produces antibodies. Antigens are capable of stimulating the forma-

tion of antibodies. WBC-White Blood Corpuscles defend our body

from disease causing bacteria. Leukaemia, also called blood cancer, is caused

by the over production of WBCs. cà- n shfp¯ càm-Wp-¡-Ä Ipd-bp-¶-Xp-

sIm-­p-­m-Ip¶ tcmK-amWv þ ept¡-m]o-\n-b(Leucopaenia).

The proportion of R.B.C. and W.B.C. in humanbody is 5000:1.

The life span of WBC is about 2 to 15 days. Platelets or thrombocytes are other blood cells.

They perform an important role in blood clotting.They live only for a few hours.

Clotting of blood in blood vessels is called throm-bosis.

The coagulation of blood in vessels is preventedduring normal conditionby heparin.

The vaccine for the smallpox is produced from theblood of the cow, whilethat for the cold, influ-enza or flu from the eggsof hens.

Haemophilia is a heredi-tary bleeding disease dueto inadequate clotting ofthe blood.

Haemophilia sometimesreferred to as bleeder’sdisease or 'christmasdisease.'

Diaphragm ({]m-No-cw) separates the abdomen (D-Z-cw) and thorax (D-cÊv).

A healthy person has 5-6 litres of blood in hisbody.

Hcp XhW càw Zm\w-sN-¿p-t¼mÄ GI-tZiw300 anÃn-en-äÀ càw am{Xta FSp-¡p-¶p-Åp.

The normal blood pressure of a healthy adult is120/80 mm Hg.

120 mm Hg is known as systolic pressure and 80mm Hg is known as diastolic pressure.

High blood pressure (Hypertension) is known asthe silent killer.

Blood Groups A person having blood type B could safely do-

nate blood to persons with blood type(a) Aand O (b) B and O(c)A and AB (d) B and AB

Ans: (d) B and AB Blood groups A, B, AB and O were discovered

by Karl Land Steiner. O blood group can be given to persons of any

other group. Therefore O group is called univer-sal donor.

A person with group AB can receive any othergroup. So AB is called universal recepient.

‘A’ blood group is most common among the Eu-ropeans, while ‘B’ and ‘O’ are common amongthe Asians and the American Indians, respec-tively.

The instrument used to measure the blood pres-sure in Human body.(a) Manometer (b) Barometer(c) Sphygmomanometer(d) Lactometer

Ans : (c) Sphygmomanometer The only one vein (kn-c) in human body which

carries pure blood is(a) renal vein (b) femoral vein(c) pulmonary vein (d) cephalic vein

Ans : (c) pulmonary veinSphygmoma-

nometer

52 3

Bile is stored in the gall bladder (]n- mibw). Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments. The disease which affects the liver is jaundice

(aª-¸n-¯w).

Bleeding in liver is known as liver cirrhosis. Hepatatis is the viral disease of liver which influ-

ence functioning of liver. Excessive alcoholic consumption causes

(a) jaundice (b) pyorhea(c) cirrhosis (d) heart attacks

Ans: (c) cirrhosis aZy-]m -\ -¯n-\pÅ AXn-bmb Bk-ànsb

Un]vtkm-am-\nb F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

bqdnb \nÀ½mWw \S-¡p-¶Xv Ic-fn-em-Wv.

]pI-bne \mUn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-

t]mse B¡tlmÄ F´p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-

¡p¶p?

(F) IcÄ (_n) aZyw

(kn) elcn (Un) Xe

D¯cw : (F) IcÄ

]pI-bnebpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw \mUnsb _m[n-

¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse B¡-tlm-fnsâ Aan-tXm-]-

tbmKw Ic-fns\ _m[n-¡p-¶p.

Kidneys and Dialysis The kidneys (hr-¡-IÄ) are the chief excretory

organs of vertebrates. Urea is removed from the blood by kidneys. The volume of urine produced in an adult human

being for every 24 hours is 6.5 litres. The functional unit of kidneys is called nephron. Presence of urea in the blood is called uremia. Kidneys are responsible for the removal of ex-

cess water, salts and waste products from theblood in the form of urine.

Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressinregulates the amount of water excreted in urine.

Deficiency of ADH results in the disease diabe-tes insipidus characterised by a large amount ofwater being removed through urine.

Antigen is a substance which(a) distroys harmful bacteria(b) is used to treat poisoning(c) lower body temperature(d) stimulates formation of antibody

Ans: (d) stimulates formation of antibody When the right ventricle in the human heart con-

tracts, the blood moves to;(a) aorta (b) brain(c) lungs (d) pulmonary artery

Ans : (d) pulmonary artery

Liver : The largest gland The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is the largest metabolic organ in human body. The liver (IcÄ) is on the right side of the stom-

ach (DZ-cw). Liver is dark brown in colour. Sleeping on left side is useful because it gives

maximum relaxation to the muscles of the rightside and keeps the liver warm and relaxed andimproves bile (]n- -c-kw) secretion.

Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in theform of glycogen.

The main function of the liver is to produce bilewhich is an important agent in digestion of fat.

There is no known digestive enzymes in the bile.

52 4

Dialysis is used in the case of a patient sufferingfrom(a) liver trouble (b) kidney trouble(c) cataract (d) jaundice

Ans : (b) kidney trouble A dialysis unit is an artificial kidney which per-

forms the functions of a normal kidney outsidethe body.

Reproduction Reproduction ({]-Xyp-ev]m-Z-\w) is a process by

which an organism produces new individuals oroffsprings of its own species.

Sexual reproduction requires one individual ofeach sex.

]pcp-j-_o-Pw Dev]m-Zn- n-¡p¶ Ah-b-h-§-fmWv

hrj-W-§Ä (Testis). The average period of human pregnancy is 36-

38 weeks (G-I-tZiw 280 Znh-kw).

Mother’s milk contain 7% of lactose. {]k-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ BZyw ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ ico-c-`mKw

þ Xe (head) Identical twins are formed, when the ovum after

fertilization splits into two parts. In human beings sex chromosomes XX is present

in females and sex chromosomes XY is present inmales. When X of female joins X of male chromo-somes the product will be a female baby (XX)and when X of female joins Y chromosome of amale, the product will be male baby (XY). AXm-

bXv Hcp Ipªv BtWm s]t®m F¶v \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv ]pcp-jsâ ssewKnI t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fmWv.

Bones (A Ø n-I Ä )

Human bones are made up of Calcium phosphateand Calcium carbonate.

The total number of bones in human skull (X-e-tbm-«n) is 22.

The total number of bones in an adult humanbody is 206.

A new born baby has 300 bones, but 94 bonesfuse together as it grows.

There are 24 ribs (hmcn-sb-Ãv) in human body. The total number of ear bones are six. In an adult human being, the number of vertebrae

is 26. a\p-jysâ Igp- n Ggv AØn-I-fp­v. The face of a man is made up of 14 bones. Phosphate of lime forms 51% of bone. The bones contain calcium phosphates upto 85% The smallest bone in the human body is the

stapes(stirrup ) found in the middle ear. Largest and longest bone is femur (thigh bone

or -XpS-sbÃv). The bones of aged persons are more fragile than

the bones of young persons. The breaking of a bone is known as fracture

(A-Øn-`w-Kw)

Bone marrow (-A-Øn-a-Ö) contains the parentcells that give rise to blood cells.

