biology€¦ · end of section. title: biology created date: 3/30/2011 1:50:43 pm

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology Biology

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21-2 Classification of Fungi

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Classification

Fungi are classified according to their structure and

method of reproduction.

The four main groups of fungi are:

• Common molds (Zygomycota)

• Sac fungi (Ascomycota)

• Club fungi (Basidiomycota)

• Imperfect fungi (Deuteromycota)

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The Common Molds

The Common Molds

What are the characteristics of the

common molds?

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The Common Molds

Familiar molds that grow on meat, cheese, and

bread are called zygomycetes.

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The Common Molds

Zygomycetes have life cycles that

include a zygospore.

A zygospore is a resting spore that

contains zygotes formed during the sexual

phase of the mold's life cycle.

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The Common Molds

Structure and Function of Bread Mold

Black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, is a zygomycete.

Black bread mold has two types of hyphae:

• Rhizoids are rootlike hyphae that penetrate the bread's surface.

• Stolons are stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of the bread.

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The Common Molds

Life Cycle of Molds

Black bread molds reproduce both sexually and

asexually.

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The Common Molds

Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold

Asexual

Reproduction

Sexual

Reproduction

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

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The Common Molds

Hyphae from different mating types fuse and produce

gamete-forming structures called gametangia.

- Mating type (N)

+ Mating type (N)

Stolon

Rhizoids

Gametangia

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The Common Molds

Haploid (N) gametes produced in the gametangia

fuse with gametes of the opposite mating type to form

diploid (2N) zygotes.

Zygotes develop into thick-walled zygospores.

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The Common Molds

In favorable conditions, the zygospore germinates,

undergoes meiosis, and releases new haploid

spores.

Spores (N)

Sporangium

Zygospore (2N)

Zygospore (2N)

Sexual

Reproduction

MEIOSIS

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The Common Molds

The sporangium reproduces asexually by releasing

haploid spores produced by meiosis.

Spores (N)

Sporangiophore

Rhizoids

Sporangium

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The Sac Fungi

The Sac Fungi

What are the characteristics of the sac

fungi?

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The Sac Fungi

The phylum Ascomycota is named for the

ascus, a reproductive structure that

contains spores.

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The Sac Fungi

Life Cycle of Sac Fungi

The life cycle of an ascomycete usually includes

both asexual and sexual reproduction.

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The Sac Fungi

Sexual

Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

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The Sac Fungi

In asexual reproduction, spores called conidia form

at tips of conidiophores.

Conidiophores are specialized hyphae.

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The Sac Fungi

During sexual reproduction, haploid hyphae of two

different mating types (+ and - ) grow close together.

Gametangia

- Mating type (N)

+ Mating type (N)

Hyphae (N)

Hyphae

(N) + (N)

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The Sac Fungi

The N + N hyphae then produce a fruiting body in

which sexual reproduction continues.

The ascus forms within the fruiting body.

Within the ascus, two nuclei of different mating types

fuse to form a diploid zygote (2N).

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The Sac Fungi

Ascus (N + N)

Fruiting body (N + N)

Zygote (2N)

Asci

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The Sac Fungi

The zygote divides by meiosis, producing four

haploid cells.

In most ascomycetes, meiosis is followed by mitosis,

so that eight cells called ascospores are produced.

An ascospore can germinate and grow into a haploid

mycelium.

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The Sac Fungi

Hypha (N)

8 Ascospores

(N)

Ascus

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The Sac Fungi

Yeasts

Yeasts are unicellular fungi.

Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding.

Dry granules of yeast contain ascospores, which

become active in a moist environment.

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The Club Fungi

The Club Fungi

What are the characteristics of the club

fungi?

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The Club Fungi

The phylum Basidiomycota, or club fungi, gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.

The spore-bearing structure is called the basidium.

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The Club Fungi

Life Cycle of Club Fungi

Basidiomycetes undergo an elaborate life cycle.

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The Club Fungi

Life Cycle of Club Fungi

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The Club Fungi

A basidiospore germinates to produce a haploid

primary mycelium.

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The Club Fungi

The mycelia of

different mating types

fuse to produce a

secondary mycelium.

The cells of the

secondary mycelium

contain haploid nuclei

of each mating type.

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The Club Fungi

Fruiting body (N + N)

Gills lined with basidia

CapGills

Stalk

Base

Basidia

(N +N)

When the right combination of moisture and nutrients

occurs, spore-producing fruiting bodies push above

the ground.

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The Club Fungi

Fruiting body (N + N) Gills lined with

basidia

CapGills

Stalk

Base

Basidia

(N +N)

When the mushroom cap opens, it exposes hundreds

of tiny gills on its underside.

Each gill is lined with basidia.

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The Club Fungi

Nuclei in each basidium fuse, forming a diploid

zygote, which undergoes meiosis, forming clusters of

haploid basidiospores.

Basidiospores (N)

Zygote (2N)

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The Club Fungi

Basidiospores form at the edge of each basidium and

are ready to be scattered.

Basidiospores (N)

Zygote (2N)

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The Club Fungi

Diversity of Club Fungi

Basidiomycetes include shelf fungi, puffballs,

earthstars, jelly fungi, and rusts.

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The Imperfect Fungi

The Imperfect Fungi

What are the characteristics of the

imperfect fungi?

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The Imperfect Fungi

Imperfect fungi, or Deuteromycota, are

fungi that cannot be placed in other

phyla because researchers have never

been able to observe a sexual phase in

their life cycles.

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The Imperfect Fungi

A well-known genera of the imperfect fungi is

Penicillium.

Penicillium notatum is a mold that is the source of the

antibiotic penicillin.

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21-2

Resources/ch21_sectn02_quiz.qtb



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21-2

Fungi grow best in an environment that is

a. cool.

b. moist.

c. dry.

d. salty.

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21-2

Yeasts are

a. ascomycetes.

b. zygomycetes.

c. basidiomycetes.

d. deuteromycetes.

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21-2

Penicillium is a(an)

a. ascomycete.

b. basidiomycete.

c. deuteromycete.

d. zygomycete.

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21-2

Sac fungi have a characteristic reproductive

structure called a(an)

a. ascus.

b. basidium.

c. budding capsule.

d. sporophyte.

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21-2

The basidiospores of club fungi are produced on

thin structures called

a. fruiting bodies.

b. buttons.

c. gills.

d. stalks.

END OF SECTION

biology€¦ · end of section. title: biology created date: 3/30/2011 1:50:43 pm

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