Biology 206Jeff Young

Janice Lapsansky

Lab PageJeff's Page

GradingGrades will be assigned on the basis of your performance on frequent quizzes and two exams in each of the two portions of the course (animal biology and plant biology), and your laboratory work, as follows:

Lecture exams and quizzes will consist of a mixture of multiple true/false and short essay questions,

you write the essay questions (start thinking about questions now).quizzes may be taken with a partner.

Weeks ~1-5 (JY)Lecture notes and reading assignments are subject to change.

The assigned reading is considered the minimum required. Students should plan on using the Glossary and the Index in Freeman.

Students are further encouraged to consult other sources when assigned material is not clear.

Broad Course GoalsIntegrate knowledge gained in Biology 204 and 205,

Ecology, Evolution and Diversity (204),Cell Biology (205).

Understand how organisms are organized at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism, and mutualistic levels,

Literate in the field (writing, listening, speaking)Study skills,Laboratory skills,Other?

Jeff Young, Botanistyoung@biol.wwu.edux3638Office: BI412Arabidopsis thalianaGenome-based study of plant physiology and environmental responses.

Office Hours

MWF:1-2 amby appointment.

Success is Easyif you work hard.Do the reading assignments before class,

know the vocabulary,dont neglect the figures,

Attend lectures,

Listen to the lectures, look at the examples, think.

Know the material,

its easier to just learn it, than it is to try to guess or divine your instructors intentions.

OverviewMorphologyResponses to the EnvironmentPhotosynthesisMineral NutritionWaterSolutesCarbohydratesGas ExchangeSexualAsexual

Datura stramoniumJimson WeedDicotyledonousVenationPlant Secondary MetaboliteTo Know

Dose Response CurvesDose (Datura)HallucinationsEtc.Think about this.dead

The Plant BodyOne that plants thorns must never expect to gather roses. - English Proverb

TodayWhat are the major organ systems that make up the plant body?

what are the major functions of these organs?

What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs?

what cell types comprise these tissues? what are some functions of these cells?

The Plant FamilyCotyledons (embyonic leaves)Angiospermsflowering plants

99.5% of extant species80% of living plants

Dicots / MonocotsStudy this figure and pay attention in lab and lecture.

Organ SystemsOrgans: a specialized center of body function composed of several types of tissues (an integrated group of cells with common structure and function).

Organ SystemsMajor FunctionsStemRootPhotosynthesis;

- synthesis and storage of carbohydrates,

Synthesis and storage and other materials.

Photosynthesis

We can describe photosynthesis with this reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Fixed Carbonprimary metabolism

Fixed Carbonprimary metabolitesGrains: i.e. wheat, barley, corn, and rice,

Starches: tubers and roots such as potatoes and poi, and stems such as in yams,

In other species the carbohydrate is converted to fats;

Oils: soybean, corn, peanut, palm, coconut, sunflower, olive, safflower, and many others.

Fruits: grapes, figs, olives, dates, apples, mulberries, bananas, oranges, mangoes, etc.

Sugar: is stored in stems (sugarcane) or roots (sugar beets),

Proteins: plants convert carbohydrate into nitrogen-containing proteins as well. Plant foods high in protein include beans and many other vegetables,

Fibers: dietary, also, flax, cotton, etc.

we cannot digest fiber, it is nevertheless very useful in our diets.

Regardless of how we think of plant contributions to our diet, plants are also the foods of animals, which we also consume as food.

Fixed Carbonsecondary metabolites

Modified LeavesTendrilsSpinesBractsSucculent

Organ SystemsMajor FunctionsLeaves;

Modified for ReproductionLeafStemRoot

Organ SystemsMajor FunctionsRootFloral OrgansStructural Support;

- leaves and flowers,

Transport and Communication;

- between roots and leaves,

Storage;

- carbohydrates and other materials.Leaf

Structural Support

Transport and CommunicationsThe tallest living tree today is the Mendocino Tree, a coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) found at Montgomery State Reserve near Ukiah, California, USA. 112m, 1998.

A Eucalyptus regnans at Mt. Baw Baw, Victoria, Australian, was 143m, 1885. Arabidopsis

Modified StemsRhizomesGinger, many grasses, some ferns... Tubers Rhizomes: potatoes, yams*...BulbsOnion, Daffodil, Tulip, Lilies...

IrisStolons

Organ SystemsMajor FunctionsFloral OrgansWater Uptake,

Mineral Uptake,

Anchorage,

Storage,

Synthesis.LeafStem

Anchorage/UptakeBlazing StarLiatris punctatawire grassAristida purpureaTapFibrousTap root systems can reach as deep as 50 meters,

- lateral (secondary) roots extend from the tap root.Tap roots of fibrous-root plants typically perish ,

- adventitious roots (extending from the stem) densely fill the surrounding soil,

- root surface area of a 4 month old rye plant was measured as 639 M 2.

See Fig. 36.3

TodayWhat are the major organ systems that make up the plant body?

what are the major functions of these organs?

What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs?

what cell types comprise these tissues? what are the functions of these cells?

Plant TissuesDermal

Ground

Vascular

Plant TissuesRemember: Cuticle

Plant Tissues

Plant TissuesOrganization differs in roots vs. stems vs. leaves.Organization differs in dicots vs. monocots,

Please study Figs. 36.24, 37.7

Plant TissuesxylemH2O / nutrientsTracheidsVessel Elements

Plant Tissuesphloemcarbohydrates/synthatesCompanion CellSieve Tube Member

Plant Tissues

General Plant Cells+ unique to plant cells

- Plastids ;

- chloroplasts,- amyloplasts,- leucoplasts,- etc.

- Large Central Vacuole;

- single membrane,(tonoplast),

Cellulose Based Cell Wall,

Plasmodesmata.

Cell Walls

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, SchlerenchymaStudy Figs. 36.22, 24, 25

Pay attention in lab.Parenchyma:

Typically a not distinctively specialized cell with a nucleate protoplast concerned with one or more of the various physiological and biochemical activities in plants. Thin primary walls. Collenchyma:

A supporting tissue composed of more or less elongated living cells with uneven thickened cell walls. Common in regions of growth. Schlerenchyma:

Cell variable in form and size and having more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Supporting cells that may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity. from Esau.

Plasmodesmata

Gap Junction vs. Plasmodesma Gap Junction (animal)protein linedPlasmadesma (plant)membrane lined

Apoplast / SymplastSymplast

The interconnected protoplasts and their plasmodesmata.Apoplast

The cell wall continuum of a plant. Outside of the symplast.

TodayWhat are the major organ systems that make up the plant body?

what are the major functions of these organs?

What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs?

which cell types comprise these tissues? what are the functions of these cells?

FridayIntro to Plant Form and Function,

Ch 36: 791 800, pp. 470 - 475Ch 36: 800 807.