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7/27/2019 Biology Resource Speaker

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Introduction to Biological

Concepts and Research

Chapter 1


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1.1 What Is L ife?

Character ist ics o f Liv ing Sys tems

Organized in a hierarchy

Each level with its own emergent properties

Contain chemical instructions

Govern structure and function

Engage in metabolic activities


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1.1 (con t.)

Energy flows through; matter cycles

Compensate for changes in external environment

Reproduce and undergo development

Populations change from one generation to the

next


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Living Organisms

Fig. 1-1, p. 2


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Hierarchy of Living Systems (1)

Cells Lowest level of organization that is alive

Organisms Unicellular or multicellular

Populations Groups of organisms of the same kind, living

together in the same area


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Hierarchy of Living Systems (2)

Community All populations living in an area

Ecosystems Include communities that interact through their

shared physical environment

Biosphere

The highest level

Includes all Earths ecosystems


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Hierarchy of Life

Fig. 1-2, p. 3


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Biosphere

All regions of Earths crust, waters, and

atmosphere that sustain life

Fig. 1-2, p. 3

Stepped Art

Ecosystem

Group of communities interacting withtheir shared physical environment

Community

Populations of all species that

occupy the same area

Population

Group of individuals of the same kind

(that is, the same species) that occupy

the same area

Multicellular OrganismIndividual consisting of

interdependent cells

Cell

Smallest unit with the capacity to live

and reproduce, independently or aspart of a multi-cellular organism


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Cell

Smallest unit with the

capacity to live and

reproduce, independently

or as part of a multi-cellular organism


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Multicellular organism

Individual consisting of

interdependent cells


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Population

Group of individuals of

the same kind (that is,

the same species) that

occupy the same area


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Community

Populations of all

species that occupy

the same area


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Ecosystem

Group of communities

interacting with their

shared physical

environment


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Biosphere

All regions of Earths

crust, waters, and

atmosphere that

sustain life


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Animation: Lifes levels of organization
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/organization.html


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Information Flow

Living organisms have complex structures

Established by instructions coded in DNA

Information in DNA is copied into RNA

Guides production of protein molecules

Proteins carry out most activities of life


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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Fig. 1-3, p. 3


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Information Flow

Fig. 1-4, p. 4


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Information is

stored in DNA.

ProteinRNADNA

The information in

RNA guides the

production of proteins.

The information

in DNA is copied

into RNA.


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Metabolism

The activity of obtaining and using energy

Maintenance

Growth Reproduction

Two primary metabolic processes

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration


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Energy and Matter

Energy

Flows through the hierarchy of life

Eventually released as heat, which cannot beused by living systems

Matter

Recycled within the biosphere


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Metabolism

Fig. 1-5, p. 4

Energy is stored as


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Fig. 1-5, p. 4

Electromagneticenergy in sunlight

Energy is stored aschemical energy.

SugarOxygen

Cellular respirationreleases chemicalenergy from sugar

molecules.

Released chemicalenergy is madeavailable for other

metabolic processes.

Carbon dioxide

Water

and

Photosynthesiscaptures

electromagnetic energyfrom sunlight.

Oxygen


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Oxygen

Cellular respirationreleases chemical energy

from sugar molecules.

Electromagneticenergy in sunlight

Photosynthesis captureselectromagnetic energy

from sunlight.

Energy is stored aschemical energy.

Sugar

Carbon dioxide

Water

and

Oxygen

Fig. 1-5, p. 4

Releasedchemicalenergy is madeavailable forothermetabolicprocesses.

Stepped Art


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Compensation for Change

Cells and organisms use receptors to detect

changes in environment

Triggers a compensating reaction that allows the

organism to survive


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Reproduction and Development

Organisms reproduce

Offspring develop into mature, reproductive adults


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Evolution

Populations undergo biologicalevolution asgenerations replace one another over time


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Energy Flow and Nutrient Recycling

Fig. 1-6, p. 5

Secondary Consumers


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Fig. 1-6, p. 5

Secondary Consumers

Heat Heat

Heat

Heat Heat

Decomposers Primary consumers

Nutrients

recycled

Sun

Primary Producers

Energy ultimately

lost as heat

Energy transfer

KEY


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1.2 B iolog ical Evo lut ion

Darwin and Wallace explained how populations

of organisms change through time

Mutations in DNA allow evolutionary change

Adaptations enable organisms to survive and

reproduce in their environments


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Populations Change With Time (1)

Changes occur in structure, function, types of

organisms

Theory of evolution by natural selection

Certain characteristics allow some organisms to

survive better and reproduce more than others in

their population


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Populations Change With Time (2)

Instructions for characteristics are coded in DNA

Successful characteristics become more common

in later generations

Average characteristics of offspring generation

differ from those of parent generation


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Life Cycle: Silkworm Moth

Fig. 1-7, p. 6


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Fig. 1-7, p. 6

e. Adulta. Egg b. Larva c. Pupa

d. Recently

emergedadult

Animation: One way energy flow and


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Animation: One-way energy flow and

materials cycling
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/energy_flow_m.html


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Heredity (1)

Genes

Segments of DNA

Code instructions for many characteristics Passed through reproduction from parents to

offspring


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Heredity (2)

Mutations Changes in structure, number, or arrangement of

DNA molecules

Create variability among individuals

Variability

Natural selection and other processes cause

biological evolution


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Adaptations

Accumulation of favorable characteristics over

many generations may produce adaptations

Enable individuals to survive longer or

reproduce more


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Artificial Selection

Fig. 1-8, p. 7


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Animation: Insect development
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/butterfly_devt.html


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Camouflage in Rock Pocket Mice

Fig. 1-9, p. 8


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Distributions of Rock Pocket Mice

Fig. 1-10, p. 9


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Fig. 1-10, p. 9

New MexicoArizona

Mouse colorArmendarisPinacate

N = 8N = 12N = 5N = 15N = 11N = 18

Rock color

Most mice captured on pale rocks

had sandy-colored fur.

Most mice captured on

dark rocks had black fur.


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Diversity of Life on Earth

Produced by accumulation of adaptations andother genetic differences between populations

over long spans of time


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1.3 B iod iversi ty

Species

Closely related populations that can interbreed

Biologists classify organisms into three domains

and severalkingdoms


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Hierarchy of Classification

Species

Genus

Family Order

Class

Phylum Kingdom


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Classification

Fig. 1-11, p. 10

Domain: Eukarya


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Fig. 1-11, p. 10

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canis

Species: Canis familiaris

Domain: Eukarya


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Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Kingdom: Animalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canis

Species: Canis familiaris

Fig. 1-11, p. 10

Stepped Art


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Domains

Biologists organize kingdoms into 3 domains

based on characteristics of cell structure

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya


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3 Domains of Life

Fig. 1-13, p. 12

a. Domain Bacteria c. Domain Eukarya

Ki d P t ti t Kingdom Fungi


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Fig. 1-13, p. 12

b. Domain Archaea

Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Plantae


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Kingdoms

Bacteria and Archaea each include one kingdom

Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms: Protoctista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia


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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Fig. 1-12, p. 11


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Fig. 1-12a, p. 11

DNA

a. Escher ichia col i, a prokaryote

b. Paramecium aurelia, a eukaryote


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Fig. 1-12b, p. 11

Nucleus with DNA


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1.4 B io log ical Research

Biologists conductbasicandapplied researchusing the scientific method

Research includes collectingobservationaland

experimental data

Hypotheses may be tested with controlledexperiments

Or, a null hypotheses may be used to evaluateobservational data


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1.4 (con t.)

Model organisms may be used to study

fundamental biological processes

Molecular techniques have revolutionized

biological research

Scientific theories are ideas that have withstoodthe test of time


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Basic and Applied Research

Basic research advances our knowledge of

living systems

Applied research solves practical problems


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Data

Observational data describe biological

organisms or the details of biological processes

Experimental data describe results of an

experimental manipulation


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Hypotheses

Working explanations developed by scientists

about the relationships between variables

Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable


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Experiment

A well-designed experiment Considers alternative hypotheses

Includes control treatments and replicates


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Experimental Research

Fig. 1-14, p. 15


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Fig. 1-14a (1), p. 15


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Fig. 1-14a (2), p. 15


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Fig. 1-14b, p. 15


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Animation: Lifes diversity
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/life_diversity_v2.html


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Null Hypotheses

Explanations of what scientists would see if their

hypothesis was wrong

Used to evaluate observational or experimental

data when experiments are unfeasible


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Observational Research

Fig. 1-15de, p. 17

Anolis gundlachi


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Fig. 1-15a, p. 17

Anolis cristatellus


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Fig. 1-15b, p. 17

Copper Anolis model


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Fig. 1-15c, p. 17


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Fig. 1-15d, p. 17

Percentage of models and lizards perched in sun or shade

In the forest

where A.

gundlachilives,

nearly all models

and nearly all

lizards perched in

shade.

Percentage

in

sun

orshade

LizardsModels LizardsModelsPercentagein

sun

orshade

Perched in sun

Perched in shade

In the habitat

where A.

cristatel luslives,

nearly all models

perched in

shade, but most

lizards perched

in sun.

Ano l is gundlachi Anol is cr istatel lus


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Fig. 1-15e, p. 17

Temperatures of models and lizards

Lizards

Models

Lizards

Models

Percentage

ofo

bservations

Percentage

ofobservations

Temperature (C) Temperature (C)

Body

temperatures

ofA. gundlachi

were not

significantly

different from

those of the

randomly placed

models.

Body

temperatures

ofA. cristatel lus

were significantly

higher than those

of the randomly

placed models.

Anol is gun dlachi An ol is cr is tatel lus


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Animation: Sample size and accuracy
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/sample_error.html


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Modern Techniques

Model organisms

Easy to maintain in the laboratory

Subjects of much research

Molecular techniques

Manipulation of specific genes in the laboratory

Allow detailed analysis of DNA of many species

A S i tifi Th


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A Scientific Theory

A set of broadly applicable hypotheses

Completely supported by repeated tests under

many conditions and different situations

Theory of evolution by natural selection

Explains how life evolved through natural

processes Central importance to biology

Animation: How do scientists used l t t t h th


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random samples to test hypotheses

Vid Bi d fl
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Animations/scientific_method/index.html


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Video: Bird flu
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter1/Videos/bird_flu.html

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