Biology Keystone Review

Module A

Test Date Wednesday, May 25th

Topics to be Covered Tuesday, May 24th

• Basic Biological Principles

• Biochemistry

• Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)

• Cellular Transport

BIO A.1.1 Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.

All living things… • Have cells • Reproduce • Are based on a universal genetic code (DNA) • Grow and develop • Obtain and use materials and energy

(metabolism) • Respond to the environment • Maintain homeostasis • Taken as a group, change over time (evolve)

Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Both

No nucleus Nucleus DNA

No membrane bound organelles

Membrane bound organelles

Plasma membrane

Less complex More complex Ribosomes

Typically smaller Typically larger Cytoplasm

Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization

Biological Organization

Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization

Ecological Organization

Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A. Ability to store hereditary information

B. Use of organelles to control cell processes

C. Use of cellular respiration for energy release

D. Ability to move in response to environmental stimuli

Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A. Cell wall and nucleus

B. Cell wall and chloroplast

C. C. plasma membrane and nucleus

D. D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly? A. They increase the amount of energy transferred

from the lungs to the blood> B. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they

expand during inhalation. C. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing

more oxygen to be inhaled. D. They increase the surface area of the lungs,

allowing efficient gas exchange.

Which statement best explains why these cells have structural differences?

A. The cells have different functions.

B. The cells evolved in different organisms.

C. One of the cells develops into the other type of cell.

D. One of the cells is more primitive than the other cell.

Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth.

Water is a POLAR molecule

Water’s polarity is responsible for many of water’s unique properties

Cohesion- Water molecules stick to themselves

Adhesion- Water molecules stick to other substances

Surface Tension- Water has the ability to support small objects

Capillary Action- Water has the ability to climb structures

Water is the universal solvent

Water has a high specific heat capacity

Water has a high heat of vaporization

Water expands when it freezes

Solutes:

•Substances that dissolve

Solvent:

•The liquid in which solutes dissolve

Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form macromolecules.

Carbon atoms have a valence of 4. They are the most versatile building blocks. They can covalently bond with each other or other elements.

Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers

• Dehydration synthesis (aka condensation reaction)

Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers

• Hydrolysis

Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms

Macromolecule Elements Monomer/ Structure Function

Carbohydrate CHO (1:2:1) Monosaccharide Short term energy

Lipid CHO Long term energy

Protein CHOSN Amino Acid Structure and support; Biological catalysts (enzymes)

Nucleic Acid CHOPN Nucleotide Transmission of hereditary information

Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction.

• Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

• Enzymes are substrate specific

• Enzymes are not consumed by reactions

Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration level can affect enzyme.

The opening of the stomata allows water to evaporate from inside the leaf in a process known as transpiration. As this occurs, water molecules cling to one another and pull water in a continuous stream up the stem of the plant from the roots to the leaves. Which property of water makes this movement possible? A. cohesion B. freezing point C. high specific heat D. temperature-dependent density

Which statement best describes the event shown in the diagram? A. Glucose is being synthesized in the chloroplast using nitrogen from plants. B. Amino acid monomers are joining together to form a protein macromolecule. C. A polymer in the nucleus is being broken into its individual monomer subunits. D. Lipid molecules are forming fatty acid chains in a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the

water level in a lake. B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing

most aquatic organisms. C. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing

insulation for organisms below. D. Water removes thermal energy from the land around

a lake, causing the lake to freeze.

Cells are largely made of organic compounds that contain carbon. Which property of the carbon atom makes it an essential component of organic compounds?

A. Carbon is a nonmetal.

B. Carbon oxidizes to carbon dioxide.

C. Carbon is solid at room temperature.

D. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.

Which two students correctly described organic compounds?

A. students 1 and 2

B. students 2 and 3

C. students 3 and 4

D. students 2 and 4

Which graph best shows how enzyme activity changes as the temperature is adjusted above and below the enzyme’s optimum temperature?

Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this

reaction?

A.) It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.

B.) It provides energy to carry out the reaction

C.) It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium

D.) It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

Describe the fundamental role of plastids (chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy

transformations

Chloroplast

Light energy chemical energy (glucose)

Photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Break down glucose into a useable form of energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration

Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions

• Energy is released when 3rd phosphate bond is broken.

• Forms ADP

• Free energy is used to perform cellular work

Compare the basic transformation of energy between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis: Light Energy Chemical Energy

Light + 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration: Chemical E Chemical E

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

NOTE: These processes are interdependent. The products of one become the reactants of the other

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A) Both occur in animal and plant cells.

B) Both include reactions that transform energy.

C) Both convert light energy into chemical energy.

D) Both synthesize organic molecules as end products.

Which two statements correctly describe one similarity and one difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A. statements 1 and 2

B. statements 1 and 4

C. statements 2 and 3

D. statements 3 and 4

A plant cell uses the molecules in the list to synthesize a protein. What role do the ATP molecules play in the protein synthesis process?

A. They provide energy.

B. They increase activation energy.

C. They convert energy into hereditary information.

D. They absorb excess energy to prevent overheating.

Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle? A.) ATP to light

B.) light to chemical

C.) heat to electrical

D.) chemical to chemical

Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or

protective barrier for the cell

Compare the mechanisms that transport material across the plasma membrane

Passive Transport Active Transport

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Describe how membrane bound organelles (ER, Golgi) facilitate the movement of materials within a cell

A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most likely used by the protein as an energy source?

A) ATP

B) ADP

C) Catalase

D) Amylase

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What

determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

A) Orientation of cholesterol in the plasma

membrane.

B) Concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.

C) Configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

D) Location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane.

A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane?

A) Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis.

B) Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.

C) Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis.

D) Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus? 1. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.

2. It breaks down old damaged macromolecules.

3. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.

4. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.

Which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body?

A.) Using camouflage to avoid predators.

B.) Feeding at night to regulate body temperature.

C.) Moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes

D.) Exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels.

Biology Keystone Review

Module B

Test date May 26th

Topics to be Covered Wednesday, May 25th

• Cell Growth and Division

• Genetics

• Evolution

• Ecology

Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle

Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions

Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic

information

Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes

• Chromosome: a single piece of coiled DNA; can be shown as a line or an X in a diagram

• Gene: a “chunk” of DNA that provides information for a specific hereditary trait; found on chromosomes

• Allele: an alternate form of a gene; may be represented by letters (A or a)

Which sequence lists the cell images in chronological order for mitosis?

A. 1, 2, 3, 4

B. 4, 3, 2, 1

C. 1, 4, 3, 2

D. 4, 2, 3, 1

Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene? A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype. B. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules. C. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene. D. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo.

What must be transmitted to new DNA strands during replication to maintain genetic information?

A. individual atoms from existing DNA strands

B. individual sugars from existing DNA strands

C. the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands

D. the sequence of phosphates from existing DNA strands

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A. Meiosis is a multi-step process.

B. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.

C. Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.

D. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Which part of the apple flower produces cells by meiosis?

A. style

B. anther

C. stigma

D. filament

Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

A.) The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil.

B.) Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds.

C.) The synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide.

D.) Nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules.

Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms

Describe the role of the ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus in the

production of specific types of proteins.

Protein Synthesis Summary • Transcription = DNA mRNA

– Occurs in the nucleus

– RNA base pairing: A-U & C-G

– mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm

• Translation= mRNA proteins

– occurs at ribosomes in cytoplasm*

– 3 base pairs = 1 codon. 1 codon = 1 amino acid

*if protein is staying in cell translation occurs on free ribosome. If protein is leaving cell occurs on Rough ER

Describe and/or predict patterns of inheritance

Genotype: uses alleles (ex: AA, Bb, cc)

Phenotype: described the effects of the gene (ex: red hair, purple flowers, long tail)

Homozygous: AA or cc

Heterozygous: Bb

• The dominant phenotype is expressed

• Complete dominance: one allele is dominant and the other is recessive; use a capital and a lowercase letter (T= tall; t= short in pea plants)

• Codominance: the phenotypic effect of both alleles show up in a heterozygote (a red cow and a white cow a roan cow)

• Incomplete dominance: the phenotype of a heterozygote shows the blending of 2 traits (a red flower and a white flower a pink flower)

Describe and/or predict patterns of inheritance

• Multiple alleles: more than 2 forms of a gene exist (blood typing- IA, IB, i)

• Sex-linked: gene carried on the X or Y chromosome (colorblindness and hemophilia and carried on the X and more common in males)

• Polygenic: phenotype is controlled by 2 or more genes at different locations; produces a range of phenotypes (human height, corn kernel color)

Describe and/or predict patterns of inheritance

Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype

• Point mutations: alter nucleotide sequence in one spot (substitution)

– Silent: no change in amino acid; no change in protein

– Missense: changes the amino acid

– Nonsense: insert a stop codon

Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype

• Frameshift mutations: nucleotides are removed or added (addition or deletion); shifts reading frame since codons are read 3 nucleotides at a time

Describe processes that can alter the composition or number of chromosomes

• Crossing over: exchange of genetic info between homologous chromosomes

• Nondisjunction: chromatids fail to separate during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis

Describe processes that can alter the composition or number of chromosomes

Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture

• Gene splicing

• Cloning

• GMOs

• Gene therapy

• Gel electrophoresis

• PCR

Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A. Both cell types carry out transcription in the nucleus.

B. Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation.

C. Both cell types assemble amino acids to carry out transcription.

D. Both cell types carry out translation in the endoplasmic reticulum.

In a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color. What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species?

A. Red and white alleles present on one chromosome.

B. Red and white alleles present on two chromosomes.

C. A red allele present on both homologous chromosomes

D. A red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes.

A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive.

What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA?

A. gene splicing

B. gene insertion

C. animal cloning

D. selective breeding

Which effect is most likely caused by nondisjunction during meiosis?

A. an increase in nuclei

B. an extra chromosome

C. only two types of nitrogenous bases

D. increased survival benefits from traits

A genetic mutation involving a single base causes an error that affects the sequence of the next 500 amino acids in a protein. Which type of mutation could have produced this type of error in the protein? A. silent B. nonsense C. frame-shift

D. substitution

Explain the mechanism of evolution

• Natural selection

– There must be genetic variation

– Traits must be heritable (vs. acquired)

– Trait must lead to increased fitness (differential reproduction)

Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies in a population

• Alleles for traits may be beneficial, harmful or neutral.

• Natural selection favors beneficial traits and selects against harmful traits.

• Natural selection does not necessarily favor a “dominant” trait!

Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species

• Isolating mechanisms keep individuals from mating and producing fertile offspring – Geographic

– Habitat

– Mechanical

– Behavioral

– Gametic

– Temporal

– Reproductive

Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species

• Genetic drift: chance; small populations

• Founder effect

• Migration (gene flow)

Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution

• Fossil record

• Homologous structures

• Comparative embryology

• Biochemistry – amino acid sequences; nucleotide sequences (base pairs)

• Universal genetic code

Tail length in mice varies within a population. Scientists observed change in the distribution of tail lengths in a mouse population over time. At the genetic level, what has most likely happened to the allele for the shortest tail lengths? A. The allele changed from being dominant to being recessive. B. The allele changed from being autosomal to being sex-linked. C. The allele became less frequent than the alleles for longer tail lengths. D. The allele began to code for long tail lengths instead of the shortest ones.

The frequency of an allele in a fly population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events most likely occurred during the same time period?

A. an environmental change and a fly population increase

B. an environmental change and a fly population decrease

C. interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation

D. interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population speciation

A population of squirrels was separated during the formation of the Grand Canyon. Over time the squirrels, separated by the canyon walls and the Colorado River, became unique species. Which mechanism most likely caused the development of the new species?

A. habitat preference

B. increased gene flow

C. geographic isolation

D. behavioral isolation

A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis? A. The frogs living in the pond represent a population. B. Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem. C. If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier. D. If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water.

Describe levels of ecological organization

Describe how energy flows through ecosystems

• Matter cycles but energy flows in one direction from producers to consumers and ultimately to decomposers

• Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next; energy is lost as heat

• Arrows show energy flow!

Describe biotic interactions in ecosystems

• Competition

• Predation

• Symbiosis

– Mutualism: +/+

– Commensalism: +/0

– Parasitism: +/-

Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem

• Water Cycle

• Carbon Cycle

• Oxygen Cycle

• Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium): N2 Ammonia

• Nitrification (soil bacteria): Ammonia NO3

• Denitrification (soil bacteria): NO3 N2

Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances

Acid Rain Global Warming Ozone Depletion

Cause Coal burning SO2 + H2O H2SO4

NO2 + H2O HNO3

Increase in greenhouse gases (H2O, CO2, CH4) from burning fossil fuels, landfill gases, etc.

CFCs (former coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners)

Effect Reduced productivity; increased weathering; acid shock

Warmer world; later flowering; increase in the spread of tropical diseases; melting polar ice

Skin cancer; sunburns; cataracts; reduced crop yield

Radiation involved

None Infrared (IR) Ultraviolet (UV)

Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances

Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction

• Limiting factors (space, sunlight, food, water, availability of mates) competition reduced population growth

Which description is the best example of a population? A. all of the red foxes in a forest B. all of the red foxes in every forest C. all of the organisms in a forest D. all of the organisms in every forest

Scientists observed that the populations of top-level consumers in a particular ecosystem were rapidly decreasing. Further studies revealed that there was also a decline in producer productivity. Which other changes did the scientists most likely observe in the ecosystem?

A. increased producer diversity

B. decreased population size at all levels

C. decreased primary consumer populations only

D. increased primary and secondary consumer diversity

A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing?

A. biotic factors in a forest

B. biotic factors in a tundra

C. abiotic factors in a prairie D. abiotic factors in an ocean

Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans and has a salinity of about 3.5%. Which statement best explains why rain is fresh water and has a very low salinity? A. When water precipitates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans. B. When water evaporates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans. C. When water precipitates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds. D. When water evaporates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds.

Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem? A. They increase mutations. B. They compete for resources. C. They have special growth needs. D. They cause increased biodiversity.