biology 1308, chapter 11 – part 1 chapter 11 is the introduction to anatomy and physiology with a...

Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – Part 1

• Chapter 11 is the introduction to Anatomy and Physiology with a Human emphasis necessary to pass the assessment test

• Human Organization of the body: Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

• We will start with “Tissues”• A tissue is composed of similarly

specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

11.1 Types of Tissues

• Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body

– Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities

– Connective: supports and bonds body parts

– Muscular: moves the body and its parts

– Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses


• Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures;

functions may also include:

– Secretion (glands) (ex: sweat, tears)

– Absorption – water and digested food

– Excretion – urine and other wastes

– Filtration – kidney function


• Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to Cell Type:– Squamous: Outer cells are flattened– Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped– Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular

• Epithelial Tissue can also be classified according to the number of layers in the tissue.– Simple: Single layer of cells– Stratified: Multiple cell layers

Epithelial Tissue

Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

Cell Junctions• Cells with tight junctions: impermeable

barrier, does not allow materials to flow in or out (epithelium of stomach lining – keep acid in stomach and not into tissue)

• See Fig. 11.2 (a)

• Gap junctions: membrane channels between cells; allows materials fo flow from cell to cell like ions and sugars ( in heart muscle, cells can rhythmically contract) See Fig. 11.2(b)

Cell Junctions• Adhesion Junction: Cells adhere to each

other by filaments, like being spot welded together (spot weld is the “desmossome”)

• Hold cells tightly and provides strength to tissue (the filaments binding the cells at the plaque give much structural integrity)

• See fig. 11.2 (c)

Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

Oh Deer• City Deer

Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue– Binds organs together– Provides support and protection– Fills spaces– Produces blood cells– Stores fat


• Components of Connective Tissue

– Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid (non cellular material – solid to

jelly like

– Fibers:

• White collagen (protein that stretches, elastic),

• Reticular (thin collagen fibers, delicate, spider-web like)

• Yellow elastic fibers, another protein, elastin, more elastic

than collagen

– Cells: various types (more later

– Figure 11.3, pg 201, know this picture

Examples of Connective Tissue


• Connective Tissue Continued– Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other

substances.

– Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many internal organs.

– Dense connective tissue is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments.


• Connective Tissue Continued

– Adipose Tissue• Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat

– Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection

– Reticular Connective Tissue• Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in:

– The spleen– The thymus– Bone marrow



– Cartilage• Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna

– Three Types of Cartilage• Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers (nose, ends of

bones, fetal skeleton, c rings of trachea• Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible

– (framework of outer ear)

• Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers, (pads between vertebrae and knee joints)



– Bone• The most rigid connective tissue• Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around

collagen• Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell

formation

– Two Types of Bone• Compact bone (shafts of long bones)• Spongy bone (end of long bones)

Examples of Connective Tissue



– Blood• Transports respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)• Transports nutrients and wastes (glucose, urea)• Involved with many aspects of homeostasis (ex. Temp.)• Helps protect us from disease (phagocytes and antibodies)


• Components of Blood

– Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes – anucleate)• Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen

– White Blood Cells (leukocytes – nucleate)• Fight infection

– Platelets• Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting


• Muscular Tissue

– Muscle cells are called muscle fibers

– Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments• Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements

– Types of Muscle Tissues• Skeletal• Smooth (visceral)• Cardiac


• Skeletal Muscle– Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton– Cells are striated and multinucleated– Is voluntary

• Smooth Muscle– Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract– Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus– Striations are not present– Is involuntary

• Cardiac muscle– Occurs in the wall of the heart– Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus– Is involuntary

Muscular Tissue


• Nervous Tissue– Neurons (nerve cells)

• Conduct impulses– Sensory input, integration, motor output

• Neuron structure– Dendrites– Cell body– Axon

– Neuroglia• Support and nourish neurons

– Microglia: phagocytic– Astrocytes: provide nutrients– Oligodendroglia: form myelin

