PAST – PRESENT – FUTURELee C. Drickamer

November 2009

BIOLOGY 666ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

PLAN OF ACTIONINTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS

HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

RECENT DECADES AND THE PRESENT

FUTURE PATHWAYS

2

INTRODUCTION

Personal HistoryLadder of LifeSources of QuestionsModel SystemTinbergen’s Four Questions

3

PERSONAL HISTORY

4

FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOLOBERLINMICHIGAN STATENORTH CAROLINA STATEPUERTO RICOWILLIAMS COLLEGESOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYNORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY

LADDER OF LIFE - I

5

CHEMISTRYORGANELLESCELLSTISSUESORGANSORGAN SYSTEMSORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

LADDER OF LIFE - II

6

ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIORPOPULATIONCOMMUNITYECOSYSTEMBIOSPHERE (BIOMES)

SOURCES OF QUESTIONSOBSERVATION – NATURAL HISTORYTESTING THEORYTECHNOLOGY CHANGESAPPLIED

7

OBSERVATIONS

8

DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHERTWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUSMOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS

SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTUMWELT CONCEPT

TESTING THEORY

9

FORAGING THEORY

KIN SELECTION THEORY

SEXUAL SELECTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

10

RADIO-TRACKING

DNA TECHNOLOGY

HORMONES – COLLECTIONS & ASSAYS

APPLIED

11

AGRICULTURE

PETS

CONSERVATION

Systems & Animal Behavior

Genes

Nervous

Endocrine Immune

Organism

Environment

Environment

Environment

Environment

TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS

13

ULTIMATE QUESTIONSFUNCTIONEVOLUTION

TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS

14

PROXIMATE QUESTIONSPHYSIOLOGY-

MECHANIMSDEVELOPMENT

G. STANLEY HALL

15

CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN

16

C. LLOYD MORGAN

17

Douglas Spalding

18

George John Romanes

19

WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER

20

NIKO TINBERGEN

21

NIKO TINBERGEN

22

KONRAD LORENZ

23

KONRAD LORENZ

24

Wolfgang Schleidt

25

JOHN B. WATSON

26

B.F. SKINNER

27

WILLIAM H. THORPE

28

R.A. Fisher

29

T.C. SCHNEIRLA

30

John Paul Scott

31

GERARD BAERENDS

32

VINCENT DETHIER

33

ROBERT HINDE

34

Frank Beach

35

Daniel Lehrman

36

AUBREY MANNING

37

Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

38

HARRY HARLOW

39

PETER MARLER

40

E.O. WILSON

41

John Maynard Smith

42

W.D. HAMILTON

43

JOHN A. KING

44

RICHARD ALEXANDER

45

George C. Williams

46

AMOTZ ZAHAVI

47

Robert Trivers

48

JEANNE ALTMANN

49

FRANS DE WAAL

50

JOHN KREBS

51

MARIAN DAWKINS

52

SARAH HRDY

53

RICHARD DAWKINS

54

STEPHEN EMLEN

55

MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD

56

JOE WHO?

57

HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

58

ANCIENT HISTORY

GREEKS AND ROMANS

10TH- 18TH CENTURIES

19TH CENTURY

ANCIENT HISTORY

59

Early HumansFood – HuntingPredators

ANCIENT HISTORY

60

Early HumansArtwork and ArtifactsDomesticationCompanion AnimalsLivestock

DOMESTICATION

61

(1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION

(2) FOOD

(3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING &UTENSILS

(4) TRANSPORTATION

ANCIENT HISTORY

62

Early HumansAgriculture*Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds

GREEKS

63

(1) Anatomy –Understanding the Human Body

(2) Natural History –Systematic Observations

SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

64

(1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, FishFirst Real Ethograms

(2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording

(3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHODReproductive Systems

(4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORDomestic Stocks

(5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

ROMANS

65

(1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMYGalen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion)

(2) NATURAL HISTORYPliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History

(3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATIONMore Exotics Brought to Rome

MIDDLE EAST & ASIA

66

(1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities

(2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Food ChainsStruggle for ExistenceEnvironmental Determinism

10TH – 16TH CENTURIES

67

MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much Else

RENAISSANCE – Renewal of ScienceAGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th

CenturyNATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into

DisciplinesBELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR

CREATOR

17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES

68

(1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION

(2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS

(3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS

FOUNDATION

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

69

(4) Descartes – Discourse on Method

Divide the Problem into Separate Parts and Work on Those Individually

Conduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion

All Information Must Be Factual and Objective

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

70

(1) ZOOLOGICAL PARKS –

Private Until 1860s

(2) MUSEUMS

(3) SOCIETIES

(4) JOURNALS – Really Shared Papers

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

71

LamarckBuffonLinneausErasmus DarwinMalthusGilbert WhiteJohn Bartram

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS

72

Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie1750s – 1780sGame KeeperWrote on Animal Intelligence

DescribesEthogramLife History TraitsCompares Herbivores & Carnivores

19TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF

73

Cuvier – St. Hillarie DebateNature-Nurture Discussion

Charles Lyell – GeologyContinual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual

Notions About Populations & Communities

Physiology Comes of Age

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

74

Darwin and Evolution DominateDouglas Spalding

Experimental ApproachBird FlightInstinct Guides Learning

George John RomanesInvertebrates and PhysiologyAnimal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in

Animals

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

75

Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder)PigeonsZoology as Independent DisciplineEvolutionary Bases for Behavior

C. Lloyd MorganMorgan’s CanonAnimal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this

FieldComparing Animal and Human Minds

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

76

Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements, Tropisms

Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt ConceptWilliam Morton Wheeler – Social Life of

AntsJean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior &

Descriptions

THREE THREADS EMERGE

77

PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN

ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN

ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE

20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

78

1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE

1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

79

PSYCHOLOGY –ThorndikeWatsonSkinnerYerkes

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

80

ZOOLOGYW.C. AlleeSewall WrightG.K. Noble

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

81

ETHOLOGYOskar HeinrothWilliam ThorpeKarl von FrischGerard BaerendsNiko TinbergenKonrad Lorenz

1950s-1970s – GROWTH

82

JOURNALSBEHAVIOURANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

SOCIETIESASABABS (from ESA and ASZ)IECAPA – Section 6

1960s – 1990s – MATURATION

83

TEXTBOOKSMarler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of

BehaviorHinde – BehaviourManning – Patterns of Animal BehaviourAlcock – Animal BehaviorDrickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior

1970s – 1990s – MATURATION

84

Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists

MANY More Journals

More Societies & Meetings

KEY – Maturation Means Specialization

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

85

G.C. WilliamsE.O. WilsonRobert TriversJohn Maynard SmithW.D. Hamilton

These and Others – Underpinnings of the Surge in Behavioral Ecology

NEUROBIOLOGY

86

1990s – Decade of the Brain

Physiological Psychology

Brain Imaging

JOINING APPROACHES

87

Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about what is happening inside the animal

Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature

Simplified View – But, connections have begun and are growing

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

88

INTEGRATIONIMMUNOLOGYPHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITYMATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND

THEORYNEW TECHNOLOGIESSTRONG INFERENCE WITH

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

INTEGRATION

89

FIELD & LABORATORY

PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION

Wingfield – birds and stress

Bass – neurobiology and fish

communication

Ryan – frog calls and mating systems

IMMUNOLOGY

90

STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTIONGood and Bad Aspects

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION

IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION

IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINESANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES

PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY

91

ALTERNATE NAMESPhenotypic PlasticityDevelopmental Plasticity

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGYEco-Evo-Devo

EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTONEpigenetic Landscape PathwaysCanalization

Types or Levels of Evolution

92

NATURAL SELECTIONSEXUAL SELECTIONKIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL

ALTRUISMGROUP SELECTIONCOMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM

SELECTIONOTHERS?

MODELS - I

93

WORD MODELSLearning Processes

MATHEMATICAL MODELSShuster Foraging BehaviorMate Choice – Mate Selection

COMPUTER MODELSInput Information Iterations & Output

Populations of House MiceSIMULATION MODELS

MODELS - II

94

ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System

ANIMAL MODELS

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

95

FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY& SATELLITES

DNA ANALYSESGENETIC RELATIONSHIPSPOPULATION GENETICS

FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTIONHORMONES

BRAIN IMAGING

METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE

96

RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESESTOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL

MANIPULATIONSBUILD ANSWERS IN STEPSUSE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING

IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS

RESEARCH ANIMALS

97

CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES & HUMANS

OTHER VERTEBRATES

CONSERVATION EFFORTS

INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, INSECTS

CLOSING THOUGHTS

98

COLLABORATIONSMULTI-DISCIPLINARYCOMBINING LABORATORY

AND FIELD WORKTRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW

MODELINGSTATISTICSEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNKNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR