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Biology
Biology
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12-5 Gene Regulation
12-5 Gene Regulation
Fruit fly chromosome
Fruit fly embryo
Adult fruit fly
Mouse chromosomes
Mouse embryo
Adult mouse
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Gene Regulation: An Example
Gene Regulation: An Example
E. coli provides an example of how gene
expression can be regulated.
An operon is a group of genes that operate
together.
In E. coli, these genes must be turned on so the
bacterium can use lactose as food.
Therefore, they are called the lac operon.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
How are lac genes turned off and on?
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Gene Regulation: An Example
The lac genes are turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
On one side of the operon's three genes are two regulatory regions.
• In the promoter (P) region, RNA polymerase binds and then begins transcription.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
• The other region is the operator (O).
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Gene Regulation: An Example
When the lac repressor binds to the O region, transcription is not possible.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
When lactose is added, sugar binds to the repressor
proteins.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
The repressor protein changes shape and falls off the
operator and transcription is made possible.
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Gene Regulation: An Example
Many genes are regulated by repressor proteins.
Some genes use proteins that speed transcription.
Sometimes regulation occurs at the level of protein
synthesis.
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
How are most eukaryotic genes
controlled?
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Operons are generally not found in
eukaryotes.
Most eukaryotic genes are controlled
individually and have regulatory
sequences that are much more complex
than those of the lac operon.
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Many eukaryotic genes have a sequence called the
TATA box.
Promoter
sequences
Upstream
enhancer
TATA
box Introns
Exons
Direction of transcription
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
The TATA box seems to help position RNA
polymerase.
Promoter
sequences
Upstream
enhancer
TATA
boxIntrons
Exons
Direction of transcription
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic promoters are usually found just before
the TATA box, and consist of short DNA sequences.
Promoter
sequences
Upstream
enhancer
TATA
boxIntrons
Exons
Direction of transcription
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Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Genes are regulated in a variety of ways by enhancer
sequences.
Many proteins can bind to different enhancer
sequences.
Some DNA-binding proteins enhance transcription
by:
• opening up tightly packed chromatin • helping to attract RNA polymerase • blocking access to genes.
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Development and Differentiation
Development and Differentiation
As cells grow and divide, they undergo
differentiation, meaning they become specialized
in structure and function.
Hox genes control the differentiation of cells and
tissues in the embryo.
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Development and Differentiation
Careful control of expression in hox genes is
essential for normal development.
All hox genes are descended from the genes of
common ancestors.
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Development and Differentiation
Hox Genes
Fruit fly chromosome
Fruit fly embryo
Adult fruit fly
Mouse chromosomes
Mouse embryo
Adult mouse
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12–5
Resources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtbResources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtbResources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtbResources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtbResources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtbResources/ch12_sectn05_quiz.qtb
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12–5
Which sequence shows the typical organization
of a single gene site on a DNA strand?
a. start codon, regulatory site, promoter, stop
codon
b. regulatory site, promoter, start codon, stop
codon
c. start codon, promoter, regulatory site, stop
codon
d. promoter, regulatory site, start codon, stop
codon
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12–5
A group of genes that operates together is a(an)
a. promoter.
b. operon.
c. operator.
d. intron.
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12–5
Repressors function to
a. turn genes off.
b. produce lactose.
c. turn genes on.
d. slow cell division.
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12–5
Which of the following is unique to the regulation
of eukaryotic genes?
a. promoter sequences
b. TATA box
c. different start codons
d. regulatory proteins
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12–5
Organs and tissues that develop in various parts
of embryos are controlled by
a. regulation sites.
b. RNA polymerase.
c. hox genes.
d. DNA polymerase.
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