'Funny Bone' is a nerve at the back of theelbow.

Polio ...................................................... limbsMalaria ................................................. spleenMeningitis .................... brain and spinal cordTyphoid ........................................... IntestineDiphtheria ........................................... throatBright's disease .................................. kidneyEczema ................................................... SkinHepatitis ................................................. liver

Diseases and affected organsJaundice ................................................. liverTuberculosis ........................................ lungsPneumonia ............................................ lungsGengivitis, Pyorrhoea ............................ gumsGiotre ................................................ thyroidTrachoma .............................................. eyesArthritis ............................................... bonesOsteomyelitis ....................... vertebral column

52 5

Teeth (Z § Ä )

There are 20 milk teeth in human body. A full set of permanent teeth consists of 32 teeth. The hardest material found in human body is

enamel. Milk teeth appear by the age of 7 months, adult

teeth appear from 6th year onwards and wisdomteeth appear between the ages of 17-30 years.

Second pairs of incisors (Dfn- -Ãp-IÄ) in the up-per jaw of elephant modified into tusks.

Flourides are the compounds that prevent toothdecay.

One of the ingredients of tooth paste is calciumfluoride.

Skin (Xz¡ v)

Skin is the largest organ in human body. Colour of the skin is due to the presence of

melanin. The main function of human skin is excretion. imco-cn-tIm-jvamhv \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ico-c-

¯nsâ km[m-cW amÀ¤-amWv hnbÀ v (Perspira-tions). Sweat glands help to eliminate excess heatfrom body.

Dermatology is the branch of science deals withthe study of skin and its diseases.

Lungs (i zmk -t I mi w)

Lungs is the respiratory organ. The main function of the lungs is the oxygen-

ation of blood and to supply oxygen to it. Alveoli are small air sacs of the lungs through

the walls of which gaseous exchange takes placebetween blood and air.

Pluera protects lungs from harm. The CO

2 content in the air that we exhale is about

8%. The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place in lungs

at alveoli. Pneumonia, pleurosis, bronchitis, silicosis and

emphysema are diseases affecting respiratorytract.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) alung disease, is caused by Corona Virus.

Food and Nutrition A balanced diet is one that contains all the im-

portant constituents of food for the propergrowth of the body such as carbohydrates, fats,proteins, minerals and vitamins in the properproportions.

Egg, fish, meat, milk products, nuts, potatoes,pulses and whole cereals are good sources ofproteins.

Cereals, fruits, potatoes and sugar are goodsources of carbohydrates.

Animal fat, milk products, nuts and oil are goodsources of fats.

Eggs, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, meat,milk products, nuts, whole cereals and yeastare good sources of vitamins.

Vitamins & Deficiency diseasesVitamin A (Retinol) ................. Night Blindness,

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin B1 (Thyamin) ........................... Beriberi

Vitamin B2 .................... Cheilosis, Inflammation of lips(Riboflavin)

Vitamin B5 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid) ..... Pellagra

Vitamin B12 ................................................ Pernicious anaemia(Cyanocobalamine)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) ..................... Scurvy

Vitamin D (Calciferol) ........................... Rickets

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) ....................... Infertility

Vitamin K (Philloquinone) ............. Haemorrhage

Pluera

52 6

Saliva contains a starch digesting enzyme, ptyalin. Deficiency of carbohydrates causes weight loss

and weakness. A healthy person needs 400-500 gms of carbo-

hydrates per day. Proteins are the body building material. Aminoacids are the building blocks of proteins. Protein digestion starts in the stomach while di-

gestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. Kwashiorkar is caused by prolonged severe un-

der nourishment in children. Severe deficiency of both protein and calories in

infants result in another malnutritional diseasecalled marasmus.

a\p-jy-sâ \ne-\n¸n\v A´-co-£-¯n-ep-­m-bn-cn-t¡­ HmIvkn-Psâ Ipdª Afhv 6.9% BWv.

anXm-[zm-\nbpw {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bp-amb Hcp C´y-¡m-c\v ssZ\w-Zn\w Bh-iyamb DuÀÖ- nsâAfhv 2400 Intem Item-dn-bm-Wv.

Cereals, egg, fish, fruit, meat, milk-products, nuts,salt, vegetables and yeast are good sources ofminerals.

Soyabean is considered to be a wholesome food. Milk is an example of balanced diet. Fats and carbohydrates are the energy products

of the body. Rice, wheat, fruit, milk etc have car-bohydrates while oils, ghee, butter etc have fats.

Proteins are needed for growth and developmentof the human body.

Soyabean seeds possess highest percentage ofproteins (30-35%).

Rich sources of proteins are milk,pulses, fish,meat, eggs, nuts etc.

Carbohydrates are a source of energy for the hu-man body.

Maximum starch found in rice is 70-80%. The basic unit of starch (A-¶-Pw) is glucose.

Ecology is the study of organisms in relationto their environment.

Ethology is the study of animal behaviour Entomology is the study of insects. Ethnology is the study of the human race. Exobiology deals with the study of life in outer space. Haematology studies blood and its disorders. Hepatology studies the liver and its disorders. Nephrology studies kidney diseases. Cryosurgery is a surgical technique of de-

stroying tissues by extreme cold conditions. Cardiology is the study of the heart. Neurology is the study of the nervous system,

its functions and disorders. Cryobiology is the science that deals with the

study of organisms, especially warm bloodedanimals, at low temperatures.

Pomology is the study of fruits. The study of fossil plants is called palaeobotany. Science of old age is called gerontology. Agrostology is the study of grasses. Mycology is the study of fungi.

Branches of Biology & Medical Science Phycology is the study of algae, while the study

of fossils is called Palaeontology. Use of living organisms or substances obtained

from them in industrial process is known as bio-technology.

Eugenics deals with heredity improvements of thehuman race by controlled selective breeding.

Zoology is the study of life of animals. Neuropathology is the study of diseases of the

nervous system. Osteology is the study of bones. Phrenology is

the study of skull and the brain. Oncology is the study of cancer. Cryotherapy is the use of cold, but not freezing

cold, as a form of treatment. Ichthyology - study of fishes. Myrmecology - study of ants. Ornithology - study of birds. Arboriculture is the study of cultivation of trees Myology is the study of muscles. Morphology - study of form and structure of

plants and animals. Histology is the study of tissues.

52 7

anXm-[zm-\n-bmb apXnÀ¶ Hcp C´y-¡m-c\v Znh-tk\ 55 {Kmw t{]m«o³ (amw-kyw) Bh-iy-ap-­v.

Each gram of carbohydrate yields 4 calories ofenergy.

Protein can yield the same amount of energy ascarbohydrate.

One gram of fat yields 9.3 calories of energy. Pulses are a good source of

(a) carbohydrates (b) fats(c) proteins (d) vitamins

Ans : (c) proteins A balanced diet

(a) meat (b) egg(c) rice (d) None of these

Ans : (d) None of these An enzyme extracted from the intestine of calf

important in preparation of cheese is Renin.