Neurons and Neuroglia

Biology 1308, Chapter 11• Body Cavities and Body Membranes Cavities

– Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm • Thoracic cavity

– Lungs– Heart

• Abdominal cavity– Visceral organs– Bladder– Reproductive organs

– Dorsal Cavity • Cranial cavity

– Brain

• Spinal cavity– Spinal cord

Mammalian Body Cavities

Biology 1308, Chapter 11• Body Membranes

– Mucous Membranes• Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue• Goblet cells-produce mucus• Protective function

– Serous Membranes• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue• Specific names according to location

– Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs– Pericardial-encloses heart– Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery

Biology 1308, Chapter 11• Body Membranes Continued

– Synovial membranes• Loose connective tissue• Line freely movable joints• Secrete synovial fluid

– Meninges • Line the dorsal cavity• Protect brain and spinal cord• Connective tissue

Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – part 2

I divided the presentations into 2 parts because it was too large a file


• Organs are composed of many kinds of tissues and cells for organs (ex: heart- cardiac muscle, neurons, connective tissue, fat, etc)

• Organ systems are groups of related organs working together (ex: heart and blood vessels work together; circulatory system)

11.3 Organ Systems

11.4 Integumentary System

• The Integumentary System – Skin– Hair– Nails– Sweat Glands– Sebaceous Glands


• Functions of the Integumentary System – Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen

invasion, and water loss

– Helps to regulate body temperature

– Synthesizes Vitamin D

– Helps us to be aware of our surroundings


• Regions of the Skin– Epidermis

• Stratified squamous epithelium• Basal layer produces new cells• Cells harden and die as they push to the surface• Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof• Melanocytes - produce pigment


• Regions of the Skin– Dermis

• Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing• Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension• Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin• Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure,

temperature


• Subcutaneous Layer

– Loose connective tissue

– Adipose tissue• Insulation

• Energy storage

Human Skin Anatomy


• Accessory Organs of the Skin– Nails

• Protect digits• Nail root- grows new nail• Cuticle- protects nail root• Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells

Nail Anatomy


• Accessory Organs of the Skin– Hair Follicles

• Extend from dermis through epidermis• Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps”• Epidermal cells in hair root form hair• Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away

from root

– Oil Glands• Associated with hair follicles• Lubricates hair and skin

– Sweat Glands• Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin• Thermoregulation

11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the body’s internal environment.

• Even if external conditions change dramatically, internal conditions stay within a narrow range.

11.5 Homeostasis

• Negative Feedback

– Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point.

– Two components (minimum)• A sensor• A control center

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Negative FeedbackA Mechanical Example A Human Example

11.5 Homeostasis

• Positive Feedback– A change brings about a greater change in the same

direction• Example: A fever brings about changes in the

body that cause body temperature to increase even more (can be fatal)

• Beneficial examples include blood clotting and the birthing process

11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis and Body Systems– The Transport Systems

• Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from capillaries for exchange

• RBC’s- carry oxygen• Platelets-clotting• Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify Lymph

– The Maintenance Systems• Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes carbon

dioxide• Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes wastes• Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies• Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste removal

Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition

11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued– The Support Systems

• Integumentary system produces vitamin D• Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood cells• Muscular system produces heat

– The Control Systems• Nervous system and endocrine system function as control

centers• Direct effectors to become active

– Muscles– Glands

11.5 Homeostasis

• Disease– Breakdown in self regulation– Body no longer functions properly– Local disease

• Restricted to one part of the body

– Systemic disease• Affects entire body

– Acute disease• Occur suddenly• Usually short duration

– Chronic disease• Long term, less severe• Develop slowly

biology 1308, chapter 11 – part 1 chapter 11 is the introduction to anatomy and physiology with a...

Documents

epithelial tissue slide

epithelial cells

dense connective tissue

outer cells

collagen cells

fat slide

cell junctions cells

rectangular epithelial