biology notes for 7th grade

Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

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Table of Contents

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Definition of Science: Science is the study of nature of things. Science is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics. Biology is divided into two sub-categories, zoology and botany. Biology is the study of life. Zoology is the study of animals and botany is the study of plants. Chemistry is the study of atoms and chemical reactions. Physics is the study of matter and everything around us.

Root words: Bio: life Logy: study ofBiology is the study of life.

Life study of

A: not

Biotic: livingA biotic: not living

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Bio logy


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Scientific Method:

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Do Now: Write a list of ways you use Biology concepts everyday.

I use biology concepts when I…

1. Water the plants2. Feel hot3. Hear a bird chirp4. Hear a owl “howl”5. See an animal (bird, owl, person, dog, frog, ant, chipmunk, fly,

grasshopper, bee, spider, beaver, etc.)6. See a garden7. See a shrub8. See a flower9. See grass10.See a seed11. See the doctor12.Go on walks13. Go to Boy Scout summer Camp14. Go and play in my back yard15.Am at Biology class16.Go to the bathroom

…everyday

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Inference

Generalization


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Levels of Organisms:

1. Genes, DNA genetics2. Cell cell biology, molecular biology3. Organism anatomy, physiology, animal behavior4. Population population biology, population ecology5. Community/ ecosystem community biology, ecosystem

biology6. Biosphere

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Ways to tell others about your scientific results.

1. Presentation other scientists

Non-scientists

2. Book Non-scientists

Other scientists

3. Write a Scientific Paper Other scientists

4. Chatting other scientists Non-scientists

5. Newspaper Article other scientists

Non-scientists

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6. Magazines other scientists

Non-scientists

7. Web or Video recording other scientists

Non-scientists

Seed Germination Experiment

Data Sheet

We are only going to sprout the mum beans.

I am going to measure the height of my plant.

We are going to have a control and an experimental.

I am going to change the liquid of my experimental. Instead of water I will

have lemon juice.

Tuesday Control

Tuesday Experimental

ThursdayControl

ThursdayExperimental

Length in millimeters

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Notes and Observations

Ways we can measure the Mum Beans when they sprout

Length with millimeters (mm.)

Width with millimeters (mm.)

Amount of water absorbed by plant in millimeters (mm.)

Measure rate of growth with millimeters/ day.

Vocabulary:

Quantitative Data: Data represented in numbers

Qualitative Data: Data represented in words

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Description of Mum Beans : These are two green very little objects that weigh approximately one gram. They are smooth and have a tiny little black and white dot on one side. They smell like nothing. They are yellow and cracked in the inside. This object is hard.

They are Mum Beans!

VocabularyGerminate: Sprout

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Seed Germination

A plant needs …

1) Water

2) Sunlight

3) Oxygen

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4) Soil

5) Carbon dioxide

6) Nutrition

A plant is prevented from growing when there is…

1) Frost

2) Cold temperature

3) Fire, heat

4) Crushing of seed

5) Drought

6) Absence of sun

Experiment:

Control: grows in water

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I will grow 5 seeds in my control and another 5 in my experimental. This would be totaling 10 seeds.

They both get the same amount of water and both of them will get direct sunlight.

When I finished with my experiment my seeds didn’t grow a lot. This is how I think my seeds will grow better if I do this experiment ever again.

Next time I would1) Change the water everyday2) Put lamps right over the seeds so they grow faster and they would both

get exactly the same amount of sunlight.

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Definition of Kingdom: Highest level of classification

How the 5 kingdoms came about: Before people thought there were only two kingdoms, Animalia and

Plante. They though there were only two kingdoms because they weren’t able to see other smaller living objects. Then people began to think there are three kingdoms, Animalia, Plante, and Fungi. After they thought there were four kingdoms, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante. Now we thing there are five kingdoms; Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante.

First Animalia and Plante

Then Animalia, Plante, and Fungi

After Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante

Finally Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante

Robert Whittaker- proposed the 5 kingdoms

Root Words:Pro: AncientEu: TrueKary: genes

Prokaryotes means has no nucleusEukaryotes means has a nucleus

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Basic Parts of a cell; Cell Membrane, Nuclear Membrane, and Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear Membrane

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Nuclear Membrane

Cell Membrane


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5 Kingdoms and 3 Domains

5 Kingdoms

Monera BacteriaProtista ProtistsFungi FungusPlante PlantsAnimalia Animal

3 Domains

ArchaebacteriaEubacteriaEukarya

Root word:

Arch: old

Domains

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Kingdoms

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In unit 2 we will talk about cells.

Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of cells

Cells provide the structure and function for an organism

All cells come from other cells

Robert Hooke: Robert Hooke was the first to describe dead cells and look at them. When he saw this plant cell he was looking at cell walls. The was looking at cork (dead piece of wood.) He saw compartments of plant cells in the late 1600s.

Cell Walls

Van Leeuwenhoek:

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Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe live cells in the early1700s.

There are 2 types of cells; Plant Cells and Animal Cells.

Plant Cells Animal Cells

Have nuclei Have nuclei

Have chloroplasts Have plasma Membrane

Have cell walls

Have plasma membranes

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Plant Cell

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Root Words

Elles: SmallCyto: Cell

Ribosomes:

Ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm.Ribosomes are the site of protein production.

Cytoplasm:

A gelatinous substance between the Plasma Membrane and the Nuclear Envelope.

Where organelles are suspended.

Membranes Function:

A membranes function is to regulate the movement of substances in and out of whatever it surrounds.

Plasma Membrane:

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Nuclear Envelope:

Double Membrane that surrounds a cell nucleus.

Vocabulary:

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Eurakyotic: Nucleus Size 10- 100 ug Prokaryotic: No Nucleus 1-10 ug

Plant and Animal Organelles

1) Nucleus2) Golgi Apparatus3) Ribosomes4) Endoplasmic Reticulum5) Nucleolus

Plant Organelles

Chloroplast

Nucleus:

The nucleus of a cell is bound by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) and regulates movement inside and outside the cell.

Nucleolus:

The dense region of the nucleus; contains the parts that make up the ribosomes.

Chromatin:

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Thread like proteins with DNA attached to it.

Cell Wall:

Outer part of a plant cell; provides structure for cell/ organism.

Cellulose:

Strong substance that can’t be eaten.

Ribosomes found in two places of the cytoplasm.

Some float in the cytoplasm- procedure the proteins that remain in the cell.

Some are attached- procedure proteins that are exported out of the cell and proteins that are part of the plasma Membrane.

Big dots are ribosomes. The ribosomes provide the surface so the proteins (small dots) can stick together.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Abbreviation ER):

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Proteins


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Two types of ER; Rough and Smooth.

Rough ER attached ribosomes

The attached ribosomes produce proteins that go into membranes and that are exported by the cell.

Smooth ER no ribosomes

Site of protein production of lipids.

Interesting Fact: Cows have 4 stomachs

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Network of membranes that are the center of manufacturing and transport of molecules.

Golgi Apparatus:

Series of flattened sacs; process and transports molecules.

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle:

An orderly sequence of changes in a cell from a starting point (right after formation of the cell by division) to the point at which the cell divides.

Two types of cell cycle

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Interphase:

Cell carries outs it functions- metabolizes.

1) G1 Phase- Cell Grows2) S Phase- DNA synthesis- DNA duplicates itself3) G2 Phase- Cell prepares to divide

G= GapS= Synthesis

Mitotic Phase:

Made of two parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

Mitosis- Division of the nuclear material –

The DNA- equally divides between the “daughter ” cells.

Cytokinesis- Division of cytoplasm.

Cell Cycle

Mitosis

PMAT

ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

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Centromere

Sister Chromatids


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Prophase

Chromatin condenses Nucleolus disappearsRibosomes production stopsNear end- nuclear envelope breaks downMitotic spindle appears

Microtubules attach to sister chromatids and begin to move to center of cell.

Before: Then

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Spindle


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After:

Finally:

Metaphase:

Sister Chromatids are lined up at the center of the cell (equator.)Spindle finishes forming.

Anaphase:

Sister chromatids separate and are then called daughter chromosomes.

Proteins of the centimeres help pull the daughter chromosomes along the microtubules of the spindle.

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Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the poles by the shortening microtubules.

Microtubules that aren’t attached to the chromosomes get longer causing the cell to elongate.

Before:

After:

Finally:

Telophase:

Chromosomes reach poles of the spindle. Chromosomes “disappear” as the chromatin winds.Spindle appears Nuclear envelops reformNucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis:

Cytoplasm divides and the plasma Membrane pinches off to form separate cell.

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Meiosis:

Division that results four cells. Each cell has only half of the genetic information(DNA..)

Games:

Sex cells(sperm for male and eggs for female.)

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Humans have 46 chromosomesHumans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

# of chromosomes = n2n = 46n= 23

Male

Female

Compare

Mitosis Meiosis

2n 2n

2n 2n n n

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n n n n

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biology notes for 7th grade

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