Vitamins and deficiency diseases Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble where as vita-

min B and C are water soluble. Rich sources of Vitamin A are vegetables, animal

fat, carrots, eggs, spinach (Noc), milk etc. Rich sources of Vitamin B are cereals, eggs, fruit,

liver, pulses etc. Vitamin C is found in oranges, lemons, milk and

fresh vegetables. Milk, cereals, beef , liver, soyabeans, mutton etc

are rich sources of Vitamin E. tlmÀtam-Wmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Poh-I-amWv

PohIw E. The source of Vitamin K is green leafy vegetables,

fish, peas etc. If milk is exposed to sunlight for a long time Vita-

min B2 will be lost.

Vitamin K helps in the process of blood clotting. Excessive intake of polished rice causes defi-

ciency of(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin B(c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin DAns: (b) Vitamin B

Cow milk is a rich source of(a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B(c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D

Ans : (a) vitamin A The vitamin which cannot be had from any veg-

etables:(a)Vitamin B (b) Vitamin C(c)Vitamin D (d) Vitamin EAns: (c) Vitamin D

PohIw D kqcy-{]-Im-i- nsâ km¶n-²y- nÂ

Xz¡n \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Vitamin B12

(Cyanocobalamine) is a cobaltcontaining vitamin.

Deficiency diseases are diseases which arecaused due to the deficiency of certain vitaminsin the body.

Scurvy is a disease of(a) hair (b) Skin (c) Liver (d) Eyes

Ans: (b) Skin

Genetics A gene is the fundamental biological unit which

is transmitted from one generation to the next. Itis the unit of heredity. It remains at a definite

Androphobia ................................... fear of menAnthophobia .............................. fear of flowersEntomophobia ............................. fear of insectsCynophobia ................................... fear of dogsBibliophobia.................................. fear of booksAlgophobia ..................................... fear of painHydrophobia .................................. fear of waterMonophobia ....................... fear of feeling aloneMysophobia ........ fear of dirt and contamination

Various PhobiasXenophobia ............................ fear of strangersNyctophobia .............................. fear of the darkCryophobia ........................................ fear of iceBacteriophobia .............................. fear of germsPhonophobia ................................. fear of noisePotamophobia ............................... fear of riversPyrophobia ....................................... fear of fireKinesophobia ............................. fear of doctorsPatrophobia ................................ fear of motion

52 8

position on a chromosome. In man about 1,00,000genes are known to be found in 23 pairs of chro-mosomes.

Genetics deals with heredity and the laws thatgovern it. Rev. Gregor Mendel is the 'Father ofModern Genetics.'

Mutation is the process of sudden heritablechange undergone in a gene due to change in itscomposition.

Mutation is(a) a factor responsible for plant growth(b) a change which affects the offsprings of F2

generation only.(c) a change that is inherited.(d) a change which affects the parents only but

never inherited.Ans : (c) a change that is inherited

Genetic engineering is the branch of Sciencedealing with the formation of new combinationsof hereditable material and manipulation of genes.

DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) is the principal ge-netic material of all living beings.

The structure of DNA molecule was discoveredby Watson and Crick in 1953.

Recombinant DNA involves transplanting a pieceof DNA of one organism to the DNA of another,which finds application in the production of Inter-feron and Insulin.

DNA has a double helical structure of nucleotidechains consisting of deoxyribose sugar and ni-trogen bases-Adenine, Guanine, Thymine andCytosine. It stores and transfers hereditary in-formation and creates its own replica.

The nitrogen base thymine in DNA is replacedby Uracil in RNA.

RNA has sub-species m-RNA and t-RNA, whichcarries the stored information of the DNA fortranslation into various proteins.

In protein synthesis, the genetic code is carriedfrom the DNA of the nucleus to the ribosomes ofthe cytoplasm by m-RNA.

DNA fingerprinting has helped to solve manymysteries and crimes.

The number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46. Presence of an extrachromosome in the foetus -

mongolism.

Environmental Science June 5: World Environment Day. Ecomark is given to environmentally friendly prod-

ucts of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). Ecologically friendly

tourism is termedecotourism.

Prof. R. Mishra is calledas 'Father of Ecology inIndia'.

The mode of transfer ofenergy of foodsynthesised in plantsthrough a series of or-ganisms of an ecosystem with repeated eatingand being eaten is known as food chain. In a habi-tat several food chains are operative.

The rich source of energy which never causesatmospheric pollution is solar energy.

A simple sequence in which the grass grows, acow eats the grass, a human eats the cow ordrinks its milk, is an example of(a) food chain (b) food web(c) food cycle (d) pyramid

Ans : (a) ) food chain B.O.D means Biological Oxygen Demand. It is a

measure of bacterial oxygen requirement in water. The estimation of B.O.D gives an idea of the

amount of pollution in water. B.O.D is measured as the weight (in mg) of oxygen

that is consumed in 1 litre of water stored for 5days in darkness at a constant temperature of 200C.

Water pollution is caused by sewage, sullage and

Communicable diseasesBacterial diseases : Tuberculosis, leprosy, diph-theria, plague, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, tetanus,pneumonia, gonorrhoea, wooping cough etc.Viral diseases : Chickenpox, measles, rabies,influenza, polio, AIDS, SARS etc.Protozoan diseases : Malaria, sleeping sickness,amoebiasis

Vandhana Shiva

52 9

industrial effluents. t`m¸m-ense bqWn-b³

ImÀss_Uv ^mIvS-dn -bn aossX sFtkmkb-t\äv (MIC) hmXIwtNmÀ¶XmWv 1984- Unkw-_-dn-ep-­mb t`m¸mÂhmX-I-Zp-c- - n\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv.

Environmental planningorganisation is NEERI.

NEERI is National Environment Engineering Re-search Institute. It is in Nagpore.

First Earth Summit (1992) at Rio de Janerio (brazil)was related to conservation of genetic resourcesof plants and animals.

Second Earth Summit (2002) at Johannesburg(South Africa) brought into focus five priorityareas - water and sanitation, energy, health, agri-culture and biodiversity and ecosystem manage-ment (popularly called WEHAB).

Petroleum, coal, fossil fuel etc are non-renewablesources.

Domestic wastes containbiodegradable pollutants. Most hazardous metal pol-lutant of the automobile ex-haust is lead. Unleaded petrolis free of lead. Biomass is a renewablesource of energy. Ultra Violet rays are non-ionising radiations damagingto DNA. Nuclear radiations maycause cataract, an eye disease.

Strontium-90 (Sr90) causes leukaemia (bloodcancer).

Radiation causes leukaemia (c-àmÀ_p-Zw).

Miscellaneous Man is omnivorous. Herbivores þ kky- p-¡p-IÄ Carnivores þ amwk`p-¡p-IÄ Omnivores þ an{i- p¡pIÄ (kkym-lm-chpw

amwkhpw Ign-¡p-¶-hÀ.)

The pig has the heaviest liver, but lightest heart. There are 639 muscles in human body. Muscles in the human body constitute nearly

40-50% of a person’s body weight. Vertebrate skeletal muscles contain a red iron

containing pigment called myoglobin. Lungs, liver and kidneys are the excretory or-

gans. Neurons are the active units of the nervous

system. Normal human body temperature is 98.4o F or

36.9oC. The fatal point in body temperature is107o F or 41.7oC.

The strongest muscle in the human body is foundin the buttocks..

Oxygen is the most abundant element in humanbody.

a\p-jy-i-co-c-¯n Gähpw IqSp-X AS-§n-bn-cn-

¡p¶ temlw þ ImÕyw.

The measure of water content in human body is(a) 50% (b) 65%(c) 75% (d) 80%

Ans: (b) 65% Water is a universal solvent. The digestion of food mainly takes place in small

intestine. The body stores food in the form of fat in adi-

pose tissue. Length of small intestine in man is about 20 feet. Internal ear maintains the body in equilibrium. Human beings have two ears because two ears

help(a) to judge the direction of sound(b) to hear even a feeble sound(c) to enjoy music better(d) to distinguish between two kinds of soundsarriving at the ears in the opposite directions.Ans: (d)to distinguish between two kinds ofsounds arriving at the ears in the opposite di-rections.

Dactyology - Communication by signs made withfingers used by deafs.

Sunderlal BahugunaChipko Movement

Medha PatkarNarmada Bachao

Andolan

53 0

Medical SciencePharmacy Small pox was the disease that led to the discov-

ery of first antiviral vaccine. Small pox is the only disease totally eradicated in

1980 throughout the world by vaccination. Tetracyclines (antibiotics) helps to cure tra-

choma, an eye disease. Antibiotics are the drugs which are produced by

bacteria and which act against other strains ofbacteria. e.g.penicillin,streptomycin, chloromycetin.

Antihistamines are the substances that relievethe symptoms of asthma, hay fever and otherallergies.

Antipyretics are the drugs used medically tolower body temperature.

Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. The vaccine, triple antigen is given to children

to immunise them against Diphtheria, Pertussis(whooping cough) and Tetanus.

Quinine is an alkaloid that cures malaria. Quinine is extracted from the tree ‘Cinchona

officinalis. Azidothymidine (AZT) is a drug used to combat

AIDS. To prevent polio, two vaccines Sabin (oral) and

Salk (injectable) Vaccine are offered. A drug that prevents infection and decay is called

an antiseptic. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucino-

genic drug.

Eldepyl is a new wonder drug to treat Parkinson’sdisease (a neurodegenerative disease).

Aspirin (i.e., Acetyl Salicylic Acid) is commonlyused as a pain reliever.

The chief ingredient of the mosquito repellantcream is derived from neem plant.

B.C.G. (Bacillus Calmette Guerine) Vaccine is ad-ministered to prevent tuberculosis.

Tranquillizers are drugs to calm the nervous sys-tem and prevent tension and worry while seda-tives are drugs used to induce sleep.

Shanvac-B is India’s first indigenous geneticallyengineered Hepatitis - B vaccine

Viagra is a tablet for stimulating sex potential. Morphine works as an analgesic drug and is clas-

sified as narcotics. An antibiotic is a substance produced by a liv-

ing organism, especially a bacterium or a fungus. Penicillin is produced from fungus known as Peni-

cillium notatum. CP-20-961 Hcp ate-dnb hmIvkn³ BWv.

Diseases and Treatments amc-I-amb ]£n-¸-\n¡v ImcWw Ghn-bm³

C³^vfp-h³k sshdkv BWv. Euthanasia means mercy killing. It was first

introduced legally in Netherlands and in Belgiumsecond time.

Computer Axial Tomograph (CAT) scan is usedfor photographing a selected plane of the humanbody using X-rays for diagnosing the cause of adisease.

ATP ........................... Aderiosine Tri PhosphateADH .............................. Anti Diuretic HormoneBHC ............................... Benzene Hexa ChlorideBMR ................................ Basal Metabolic RateDDT ............ Dichloro Diphenyl TrichloroethaneECG .................................... Electro Cardio GramEEG............................... Electro Encephalo GramBOD ........................ Biological Oxygen Demand

Few AbbreviationsWHO ....................... World Health Organisation

RBC ................................ Red Blood Corpuscles

WBC ............................. White Blood Corpscles

DNA ............................ Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid

RNA ..................................... Ribo Nucleic Acid

FAD ...................... Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

TMV ............................... Tobacco Mosaic Virus

53 1

CAT Scan is also known as CT Scan. CAT scanner was invented by Godfrey

Hounsfield. MRI-Scan means Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Scan. PET Scan is Positron Emission Tomography scan.

It is used for studying brain. Otoscope is an instrument used for examining

the outer ear and ear drum. Physiotherapy is the treatment of diseases or dis-

abilities by massaging and exercise. A biopsy is done in order to detect the presence

of cancer. Biopsy means examination of tissue cut from liv-

ing body. Lithotripter is the machine used to break up kid-

ney stones by ultra sound waves. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is useful in com-

bating cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis. In medicine, radioactive isotopes are used as trac-

ers for diagnostic purposes. Arsenic - 74 is used to detect tumours. Sodium - 24 is incorporated into salt (NaCl) and

used to detect the presence of blood clots in thecirculatory system.

Cobalt-60 is used in treatment of cancer. AIyp -]MvNÀ (Acupuncture) F¶ Nn -

InÕmcoXn¡v t]cp-tI« cmPy-amWv ssN\.

Anaemia is the shortage of haemoglobin in blood. The number one killer diseases in the world are

tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease respec-tively.

Pneumonia, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, tetanus (orlockjaw), botulism, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, lep-rosy, plague, whooping cough etc are bacterialdiseases.

Bacterial diseases are found in(a) plants (b) animals(c) humans (d) all the above

Ans: (d) all the above Chickenpox, rubella (German measles), measles,

mumps, influenza, common cold, AIDS, hepati-tis, polio and rabies are viral diseases.

Protozoans cause amoebic dysentery, malaria, Af-

rican sleeping sickness, Kala-azar etc.. Fungi causes athelete’s foot and ringworm. Haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia and Huntington’s

disease (ico-c-`m-K-§Ä A\n-Ñm-]qÀÆw sh«n-sh«nNen-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cy-tcm-K-am-WnXv) are congenialdiseases (ie, present at birth).

Diphtheria is a disease of throat. D.P.T. Vaccine (Triple Vaccine) is used to pre-

vent diphtheria, pertusis or whooping cough andtetanus.

Rubeola is the medical name of the diseasemeasles (a-®³).

Elephantiasis is caused by the nematoda‘Wuchereria bancrofti’.

The vector of the disease filariasis (elephantia-sis) is culex mosquito.

Contagious diseases are diseases which spreadfrom one person to another by physical contact.

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by a spe-cific organism and spread through air, water, food,etc.

Muscles (t]-in-IÄ) Ab-hn-Ãm-Xm-Ip¶XpsIm-­p-

­m-Ip¶ tcmK-amWv Parkinson's disease. Cw¥ojvkÀP-\mb Pbnwkv ]mÀ¡n³k¬ BWv tcmKw

I­p-]n-Sn- -Xv.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax. Malaria is spread by female anopheles mosqui-

toes and it affects the spleen. Plague is spread by rat fleas. Dengue fever is spread by Aedes aegypti mos-

quitoes. Tuberculosis, Smallpox and influenza are dis-

eases that spreads through air. Tuberculosis is known as 'White Plague.' Tetanus can cause lock jaw. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea are

water borne diseases. Exophthalmic goitre is known as grave’s disease. Disease causing microorganisms are called

pathogens. The virus which attack bacteria is called bacterioph-

age. Arthritis and rheumatism affect the joints. Hydrophobia is a disease caused by the bite of a

53 2

mad dog. It is commonly known as rabies. It canbe prevented by injections discovered by LouisPasteur. Injections are known as ARV ( Anti-Ra-bies Venom).

