biology ch 2
DESCRIPTION
Principles of Ecology V. Hassell. Biology ch 2. Everything on Earth- air, land, water, plants and animals= is connected. Understanding these connections help us keep our environment clean, healthy and safe. Principles of Ecology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biology ch 2
Principles of Ecology
V. Hassell
Everything on Earth- air, land, water, plants and animals= is connected. Understanding
these connections help us keep our environment clean, healthy and safe..
![Page 2: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
You willDescribe ecology and the work of ecologistIdentify important aspects of an organism’s environmentTrace the flow of energy and nutrients in the living and nonliving worlds
Principles of Ecology
![Page 3: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why is an understanding of the environment important?
They materials needed for survival come from the environment
It is where they find food and shelter, reproduce and interact with other organisms.
![Page 4: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organisms and their environmentObjectives
Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors Compare the different levels of biological
organization and living relationships important in ecology.
Explain the difference between a niche and a habitat
![Page 5: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Individual organisms interact with each other and their environment
As cities expand, humans are moving into territories previously occupied by fields and wildlife.
They are still in their native area when they turn over trashcans or get into yards.
![Page 6: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Natural History
The study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat or what eats them
Includes Bird Watchers
Amateur weather collector
![Page 7: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EcologyUses qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative research
The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment
Uses techniques from
Math Chemistry,
physics, geology Other branches
of biology
![Page 8: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Levels of organization help scientist understand relationships.
POPULATION
A group of organisms of the same species which can interbreed and live in the same area at the same time
Because members of the
same population compete
with each other for food,
water, mates, and other
resources. Competition increases when
resources are in short supply
![Page 9: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Communities- a group of
interacting populations of different species occupying a particular place a pond
community
![Page 10: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Interactions within communities
Made up of individuals of several different populations
Located in a certain area at a certain time A change in one population changes/affects
others. Ex. If a fox population increases, what
happens to the rabbit population?
![Page 11: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them.
Ecosystem
![Page 12: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
BiosphereThe area on earth which supports life (where life is found)
Thin layer.Supports a diverse group of
organisms in a wide range of climates
Living things are affected by nonliving and living factors.
![Page 13: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ecosystem- Factors
1. biotic living or derived
from living things
2. abiotic- nonliving factors; sunlight
, temp. water, soil
![Page 14: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
If you were to study a species you would need to include:
their food sources
Materials for habitat
Temperature
Drought Type of soilAmount of
seeds
![Page 15: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Growth
Limits of Tolerance conditions under which growth will occur
Optimum Range- the best conditions for growth Limiting factors- A nutrient in short supply
which limits an organisms growth. It keeps populations from spreading beyond areas to which they are best adapted
![Page 16: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Biotic factorsLife factors
All living organisms- regardless of size
Are biotic
All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or protection.
![Page 17: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Levels of organizationBiologist study
Individual organisms Interactions among organisms of the same
species Interactions among organisms of different
species Effects of abiotic factors on interacting
species
![Page 18: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Life Cycles
Organisms may go through metamorphosis which means that the young and adult organisms do not compete for food- eat different foods.
![Page 19: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Biotic and Abiotic factorsForm Ecosystems
Because ecosystems include interacting populations and the abiotic factors, they are subject to change
![Page 20: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biomes2 types of Ecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystems- on land Include forest, measows and rotting logs Aquatic ecosystems include fresh water and
saltwater forms Fresh water- Includes ponds, lakes, streams Salt water – called Marine ecosystems, make
up 70% of earth’s surface
![Page 21: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Adaptation & change
Organisms must be able to adapt to changing conditions.
Coastal organisms spend part of the day underwater.
