biology blood

8/8/2019 Biology Blood

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BIOLOGY

PRESENTATION

OF GROUP 2


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1. Edwin Aria B.

(03)

2. Intan Permata K.

(05)

3. Meryne Wandani P..

(07)

MEMBERS OF GROUP 2 :


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CompositionofBlood

Consistsofformedelements (cells)

suspended & carriedinplasma (fluid

part)

Total blood volumeisabout 5L

Plasmaisstraw-colored liquid

consistingofH20 & dissolvedsolutes

Includesions,metabolites, hormones,

antibodies13-7


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19-5

Composition of Blood


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19-6

FunctionsofBlood

Transport of:

Gases, nutrients, waste products

Processed molecules

Regulatory molecules

Regulation of pH and osmosis

Maintenance of body temperature

Protection against foreign substances

Clot formation


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theaverage human has 5 litresofblood

itisatransportingfluid

itcarries vital substancestoall partsofthe body.

bloodblood

X 500


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19-8

Plasma

Liquid part of blood Pale yellow made up of91% water, 9% other

Colloid: Liquid containing suspended

substances that dont settle out Albumin: Important in regulation of watermovement between tissues and blood

Globulins: Immune system or transport

molecules Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood

clots


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19-9

Formed Elements

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes)

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Platelets (thrombocytes)


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19-10

ProductionofFormed

Elements Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of

blood cell production

Stem cells: All formed elements derived

from single population Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells

Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,neutrophils, eosinophils

Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes

Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets


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19-11

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesisisformationofbloodcells

fromstemcellsinmarrow(myeloid

tissue) &lymphoidtissueErythropoiesis

isformationof


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19-12

Erythrocytes

Structure Biconcave, anucleate

Components

Hemoglobin

Lipids, ATP, carbonic

anhydrase

Function

Transport oxygen fromlungs to tissues and

carbon dioxide from

tissues to lungs


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Haemoglobin

gives red bloodgives red bloodcells their colourcells their colour

can carry up to 4can carry up to 4molecules of Omolecules of O22

associates andassociates and

dissociates with Odissociates with O22

contains ironcontains iron


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When there is a high concentration of oxygen e.g in the

alveoli haemoglobin combines with oxygen to formoxyhaemoglobin. When the blood reaches the tissue which

have a low concentration of oxygen the haemoglobin

dissociates with the oxygen and the oxygen is released into

body tissues

Function of HaemoglobinFunction of Haemoglobin


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19-15

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts

intermediate late reticulocytes

Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC

production


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19-16

Hemoglobin Breakdown


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19-17

Leukocytes

Protect bodyagainst

microorganismsandremovedeadcellsand

debris

Movements

Ameboid

Diapedesis

Chemotaxis

Passive Immunity

Active Immunity

Antigen Antibody

Types

Neutrophils: Mostcommon;phagocytic cellsdestroy bacteria

(60%)

Eosinophils: Detoxifychemicals;

reduceinflammation(4%) Basophils: Alergic reactions;

Release histamine, heparin

increaseinflam.response(1%)

Lymphocytes: Immunity 2 types;

b & tCell types. IgG-infection,

IgM-microbes, IgA-Resp & GI,

IgE-Alergy, IgD-immune

response

Monocytes: Become


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LEUKOCYTES

Fig13.3

13-10


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MonocytesMonocytes


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PhagocytesPhagocytes

Monocytes and macrophages

Provide a non-specific response to

infection


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Lymphocytes

Provide a specific immune response toinfectious diseases.

There are 2 types: -

- T-cells- B-cells

They produce antibodies.


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Platelets (thrombocytes)

Aresmallestofformedelements,lacknucleus

Arefragmentsofmegakaryocytes;amoeboid

Constitutemostofmassofbloodclots

Releaseserotoninto vasoconstrict& reduce bloodflowtoclotarea

Secretegrowth factorstomaintainintegrityofblood vessel wall

Survive 5-9days

these hardenformingaclot,or

"scab."

Fig13.3

13-12


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Can occur via 2 pathways: Intrinsic pathway clots damaged vessels & blood left in test tube

Initiated by exposure of blood to negatively charged surface of glass orblood vessel collagen

This activates factor XII (a protease) which initiates a series of clotting factors

Ca2+ & phospholipids convert prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh

Damage outside blood vessels releases tissue thromboplastin thattriggers a clotting shortcut (= extrinsic pathway)

CONVERSION OF FIBRINOGEN

TO FIBRIN

13-24


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19-24

Platelet Plug Formation


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Fig13.9

13-25


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19-26

Blood Grouping

Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on

surface of RBCs

Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBCantigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping)

or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs

Groups

ABO and Rh


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19-27

Agglutination Reaction


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19-28

ABO Blood Groups


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How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%


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Blood Transfusions

A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an

intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace

blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a persons

body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood?

People with TYPE O blood are called

Universal Donors, because they can give

blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called

Universal Recipients, because they canreceive any blood type.

Rh + Can receive + or -

Rh - Can only receive -

Universal Donor

Universal Recipient


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Rh Factors

Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys

to learn more about the human anatomybecause there are certain similarities betweenthe two species. While studying Rhesusmonkeys, a certain blood protein wasdiscovered. This protein is also present in the

blood of some people. Other people, however,do not have the protein.

The presence of the protein, or lack of it, isreferred to as the Rh (forRhesus) factor.

If your blood does contain the protein, yourblood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If yourblood does not contain the protein, your bloodis said to be Rh negative (Rh-).

A+ A-

B+ B-AB+ AB-

O+ O-

http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html


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Blood Evidence

Blood samples Can be analyzed to determine blood

type and DNA, which can be matched to possible

suspects.

Blood droplets Can be analyzed to give clues to thelocation of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of

weapon.

Blood spatter Can be analyzed to determine

patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime

might have happened.


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Microscopic

Views

Bird Blood

Cat Blood

Dog Blood

Fish Blood

Frog Blood

Snake BloodHuman Blood

Horse Blood


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19-34

Rh Blood Group

Firststudiedinrhesusmonkeys

Types

Rh positive: Havetheseantigenspresent

onsurfaceofRBCs

Rh negative: Donot havetheseantigens

present

Hemolyticdiseaseofthenewborn(HDN)

Motherproducesanti-Rh antibodiesthat

crossplacentaandcauseagglutination

and hemol sis offetal RBCs


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19-35

Erythroblastosis Fetalis


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19-36

Diagnostic Blood Tests

Type and crossmatch

Complete blood count

Red blood count

Hemoglobinmeasurement

Hematocrit measurement

White blood count

Differential white bloodcount

Clotting


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19-37

BLOOD DISORDERS

Erythrocytosis: RBC

overabundance

Anemia: Deficiency

ofhemoglobin Iron-deficiency

Pernicious

Hemorrhagic

Hemolytic

Sickle-cell

Hemophilia

Thrombocytopenia

Leukemia

Septicemia

Malaria

Infectious

mononucleosis Hepatitis


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Sickle Cell Anemiathat is a desease of red blood cells that

organized of sickle, so its caused the ability to

bind oxygen and carbon dioxide decrease.


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Leukaemiathat is a desease which is marked with an excessive total of white

blood cells beyond normal caused by uncontrol cell division.


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HaemophiliaThat is a descending desease genetically which is marked with

difficulties in blood clotting if a wound occurs.

Anaemiathat is a desease which lacks ofblood cells caused by the lack ofhaemoglobin extent or iron in blood.

h l


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Thalassaemiathat is a hereditary desease which lacks of red blood cells ability to bind

oxygen and carbon dioxide caused by irregular shape.

H


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Hypertensionthat is a desease which is marked with a blood

pressure beyond normal (more than 140 mmHg)

Hypotensionthat is a desease which is marked with a blood

pressure beyond normal (under 100 mmHg)

A h l i


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Atherosclerosisthat is a desease which the arteries

are hardening because deposition ofplaque of fatty mineral.

Arteriosclerosisthat is a desease which the

arteries are hardening because ofcalcium deposition.