Rabies is caused by a virus, and it affects thenerve cells of the brain.

Alzheimer’s disease in human beings is charac-terized by the degeneration of nerve cells.

Kesari Dal (Lathyrus sativus) causes gradual lossof movement of lower limbs or paralysis.

Trypanosomiasis is transmitted from animal toman by the tse-tse fly and causes the dreadeddisease sleeping sickness. Kala-azar (Leishma-niasis) is transmitted by sandflies.

Hypothermia is the loss of body heat (below31.70C).

People living in hilly areas suffer from goitre be-cause of the lack of iodine in diet and drinkingwater.

Minamata disease resulting from mercury poison-ing causes brain damage, birth defects and death.

temI-t -ähpw IqSp-XÂ Bfp-I-sf _m[n-¡p¶tcmK-amb Pe-tZm-j-¯n\v ImcWw sshd-km-Wv.

Odd man out(a) Tuberculosis (b) Cholera(c) Leprosy (d) Chicken pox

Ans: (d) Chicken pox Others are bacterial diseases.

AIDS AIDS means Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syn-

drome It was first detected in USA in 1981. Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ( HIV) is the

virus affects T-cells of blood which leads to AIDS. LUC Montagnier is the first isolated HIV. World AIDS day is observed every year on

(a) December 4 (b) October 3(c) December 1 (d) January 15

Ans: (c) December 1 World AIDS Day has been observed on December 1

since 1988. ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay)

and Western Blot test help us to detect the pres-ence of the AIDS virus.

The spread of AIDS disease is promoted by 'ho-mosexuality' (-kz-hÀ¤-c-Xn), immoral way of lifeand use of infected needles in blood transfusion.

"Pohn¡q Pohn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn¡q' F¶-XmWv 2002-þse AIDS Zn\ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. ('Live and let live.')

Miscellaneous Antigen is a substance which stimulates the for-

mation of antibodies. A colour-blind person has difficulty in distin-

guishing between green and red colour. This dis-ease mainly affects males.

Hookworm enters the intestine by penetratingthrough the skin.

Amnesia is related to the loss of memory. Helium is preferred over nitrogen to be mixed with

oxygen in the cylinders carried by divers becausenitrogen forms bubble in veins and causes pain.

UV radiation also give us a sun tan. But an ex-cess is harmful and can cause skin cancer anddamage to retina.

Ultraviolet radiation is frequently used to kill bac-teria.

Test tube baby refers to the phenomenon, whenthe fertilization is external and development isinternal.

World's first test tube baby Louise Brown wasborn on 25th July 1978.

World health day is observed on April 7th. All of the following diseases are caused by virus

except(a) jaundice (b) influenza(c) typhoid (d) mumps

And : (c) typhoid In certain diseases antibiotics are administered to,

(a) stimulate production of white blood cells forfighting the diseases.

(b) stimulate the production of antibodies(c) inhibit the growth of bacteria(d) produce toxins against bacteria

Ans : (c) inhibit the growth of bacteria The artificial kidney operates on the principle of

(a) diffusion (b) osmosis(c) dialysis (d) active transport

Ans : (c) dialysis

53 3

According to WHO, the disease which causesthe death of the largest number of peopletoday is(a) Malaria (b) Ebola(c) AIDS (d) Tuberculosis

Ans: (d) Tuberculosis The Science that deals with the internal structure

of animals, plants or human body is called(a) anthropology (b) anatomy(c) biophysics (d) alchemy

Ans: (b) anatomy Rheumatic heart patients are specially advised

against taking(a) fats (b) salt(c) carbohydrates (d) proteins

Ans : (b) salt A colour blind person commonly has difficulty

in seeing(a) all colours (b) red only(c) red, green and pale tints (d) violet and blue

Ans : (c) red, green and pale tints

Famous Biologists Aristotle is the 'Father of Biology.' He was the

first to classify animals on a scientific basis.Father of 'Modern Biology'(a) Aristotle (b) Darwin(c) Robert Hooke (d) Versalius

Ans : (a) Aristotle J.C. Bose is associated with the measurement of

growth in plants by the use of crescograph. Sigmund Freud (Austria) is known as the Father

of Psychology. He wrote The Interpretation of Dreams. The theory of organic evolution was discovered

by Charles Darwin. His well known books are ‘‘The Origin of Spe-

cies’’ and ‘‘The Descent of Man.’’ Charles Darwin gave the theory of the “Survival

of the fittest” and the theory of the “Natural Se-lection”.

He travelled in the ship called 'H.M.S. Beagle' to

collect proof for this theory. Laws of heredity were discovered by Gregor

Mendel and he form the basis of modern genet-ics. So Mendel is considered as the 'Father of Ge-netics.'

Binomial Nomenclature was developed byCarolus Linnaeus.

Melvin Kalvin was awarded Nobel Prize for hiswork on photosynthesis.

Vaccine for small pox was developed by EdwardJenner.

Circulation of blood was discovered by WilliamHarvey in 1628.

Gene was first synthesized in laboratory byArthur Kornberg.

A pure culture of bacteria was first obtained byRobert Koch.

Bacteria was discovered by Anton vanLeeuwenhock in 1683.

Vaccination was discovered by Edward Jennerin 1796.

Rabies vaccine was discovered by Louis Pas-teur in 1860. He also discovered a vaccine againstanthrax in 1881. He introduced pasteurization in1856 and in 1863 Pasteur discovered that themicroorganisms are responsible for fermentation.

Louis Pasteur prepared the first cholera vaccinein 1880.

Louis Pasteur is called the father of Microbiology. Aspirin was discovered by Dreser in 1889. Insulin for diabetes was discovered by Banting

& Best in 1921. Penicilin was discovered by Alexander Fleming

in 1928. TB vaccine (BCG) was discovered by Albert

Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1922. Polio vaccine (injectable) was discovered by

Jonas E. Salk. Polio vaccine (Oral) was discovered by Albert

Sabin. Scientist who discovered X-rays was Wilhelm.

K. Rontgen in 1895. Henry Swan developed cryosurgery. The 'Father of Homeopathy' is Dr. Hahnemann

(Germany)

53 4

Hippocrates (Greece) is the 'Father of Medicine.'An oath named after him is administered to themedical fraternity even today.

In which field 'Charakan' famous for?(a) Medicine (b) Dance(c) Kathakali (d) SanskritAns: (a) Medicine

Charaka Samhita was written by Charakan. Susrutha is considered the 'Father of Plastic Sur-

gery.' Susrutha performed the first cataract surgery. The 'Father of Ayurveda' is Artreya. Vagbhata wrote ‘Ashtanga Hridaya’ a treatise on

Indian medicine. Hua Tu ( China) was the first surgeon to use ana-

esthesia. Patanjali wrote ‘Yoga Sutra’ a treatise on Indian

yoga. Hugo de Vries is credited with the Mutation

Theory. Dr. Hargobind Khurana, the Indian - born Ameri-

can scientist, received a Nobel Prize for creatingan artificial gene in a test tube.

Dr. Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite. Tubercle bacillus was discovered by Robert

Koch. A. Jeffery (England) developed the technique of

DNA fingerprinting. Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist discovered

vitamins in 1912. Iron Lung is an artificial respiration device in-

vented by Dr. P. Drinker. Joseph Lister for the first time emphasized the

role of antiseptics. Father of Cloning

(a) Gerhard Fischer (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut(c) Dr. Hargobind Khorana (d) Mendel

Ans: (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut Dolly is the first cloned sheep. The first effective vaccine against polio was pre-

pared by(a) John Gibbon (b) Jonas E. Salk(c) Louis Pasteur (d) Edward Jenner

Ans: (b) Jonas E. Salk

Agriculture (I mÀj nI w) The chemical contained in tobacco is nicotine. Quinine, Tannin and Cinnamon are obtained from

the bark of the tree. Tea leaves contain 18% tannin. T x D and D x T are high yielding hybrid varieties

of coconut. Hybrid is an animal or plant that has been bred

from two different types of animals or plants. HYV means High Yielding Varieties. Foot and Mouth disease occurs in cattle, sheep

and pigs. Cocoon stage of silkworm produces silk. Silk worms are reared on mulberry. The most important stimulant in coffee leaves is

caffine. Opium is extracted from the immature fruits of the

plant poppy (Papaver somniferum). Paper is chemically cellulose. Sunflower oil has the maximum polyunsaturated

fatty acids. Mint is propagated through rhizomes. For safe storage, the moisture contents of

foodgrains should be less than 14%. a®nepw Agp-Inb kky-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS hnL-

S\w aqew cq]w-sIm-Åp¶ ]ZmÀ°-§-fn-epw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Bkn-UmWv lyqanIv Bkn-Uv.

A fertile soil, suitable for growing common crops,is likely to have a pH value of(a) three (b) four(c) six or seven (d) nine to tenAns : (c) six or seven

Seedless fruits are developed by the technique of(a) tissue culture (b) hybridisation(c) clonal selection (d) pure-line selectionAns : (c) clonal selection

RR-21 is high yielding variety of(a) rice (b) wheat(c) gram (d) sugarcaneAns : (b) wheat

RH - 10 is a new variety of rice. Rotation of crops is for

(a) increasing fertility of soil

53 5

(b) decreasing fertility of soil(c) increasing acidity of soil(d) all of these

Ans : (a) increasing fertility of soil Maximum yield of milk is obtained from------

variety of cows:(a) Red Sindhi (b) Kamadhenu(c) Jersey (d) Kapila

Ans : (a) Red Sindhi Which is a tropical food crop requiring a tem-

perature of 270 and a rainfall more tha 100 cm?

(a) wheat (b) maize(c) rice (d) barley

Ans: (c) rice Highest fat content is found in the milk of

buffalo. The name associated with Green Revolution is

(a) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Russi Modi(c) M.S. Swaminathan (d) V. Kurian

Ans : (c) M.S. Swaminathan

Cultivations Sericulture is rearing of silk worms. Horticulture is the cultivation of flowers, fruits

and ornamental plants. Pisciculture is the art of rearing fishes. Silviculture is forest planting. Apiculture means honey making. Viticulture is grape cultivation. Vermiculture is breeding of worms useful to

farmers. Floriculture is cultivation of flowering plants. Arboriculture means cultivation of tree and

vegetables.

Fertilizers Azolla acts as biofertilizer in association with the

blue-green algae. It is used in the cultivation of rice. N.P.K. mixtures are fertilizers with the mixtures of

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen helps in greening of plants and their

rapid growth. Phosphorous helps in flowering of plants. Potassium helps in the fruit forming stage in

plants.

Salinity of soil can be neutralized by using pyriteand gypsum.

Iron is an essential micro-nutrient required forthe development of plants.

Blue-Green algae works as a bio-fertilizer.

Pesticides Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides,

nematicides, rodenticides and herbicides. D.D.T and Parathion pesticides are banned in

most of the developed countries. Major draw-back of D.D.T as a pesticide is that it is not easilyand rapidly degraded in nature.

Biological control of insects means control of in-sect population in exploitation of natural prey-predator relationship.

D.D.T. (an insecticide) has a tendency to remainstable in environment for long periods.

Bordeux mixture consist of(a) copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide(b) copper sulphate and calcium carbonate(c) copper sulphate and calcium hydroxide(d) all of these

Ans : (c) copper sulphate andcalcium hydroxide

Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide (]q-¸Â \min-\n). BHC is Benzene Hexa Chloride. Loss of agricultural productivity due to pests and

diseases is about 30%. Sporeine is a bio insecticide. Sporeine was the

first bio insecticide to be developed on a com-mercial scale.

Natural insecticide 'azadiractum' is obtained fromNeem (th- v).

The pesticide used in foundations of buildingsfor preventing, termite (NnXÂ) attack is 'Aldrin.'

Forestry Social Forestry Programme was started in the year 1976. An important role is played by forests in reduc-

ing atmospheric pollution by absorbingcarbondioxide.

Planting of trees for aesthetic purposes in urbanareas is termed Urban forestry.

Percentage of land covered by forests in India isabout 20.55 %.

Deforestation will decrease rainfall and increasesoil erosion (a-s®m-en-¸v).

53 6

The species which are in the danger of exinctionare known as endangered.

The social forestry programmes should be madepopular among the rural people with the aim ofplanting and protecting forest trees.

Grazing (I-¶p-Imen tabv¡Â) should be con-trolled as part of the forest conservation action.

The loss of fertile top soil is known as soil erosion. Crop rotation is an effective method to control

soil erosion. Fertility of soil is maintained in the field by rota-

tion of crops. Removal of the soil by the action of wind and

water is known as erosion. The pH value of a fertile soil is usually around 6-7. Annual rings (hmÀjnI he-b-§Ä) in the cross

section of a tree helps to determine its age. Which one is connected with conservation of forests?

(a) Silent valley (b) Bharatpur(c) Kaziranga (d) None of these

Ans : (a) Silent valley In a National Park, protection is given to

(a) Flora only (b) Fauna only(c) Flora and Fauna (d) Entire ecosystem

Ans: (d) Entire ecosystem Tropical rain forests occur in

(a) Assam (b) Tamil Nadu(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Orissa

Ans: (a) Assam Turpentine oil is obtained from pinus tree. ]pI-bn-e-bn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ hnj B¡-

tembvUv þ \nt¡m-«n³ ]d-¦n-am-hnsâ P·-tZiw þ {_ko Sweet potato is a modification of adventitious

roots (A-]-Øm-\nI thcp-IÄ). Plants and animals living in a given area form a

community. Rain forests occur in Western Ghat and Eastern

Himalayas. 1950- -þemWv h\-a-tlm-Õhw Bcw- n- -Xv. A herbaceous plant which dies back each winter,

but grows again from underground parts inspring is called Perennial (_-lp-hÀjn-IÄ).

Blanching (»m³jn-Mv) is a technique used inthe preservation of fresh vegetables and fruits.

Textile fibres such as flax, hemp and Jute areknown as a soft fibre.

