biology and many other topics

8/13/2019 Biology and many other topics

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No. Word/Idiom Pronunciation Meaning Dch ngha Example

1 amoeba (plural:

amoebae)

mib

mibi

a very small living creature that

consists of only one cell amip

Were not talking about amoebae, ants

or alligators.

2 mutate mjutet /mjutet

to develop or make something

develop a new form or structure,

because of a genetic change

lm o tai/bin i Some mutate swiftly from chaotic

hordes to complex, stable populations in

a process eerily akin to Darwinian

evolution.3 horde rd a large crowd of people B ngi(ngun tu);b l du

4 blueprint bluprntthe pattern in every living cell,

which decides how the plant,

animal or person will develop and

what it will look like

Tit k, ln ko

Perhaps, far in the future, such research

will yield the ability to blueprint livingorganisms.

5 mimic mmk a person or an animal that can copythe voice, movements, etc. ofothers

tng tAn example of how programs mimic

biology can be found in cellular

automata-literally, cell-like machines:

structures that arise from tiny programs

that each display a seemingly

independent existence based on a few

simple rules.

6 automaton(plural:automata)

tmtn(tmt)

a machine that moves without

human control; a small robot

M t ng,tit b t ng

7 rectilinear rektlnir having straight lines tng, png When simulated organisms clustertogether, leaving rectilinear tracks onthe screen, researchers call them ants.

8 flutter fltr to beat very quickly and notregularly

Run r v kng, bi ri, xaoxun, xn xang

causes the heart to flutter

9 velocity vlsti the speed of something in aparticular direction

Vn t, t (nt l teo mt

ng n),

they match velocity with the nearby

flock, and they fly toward the greatest

concentration of the flock.


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t l

10 maze meza system of paths separated by

walls or hedges built in a park or

garden, that is designed so that it is

difficult to find your way through

M l; m ungthe ability to navigate electronic mazes

and search for symbols that represent

food.

11

spontaneous spntenis

done naturally, without being

forced or practised T pt, t sin

Biologists maintain that life began in a

spontaneous outburst of activity thatourred wen Earts environmentreached critical thresholds of heat,

atmosphere and chemical composition.

12 threshold reold the level at which something startsto happen or have an effect

m; ngng

13 conducive kndusv making it easy, possible or likely forsomething to happen

C , li,a n, dnn

settle into recurring patterns conducive

to the orderly transmission of

information.

14 cusp kspa pointed end where two curves

meet

n, m,ngn (ni)(ton ) imli

Life itself may have started as a chance

computation on the cusp of liquid and

gaseous states.

15 gaseous sis like or containing gas (tu) t k16 hoist st to raise or pull something up to ahigher position, often using ropes or

special equipment

n bng lnwhich of these simple programs will

someday hoist itself out of the

electronic soup

17 teres a graarea in here

an undefined situation or subject that does not seem to conform to known categories or rules; an

intermediate area or topic that is not clearly defined

18 spawn spn to cause something to develop orbe produced

Sin ra, xutin, ra (ig) vi ki lngln

Apart from spawning sci-fi speculations,

artificial life has begun to show

commercial promise.

19 unveil nvel to show or introduce a new plan,product, etc. to the public for thefirst time

Trnh by cng

kai, tun bng kai; l,tit l

Danny Hillis, the founder of the Thinking

machines corporation in the U.S., for

instance, has unveiled a program that

follows a process similar to Darwinian

evolution.


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1 weathering werto change, or make somethingchange, colour or shape

because of the effect of the

sun, rain or wind

Lm o ta i n

dng, lm o ta imu s (do t ng ama, nng, gi)

This brick weathers to a warm pinkish-

brown colour.

2 insolation nslen the amount of light from thesun which reaches a particulararea

S pi nngBoth field observations and laboratory

experiments have led to a

reassessment of the importance of

insolation in desert weathering.

3 oscillation slena regular movement between

one position and another or

between one amount and

another

S lng l, s do d; sdao ng

Rocks subjected to many cycles of large

temperature oscillations display no

evidence of fissuring of fragmentation

as a result.4 fissure fr a long deep crack insomething, especially in rock

or in the earth

C nt, vt nt

5 welder weldr a person whose job is weldingmetal

T nBlackwelders cites the case of a granite

statue in Egypt which fell on its side.

6 shattered trdto suddenly break into small

pieces; to make something

suddenly break into small

pieces

p v, lm v tan

Some shattered pebbles and boulders

attributed to thermal changes consist

of flint and quartzite, both

homogeneous and almost inert

chemically.7 pebble pebl a smooth, round stone that isfound in or near water

ui, si

T an


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8 boulder boldr a very large rock which hasbeen shaped by water or theweather

Tng mn

9 flint flnt a type of very hard grey stonethat can produce a spark whenit is hit against steel

la; vin la

10 quartzite /kw:tsait/ quazit

11 inert nrt without active chemical orother properties (=characteristics)

tr

12 is alleged to led to state something as a factbut without giving proof

Vin l, dn ng, vinra, vin vo; a ra luniu rng

The expansive action of crystallisingsalts is often alleged to exert sufficient

force to disintegrate rocks.

13 exert zrt to make a big physical ormental effort

g ra (l)

14 disrupt dsrpt to make it difficult forsomething to continue in thenormal way

p g, p v, p vFew would dispute that this mechanism

is capable of disrupting fissile or well-

cleaved rocks.

15 splinter splntra small thin sharp piece of

wood, metal, glass, etc. that

has broken off a larger piece

Mn vn (g, , n)

wood is splintered, terracotta tiles

disintegrated and clays disturbed by the

mechanism, but its importance when

acting upon fresh and cohesive

crystalline rocks remains uncertain.

16 terracottatile

terktreddish-brown clay that has

been baked but not glazed,

used for making pots, etc

ngi bng t nung

17 cohesive koisv forming a united whole dn kt

18 superficial suprfl of or on the surface ofsomething (tu) b mt, trn bmt; b ngoi many boulders possess a superficialhard layer of iron oxide and/or silica.


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19 geomorphic Tu a mo20 varnish vrn

a liquid that is painted onto

wood, metal, etc. and that

forms a hard shiny transparent

surface when it is dry

Vc-ni (lp p ngoing trong v bng p lnb mt, nt l a go st)

another superficial layer, the precise

nature of which is little understood, is

the well-known desert varnish.

21 veneer vnran outer appearance of a

particular quality that hidesthe true nature of

somebody/something

ra v ngoi; e , ngtrang

a fully formed blackish veneer

22 crust krst a hard layer or surface,especially above or aroundsomething soft or liquid

(a l,a t) v tri t surface crusts

23 torrentialdownpours

trenl(of rain) falling in large

amountsma trt n

the crusts prevent the waters of

occasional torrential downpours from

penetrating deeply into the soil.

24 plateau plto an area of flat land that ishigher than the land around it

Cao nguyn the hard layer forms a resistant capping

on plateau and mesas, such as are

common in many parts of arid and

semi-arid Australia.25 mesas mes a hill with a flat top and steepsides that is common in the

south-west of the US

ni mt bn, ni nbng

26 preclude prkludto prevent something from

happening or somebody from

doing something; to make

something impossible

Loi tr, tr b; ngnnga; xa

it is sufficiently distinct in appearance

to preclude the possibility of confusion

with other crusts formed at other

times.27 Miocene /maisi:n/ (a l) t mioxen the laterite of northern Australia to be

of the Lower or Middle Miocene age.28 laterite /ltrait/ Laterit, ong


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1 drift drfta slow steady movement from one

place to another; a gradual change ordevelopment from one situation to

another, especially to something bad

S tri git continental drift

2 convectioncurrents

knvekn

the process in which heat moves

through a gas or a liquid as the hotter

part rises and the cooler, heavier part

sinks

dng i lu

the continents drifting plates in a

state of perpetual motion over a

vast sea, their movement caused

by the action of extremely slow

thermal convection currents

originating in te Earts ore3 viscous vsks thick and sticky; not flowing freely nt To stop convection, the mantle

material would have to be 10,000

times more viscous than the rate of

postglacial recoil indicates.