L h i


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Leucopheniathat is a desease which

lacks of white blood cells.

Varicosethat is a desease in which the vein is

widening so that it looks bigger and swellingon the skins surface.


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Hematopoiesis

Is formation of blood cells from stem cells inmarrow (myeloid tissue) & lymphoid tissue

Erythropoiesis is formation of RBCs

Stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from kidney

Leukopoiesis is formation of WBCs

Stimulatedby variety ofcytokines

= autocrine regulators secreted by immune system

13-13


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Erythropoiesis

2.5 million RBCsare produced/sec

Lifespan of 120

days Old RBCs removed

from blood byphagocytic cells in

liver, spleen, &bone marrow

Iron recycled backinto hemoglobin

production

Fig13.4

13-14


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RBC Antigens & Blood Typing

Antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type

Major antigen group is ABO system

Type A blood has only A antigens

Type B has only B antigens

Type AB has both A & B antigens

Type O has neither A or B antigens

13-15

Click heretoplay

ABO Blood Types

RealMediaMovie


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Transfusion Reactions

People with Type A blood makeantibodies to Type B RBCs, butnot to Type A

Type B blood has antibodies to

Type A RBCs but not to Type B Type AB blood doesnt have

antibodies to A or B

Type O has antibodies to bothType A & B

If different blood types aremixed, antibodies will causemixture to agglutinate

Fig13.5 13-16


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Transfusion Reactions continued

If blood types don't match,

recipients antibodiesagglutinate donors RBCs

Type O is universal donorbecause lacks A & B antigens

Recipients antibodies wont

agglutinate donors Type O RBCs

Type AB is universalrecipient because doesntmake anti-A or anti-Bantibodies

Wont agglutinate donors RBCs

Insert fig. 13.6

Fig13.6 13-17


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Role of Platelets

Platelets don't

stick to intact

endothelium

because ofpresence of

prostacyclin

(PGI2--a

prostaglandin) &NO

Keep clots from

forming & are

vasodilators13-20

Qui

Ti

and aTI

(LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Fig13.7a


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Role of Platelets

Damage to endotheliumallows platelets to bind

to exposed collagen

von Willebrand factor

increases bond by bindingto both collagen &

platelets

Platelets stick to collagen

& release ADP, serotonin,& thromboxane A2 = platelet release reaction

13-21

Fig13.7b


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Role of Platelets continued

Serotonin &thromboxane A2stimulatevasoconstriction,

reducing blood flow towound

ADP & thromboxane A2cause other platelets to

become sticky & attach &undergo platelet releasereaction

This continues untilplatelet plug is formed

13-22

Fig13.7c


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Platelet plug becomes infiltrated by meshwork of fibrin

Clot now contains platelets, fibrin & trapped RBCs Platelet plug undergoes plug contraction to form more compact plug

Role of Fibrin

13-23


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Dissolution of Clots

When damage is repaired, activated factor XIIcauses activation ofkallikrein

Kallikrein converts plasminogen to plasmin

Plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving clot

13-26


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Anticoagulants

Clotting can be prevented by Ca+2 chelators (e.g.sodium citrate or EDTA)

or heparin which activates antithrombin III (blocks

thrombin) Coumarin blocks clotting by inhibiting activation of

Vit K

Vit K works indirectly by reducing Ca+2 availability

13-27


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Prostaglandins (PGs)

Are produced in almost every organ Belong to eicosanoid family -- all derived from arachidonic acid of

plasma membrane

Fig11.34

11-72


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Have wide variety of functions Different PGs may exert antagonistic effects in tissues

Some promote smooth muscle contraction & some relaxation

Some promote clotting; some inhibit

Promotes inflammatory process of immune system

Plays role in ovulation

Inhibits gastric secretion in digestive system

Prostaglandins (PGs) continued

11-73


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Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 & 2 are involved in PG synthesis(Fig 11.34)

Are targets of a number of inhibitory non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen inhibit both COX 1 & 2 thereby producingside effects

Celebrex & Vioxx only inhibit COX 2 & thus have few side effects

Prostaglandins (PGs) continued

11-74


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