Cotton is the greatest industrial crop of the world. Cotton is 90% of cellulose. Chipko movement is connected with plant con-

servation. kpµÀem _lp-Kp-W-bmWv Nn]vtIm{]Øm-\- nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv.

Microwave oven is a major source of harmful ra-

diations in the house rather than colour T.V,tubelight, heater etc.

Botanical Survey of India (BSI) with its head of-fice in Kolkotta came into existence in 1890.

National Botanical Garden (or National BotanicalResearch Institute, NBRI) is situated in Lucknow.

Most rapidly growing plants are bamboos. In European countries paper is mainly manufac-

tured from soft wood conifers. Herbarium is a collection of 'preserved plants.' The 'Great Banyan Tree' is in Indian Botanical

Garden Sibpur, Kolkatta. The father of Indian Botany - William Roxburgh. Father of Botany - Theophrastus Father of Biology - Aristotle Wild Life Protection Act was enacted in India in 1972. The threat of extinction of tigers forced the India gov-

ernment to initiate the 'Project Tiger' on April 1, 1973. In India, paper is mainly manufactured from

Bamboos. Mango, Papaya, Banana, Guava, Pineapple,

Mangosteens etc are included in tropical fruits.

Fisheries Acquarium : places where fishes are kept. Blue Revolution : Development of fishing. Pisciculture : Rearing of fish. Aquaculture: Method of utilising any body of

water for rearing aquatic animals and cultivatingaquatic plants of commercial importance.

Ichthyology is the study of fishes. Father of Ichthyology is Aristotle. Devonian period is the 'golden age' of fishes. Fishes are the first jawed vertebrates. The fish commonly called sea horse -(IS¡p-Xn-c)

is Hippocampus. Fish male of Hippocampus (I-S¡p-Xn-c) shows

parental care. Cat fishes (]q- -a-Õyw) having possess sensory

barbls around the mouth. Fish uses gills (sN-In-f) to obtain oxygen from water. Pe- n ebn¨v tNÀ¶ HmIvkn-P-\mWv aÕy-

§Ä izkn-¡p-¶-Xv. A´-co-£- nse HmIvkn-Ps\ t\cn«v izkn-¡m³ aÕy-§Ä¡m-hn-Ã.

AtIz-dn-b- nse shÅ-¯n-te¡v hmbp IS- n-hn-Sp-¶Xv AXn-epÅ HmIvkn-Ps\ Pe- n ebn-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv.

Xnanw-Kew izkn-¡p-¶Xv A´-co-£-¯nseHmIvkn-P-s\-bm-Wv.

Gähpw henb kkvX\n (mammal):\oe- n-anw-Kew ico-c- n tcmam-h-c-W-an-Ãm¯ kkvX\nbpw

Xnanw-K-e-am-Wv.

53 7

Gähpw henb ISÂ aÕyw þ Xnanw-K-e-{kmhv a\p-jy-\p-ambn \Ã-t]mse CW-§p¶ kkvX-\n-

bmWv tUmÄ^n³. Gähpw henb Pohn \oe Xnanw-Kew (Blue Whale) ap«-bn-Sp-¶-Xn\v kap-{Z- n tZim-´cw \S- p¶

aÕy-amWv CuÂ. F´psIm-­m-Wv Xnanw-K -e-{km -hns\¡mÄ

]Xn-·-S§v hen- -apÅ \oe-Xn-anw-K-ew Gähpwhenb aÕy-am-bn-Ã. ImcWw hfsc efn-Xw. \oe-Xn-anw-Kew Hcp aÕy-a-Ã. AXv Hcp kkvX\Pohn-bm-Wv.

Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bn Hä-bm³ GXv?(a) Silver fish (b) Jelly fish(c) Star fish (d) Prawn (e) HerringD¯cw : Herring (Nmf) CsXm-gn v aäp-Åh H¶pwaÕy-§-f-Ã. HmÀt¯m-fq. sN½o³ (prawn) HcpaÕy-a-Ã.

aÕy-§Ä CÃm¯ Pem-i-b-apt­m?D­tÃm. Dead sea (Nm-hp-I-SÂ). CXn\v ImcWwAXnse Pe-¯nsâ hÀ²n-X-amb Af-hm-Wv.Poh³ DÛ-hn- Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv?(F) IS (_n) Ic(kn) BImiw (Un) qan-bpsS DÅnÂD¯cw : (F) ISÂ

Fishes are good sources of B vitamins and io-dine and the fatty fish livers are good sources ofA and D vitamins.

Codliver oil is rich in Vitamin D. The oldest living fish is coelacanth. Electric ray is also known as torpedo fish. Young one of a fish is called fry. Heart of fishes is two chambered. Only internal ear occurs in the body of fish. In fishes, the locomotion is due to paired fins. In fishes the jaws are adapted for defence, grasp-

ing, manipulating objects. Sharks and Rays are studied under the science

called Torpedology. Gambusia (am\- p-I-®n) is one of the fishes

used as a natural enemy of mosquito for the con-trol of malaria.

In India the best aquarium is located at Tarapur,Mumbay.

The scales of sharks is known as placoids. Star fish, Jelly fish and Cuttle fish are not fishes. Cray fish is a bony fish (A-Øn-a-Õyw). Herring (Nm-f-a-Õyw) is known as poor man's fish. Herring pond F¶-dn-b-s -Sp-¶Xv AävemânIv kap-

{Z-am-Wv.

Bio Technology Biotechnology is the technique of managing bio-

logical systems for human benefit. Genetic Engineering is now considered as a kind

of biotechnology. Genetic Engineering is the alteration of the ge-

netic make up of cells by deliberate and artificialmeans.

What was the potential of genetic engineering isnow prospect of gene therapy.

Gene therapy, in humans, is to replace ''a faultygene'' by a normal healthy functional gene.

Transgenics or transgenic organisms are alsocalled Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs).

GMOs are created by incorporating into theirgenetic make up foreign gene (s) or extra copiesof an endogenous gene or cloned and modifiedgene.

First genetically modified crop to sworn in Indiais Bt. Cotton.

Bt. Cotton seed was distributed in India byMontano company.

The gene coding for the insecticidal protein fromBacillus thuringensis has been transferred to thecotton plant. This transgenic cotton plant knownas genetically modified cotton Bt. is resistant toboll worm.

The technique of DNA fingerprinting was pio-neered and perfected by British genetist Dr. AlecJeffreys.

DNA finger printing is now used to identify crimi-nals in forensic laboratories.

It is also used to determine paternity, that is whothe true biological father or mother of a child.

Cloning Cloning is the process of producing many identi-

cal organisms or clones (clone means exact car-bon copy or copies of a single parent).

It is the producion of one individual organismfrom a nucleus, cell or asexual offshot of another.

Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the RoslinResearch Institute in Scottland, cloned the firstsheep Dolly.

tUmfn-bpsS Ip«n t]mfn 1998-þ-emWv ]nd-¶-Xv. izmk-tIm-i-kw-_-Ô-amb Akp-J-s -¯p-SÀ¶v

tUmfnsb Zbm-h-[-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. Ian Wilmut is considered as the father of cloning. Carbon Copy is the first cloned cat in 2001 at

Texas A and M university.