Tides affect salinity (salt content)
![Page 22: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Organisms in EcosystemsHABITAT
Where an organism lives its life
Prairie dog- burrows in prairie
Birds- nest in trees or on the ground
Others- Wetlands, ponds, oceans
![Page 23: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Food Chain- Sun is energy source1st Producer-
AutotrophPhotosynthesi
splant
![Page 24: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A niche
includes how it meets its specific needs for food, helter, how and where it survives and where it reproduces
Includes all interactions with biotic and abiotic parts of habitat
![Page 25: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nichecompetition
It is an advantage to have a different nich than other species in the habitat
Less competition
2 species with the same needs can’t exist for long together
One will gain control Other become
extinct, move elsewhere or adapt
![Page 26: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Surviving in difficult habitats
Adaptations to survive in different habitats include
Cypress kneesPolar bears
![Page 27: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SymbiosisOrganisms living together in close, permanent associationTypesMutualism- both species benefitCommensalism- one species
benefits, the other is not affectedParasitism- one benefits, one is
harmed
![Page 28: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Symbiosis- Commensalism
Spanish mossOrchidsbarnacles
![Page 29: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Symbiosis- ParasitismHarmful to one species, beneficial to another
EndoparasiteHook wormsDo they care if
their host dies?
Exoparasite- outside
Tick, fleas
![Page 30: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2.2 objectives
Compare how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs.
Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem
Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere
![Page 31: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
How organisms obtain EnergyAutotrophs
The ultimate source of energy is the sun
Plants use photosynthesis to produce food from light energy.
Autotrophs Producers
Plants Some protist &
algae
Other organisms depend on thes for energy
![Page 32: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
How organisms obtain energyConsumers are Heterotrophs
Can not make its own food
Obtain nutrients by eating other organisms
Heterotrophs Omnivore Carnivore Scavenger
![Page 33: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Heterotrops- DecomposerBreakdown and release materials
Breakdown complex compounds of dead and decaying organisms into simpler substances
Fungi, bacteria
![Page 34: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Flow of energy in Ecosystems Cycles of matter
Matter is composed of carbon, nitrogen and other elements
Moves through the food chain from producers to consumers
![Page 35: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Food ChainsFlow of energy
Arrows indicaate direction in which energy is transferred
May be as few as one or two – or unlimited
Plants decomposersPlantscowmandecomposer
(bacteria)
![Page 36: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Food web
Shows relationships for organisms that feed on more than one species
![Page 37: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ecological PyramidsOnly 10 % of energy is passed to next level
![Page 38: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Flow of Energy
Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids are all models that show how energy moves in only one direction through the tropich levles of an ecosystem
Some energy lost to heat Sunlight is souce
![Page 39: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
According to the law of conservation of energy-
energy is neither lost or gained. Some is transferred at each tropic level enerters the environment as heat, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
![Page 40: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pyramid of Biomasss
Each level in a pyramid of biomass represents the amount tht the level above needs to consume to meet it’s needs
![Page 41: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cycles in NatureMatter is recycled (never lost) and is not replenished like energy from sunlgiht
There is a finite amount of matter
The atoms that make up the boies of organisms alive today are the same atoms that have been on Earth since the beginning of time.
![Page 42: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Water CycleEvaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation
![Page 43: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Carbon CycleLife on earth is a carbon based. Carbon is
molecule of life
![Page 44: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
![Page 45: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle78 % of atm- not available
to plantsAmmonia (urine), lightning, manure,
![Page 46: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
excess Nitrogen in waterways
can cause major algae blooms and harm an ecosystem
causes blue baby syndrome
![Page 47: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Phosphorus cycle
![Page 48: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Phosphorus is essential
All organisms need phosphorusIt is Necessary for growth and development
Short cyclePlants absorb
from soilEaten, animsl
dies , decompose and is returned to soil
Long cycle Phosphates wash
into water and are locked in rock
Millions of years later- rock is exposed
![Page 49: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle
![Page 50: Biology ch 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56815c62550346895dca6e5d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Everglades
Lake Okeechobee over flowed producing marshy area
Development limited water to lake
90 % wading birds 70% other wildlife
listed as threatened or endangered