4 postglacialrecoil

/poustgleilrikil/

s di li sau tik sng bng

5 ridge rd a narrow area of high land along thetop of a line of hills; a high pointedarea near the top of a mountain

Di t p ni im ao nta mt d i;ng bin ao

nt

Across the floors of all the oceans,

for a distance of 40,000 miles,there runs a continuous system of

ridges. Over long stretches, the

ridge is faulted and rifted under

the tension of forces acting at right

angles to the axis of the ridge.

6 stretch stret an area of land or water, especially along one

di t

7 fault flt a place where there is a break that islonger than usual in the layers of rockin the earth's crust

C pa, ton

8 rift rft a large crack or opening in the ground,rocks or clouds

ng nt,ng rn, k ,k nt, vt nt

( t, , vt)


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9 seismic sazmk connected with or caused byearthquakes

a nSeismic observations show that the

speed of sound in this layer

suddenly becomes slower.

10 basalt bslt a type of dark rock that comes fromvolcanoes

bazan the flow of basalt lavas.

11 siliceous /silis/ a siliThe continents, having been built

up by the accumulation of lighterand more siliceous materials

brought up from below, are not

dragged down.

12 fracture frktr to break or crack; to make somethingbreak or crack

(a l,a t)nt t g

Since the material near the surface

is chilled and brittle, it fractures,

causing earthquakes until it is

heated by its descent.13 descent dsent an action of coming or going down S d xung; on

ng d

14 schematize skimtaz to organize something in a system Trnh by khiqut

Effects of convection currents,

schematized in the two illustrations

on this page, provide one possible

means of accounting for the

formation of median ridges.


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No. Word/Idiom Pronunciat

ion

Meaning Dch ngha Example

1 term trm to use a particular name or wordto describesomebody/something

Gi, t tn l, n; o l

the first point relates to what mightbe termed the more strictly utilitarian

reasons for language learning.

2 diplomacy dplomsi

the activity of managing

relations between different

countries; the skill in doing

thisinternational diplomacy

Tut ngoi giao;ngn ngoi giao; koangoi giao

this language learning objective

relates to the role of languages other

than English in various fields of

employment, such as interpreting and

translating, international trade,

diplomacy and defence.

3 in isolation aslen separately; alone without regard tocontext, similarmatters, etc

taken in isolation

4 indisputable ndspjutbl

that is true and cannot be

disagreed with or denied

Kng t i, kngt bn i, kng ttran lun

it seems indisputable that practical

fluency skills must remain one of the

major purposes of the language

teaching enterprise.

5 contend kntend to say that something is true,especially in an argument

Tran i, tran lunIt is also contended that language

provides the key to major historicalcultures, such as the civilizations of

classical antiquity which have exerted

a profound influence on the Western

tradition.

6 antiquity ntkwti the ancient past, especially thetimes of the Greeks and Romans

i xa

7 contention kntennangry disagreement between

people, a belief or an opinion

that you express, especially in an

argument

Lun im, lun iu

in this regard another submission

referred to the contention that

second language study produces such

desirable characteristics as greater

tolerance, understanding of others,


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and acceptance of difference, and

went on to observe that.

8 in the course of during trong khi In the course of hearings

9 empirical mprkl based on experiments orexperience rather than ideas ortheories

Teo li kin ngim,do kin ngim

evidence which lends some empirical

support to the claim that the

experience of language learning

fosters the development of a betterunderstanding of other cultures.

10 complacency kmplesnsi

a feeling of satisfaction with

yourself or with a situation, so

that you do not think any

change is necessary; the state of

being complacent

Tn t mn, S bnglng, s va , s tomn

a powerful means of challenge to

omplaen in te rigtness of onesown ways.

11 entail ntel to involve something thatcannot be avoided

i i; g ra, an the preservation of cultural heritages

necessarily entails the retention of

the languages associated with them.12 retention rtenn the action of keeping somethingrather than losing it or stoppingit

S , s gi, s s u, s sdng

13 takes on aspecial note

this issue takes on a special note of

urgency.

14 cognitive kntv connected with mentalprocesses of understanding

Lin quan n nnt

the general cognitive and linguistic

capacities of students

biology and many other topics

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