53 8

1. Which one of the following is a femalesexhormone?(a) Oestrogen (b) Androgen(c) Oxytocin (d) Insulin

2. The chief nitrogenous product in the humanurine is(a) Ammonia (b) Creatinine(c) Uric acid (d) Urea

3. International voluntary blood donation day isobserved on(a) November 6 (b) April 7(c) March 24 (d) November 4

4. Leukaemia is(a) contagious (b) hereditary(c) ifectious (d) None of these

5. Vitamin which helps in blood clotting?(a) Vitamin E (b) Vitamin A(c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin D

6. Ageing in human beings is caused by disappear-ance of which of the following gland?(a) thyroid (b) thymus (c) pitutary (d) pineal

7. Wisdom teeth normally appear in the age group?(a) 1-6 years (b) 8-12 years(c) 17-30 years (d) 35-60 years

8. The only mammal that can fly is the(a) kite (b) lizard (c) bat (d) penguin

Objective Questions9. The name given to a disease of the eye, caused

by increased tension within the eyeball is(a) cataract (b) glaucoma(c) colour blindness (d) conjunctivitis

10. A green leaf placed in a dark room is illuminatedby red light. The leaf will appear(a) green (b) red (c) yellow (d) black

11. Triple vaccine is administered to a new born childto immunise against(a) whooping cough, tetanus and measles(b) whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria(c) tetanus, measles and rubella(d) tetanus, diphtheria and small pox

12. Operation flood referred to(a) milk production (b) heavy rainfall(c) building of dams (d) None of these

13. Which organ in our body poduces the largestquantity of enzyme?(a) lung (b) liver (c) kidney (d) brain

14. The application of the principles of genetics tothe improvement of human race is known as(a) Eugenics (b) Genetic engineering(c) Biotechnology (d) Transgenesis

15. Chemically an enzyme is a(a) protein (b) lipid(c) carbohydrate (d) vitamin

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1. (a) The other important female sex hormone isprogesterone.

The male sex hormones include testosterone andandrosterone, together called androgens.

2. (d) The average composition of urine is; water96%, urea 2%, uric acid and salts 2%.

3. (a) World Haemophilia day - April 17 World Tuberculosis day - March 24

4. (d) Leukaemia (càmÀ_p-Zw) is a kind ofcancer in which abnormal white blood cellsgrow in an uncontrolled manner.

5. (c) Vitamin -K is known as antihaemophilicvitamin.

6. (b) Thymosin secreted by thymus gland prevents,ageing. Thymosin is called Juvenile hormone.

7. (c) Normally human beings have 32 permanentteeth, 16 in each jaw.

8. (c) ]d-¡m³ Ign-hpÅ GI kkvX\ Pohn-bmWv

hÆmÂ.9. (b) t\{X se³kv AXm-cy-am-Ip-¶-Xp-aqew hmÀ²-

Iy-Im-e-¯p-­m-Ip¶ tcmK-amWv cataract(Xn-an-cw).

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the con-junctiva.

10. (d)11. (b) DPT Vaccine - Diphtheria, Pertussis and Teta-

nus. Whooping cough is also called pertussis.12. (a) White revolution - [h-f-hn-¹hw

White revolution is related to milk produc-tion.

Dr. Varghese Kurian is considered as theFather of Indian White Revolution.

13. (b) Liver is the largest gland in human body.14. (a)15. (a) Enzyme (cmkm-án) is a protein with catalytic

activity.

53 9

16. Which of the following chemicals is directly re-sponsible for the shedding of a leaf from a plant?(a) Acetic acid (b) Abscisic acid(c) Indole-3-acetic acid (d) Carbonic acid

17. Angina is a disease of(a) heart (b) liver(c) lungs (d) intestine

18. The only vein in human body which carries pureblood is(a) renal vein (b) pulmonary vein(c) aorta (d) cephalic vein

19. AIDS virus destroy the body's(a) Immune system (b) Circulatory system(c) Nervous system (d) Respiratory system

20. Pencillin is obtained from(a) fungus (b) alga (c) bacteria (d) virus

21. Which of the following is not associated withVitamin B complex group?(a) Riboflavin (b) Thiamine(c) Ascorbic acid (d) Folic acid

22. In which of the following atmospheric layers isthe maximum concentration of ozone found(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere(c) Mesosphere (d) Ionosphere

23. The red colour of ripe tomatoes is due to thepresence of(a) Chlorophill (b) Carotenoids(c) Vitamins (d) Hormones

24. Conversion of light energy into chemical energytakes place during the process of(a) Transpiration (b) Photosynthesis(c) Digestion (d) Respiration

25. If the father and mother possessing Rh +ve andRh -ve factors respectively, their children willhave the blood group with(a) Rh -ve (b) Rh +ve(c) Rh neutral (d) None of these

26. During sleep(a) Blood pressure is reduced(b) Blood pressure is increased(c) Pulse rate is increased(d) None of these

27. Nicotine is present in(a) cinchona (b) poppy(c) tobacco (d) coffee

28. Who discovered leprosy bacillus?(a) Jenner (b) Ronald Ross(c) Louis Pasteur (d) Hansen

29. Where is the headquarters of Zoological Surveyof India located ?(a) Dehra Dun (b) Bhuvaneshwar(c) Kolkatta (d) Kaziranga

30. Which among the following is not a Green housegas?(a) Nitrogen (b) Carbon dioxide(c) Carbon monoxide (d) Chloro fluoro carbons

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16. (a) Abscisic acid causes ageing and abscission ofleaves.

17. (a) Angina or angina pectoris is a pain in the chest.18. (b) Pulmonary veins (izmk-tIm-i-kn-c-IÄ) col-

lect oxygenated blood from lungs and brings itto the left auricle.

19. (a) ico-c- nsâ {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-s -bmWvHIV sshdkv _m[n-¡p-¶-Xv.

20. (a) Pencillin is the first antibiotic extracted frompencilium notatum (a fungus) by AlexanderFleming in 1928.

21. (c) Ascorbic acid is the chemical name ofVitamin C.

Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy.22. (b) Ozone molecules absorbs ultra violet

radiation and protect us from this harmfulradiation.

23. (b) Carotenoids include orange carotenes andyellow xanthophylls.

24. (b) kky-§-fnse Ce-I-fn-epÅ lcn-XIw (chlo-rophyll) F¶ cmk-hkvXp kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw

ImÀ_¬ ssU HmIvsskUpw shÅ-hp-ambn{]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n¨v Blmcw ]mIw sN¿p¶{]{In-bsb {]Imi kwtÇ jWw (photosyn-thesis) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

25. (b) When a mixing of the Rh +ve and Rh -ve bloodtakes place clumping or agglutination will oc-cur only in the second baby.

26. (d) During sleep, human beings are in resting stageand hence the blood pressure remains normal

27. (c) Coffein is a weak central nervous stimulantfound in coffee and tea.

28. (d) hmIvkn-t\-j³ þ FtUzÀUv sP¶Àate-dnb AWp-¡Ä þ sdmWmÄUv tdmkvdm_okv hmIvkn³ þ eqbn ]mÌÀ

29. (c) Zoological Survey of India was established in1916.

30. (a) Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the at-mosphere absorb the infrared radiation andbehave as a blanket, with the net effect thatatmospheric temperatures rises. This phenom-enon is called Green House Effect.