biologically important macromolecules...2 biologically important macromolecules standard sb1~...
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BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
MACROMOLECULES
Standard SB1~ Students will analyze the nature of the
relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
(c) Identify the function of the four major macromolecules
(i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
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Organic vs. Inorganic
All compounds can be separated into two
groups:
Inorganic
• Doesn’t contain carbon
• Non-living
• Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water
Organic
• Contains carbon
• Living (or dead)
• Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, petroleum
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What are Macromolecules? Very large COMPOUNDS called polymers
Made of repeating units called monomers
Polymers are the train – monomers are the
train cars.
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Combining monomers to make polymers
Dehydration
synthesis
Each monomer is
added as a water
molecule is
released
Energy is required
Anabolic process
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Breaking polymers into monomers
Hydrolysis
The reverse of
dehydration
synthesis
Breaks bonds
between
monomers by
adding water
molecules
Energy is released
Catabolic process
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MACROMOLECULES
There are FOUR biologically important
macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
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Carbohydrates Made of C, H, & O
Ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom (CH2O)n
MONOMER: monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the fuels for cellular work
Disaccharides are substances such as sucrose(table sugar) and maltose (brewing sugar)
Polysaccharides are substances such as starch (in plants) and glucose (in animals)
All sugars end in - OSE
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Carbohydrates Functions
Main energy source in organisms
Structural component in plants
Types Sugars
• gives off energy when broken down
• Cellulose twisted chain of sugars, not digestible by humans
• Chitin hard cellulose found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates
• Ex. Sucrose, fructose, glucose
Starches • used as a storage molecule for sugars
• Many athletes eat these before events
• Ex. Bread, rice, pasta, corn
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Lipids
Made of C, H, O
MONOMER: fatty acid and glycerol
Commonly called fats, oils, & waxes
Functions
Storage of energy
Parts of biological membranes
Water proof coverings
Chemical messengers (steroids)
Insoluble in water
Ex. butter, oil, hormones, steroids, egg yolk,
phospholipids in cell membrane
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Can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds
They are solid at room temperature
Fatty acid
Figure 3.8C
Figure 3.8B
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Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & P
MONOMER: nucleotides Nucleotides are made up of
• a 5-carbon sugar
• phosphate group
• a nitrogen base
Functions Store hereditary information
Transmit hereditary information
Two types RNA (ribonucleic acid)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Proteins Made of C, H, O, & N
MONOMER: amino acids
Functions Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Provide support
Contractile proteins (muscles)
Storage and transport of molecules
Includes substances such as enzymes, insulin, meats, amino acids (VERY DIVERSE GROUP)