Biology ch 3 review

Biochemistry/macromolecules

• This variable is always placed on the x axis.

• Independent variable – we control it

• What is the optimal temperature for the enzyme lipase (shown in the graph below)? At what temperature would the enzymes become denatured?

• Optimum temperature is 50°C– So much above that would denature the enzyme

(break down the protein)

• What is the independent variable in this graph? The dependent variable? What is being tested? Results?

• Independent variable – time • Dependent variable – growth (cm)• Tested – soil type affect on plant growth• Results – N and P had most growth

• This forms when electrons are shared between 2 atoms.

• Covalent bond

• This element (along with hydrogen) is present in all organic compounds.

• carbon

• Carbon is unique because it likes to form _____ bonds with itself.

• 4

• Large, organic molecules are known as this.

• macromolecules

• These are the two main types of nucleic acids in living organisms.

• DNA / RNA• ATP

• These are the elements that make carbohydrates.

• C, H and O• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • 1:2:1 ratio

• This is the subunit used to build carbohydrate.

• monosaccharides

• This is another name for a long chain of sugars bonded together

• Polysaccharide

2 functions of carbohyrdrates?

• Quick energy• Communication in cells• Structure - cell walls in plants

• These are the elements that make up fats.

• C,H and O• Carbon, hydrogen and carbon

• This is another name for fats.

• lipids

• 2 uses for fats.

• Makes up cell membranes• Long term energy storage• Waxes• Triglycerides

• Four subcategories of fats?

– Fats & Fatty Acids– Phospholipids– Sterols– Waxes

• Why are lipids called hydrophobic or water-fearing?

• They are nonpolar so not attracted to the polar water molecule

• (fat/oil floats on water)

• These are the elements used to make proteins.

• C, H, O and N• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

• These are the subunits that make up proteins.

• Amino acids

• Amin group (N)• Carboxyl group – acid (COOH)• R group – anything• hydrogen

• Many globular proteins function as this so chemical reactions can occur at a fast rate in living organisms.

• enzymes

• These two things will cause enzymes to become inactive (denatured)

• Change in pH and temp

• The liquid in the stomach has a pH of about 2. Which of the two enzymes would be active in the stomach?

• pepsin

• Consider the data on the relationship between pH and enzyme activity shown in the graph. Do enzymes typically function only at a specific pH, or can they function within a range of pH values?

• Specific range of pH (and temp)

• What does graph show about enzyme action and activation energy?

• Enzymes lower activation energy

• Really look at this graph - understand it?