biological(building(blocks(ii · observaons(1. oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2....

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Biological Building Blocks II Dr. James Hebda 9/14/11

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Page 1: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Biological  Building  Blocks  II

Dr.  James  Hebda  9/14/11  

Page 2: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

What  are  we  made  of?  

•  Chemical  Bonds  – Covalent  and  Ionic  

•  Important  Biological  Molecules  – Carbohydrates  – Lipids:  Fats  and  Membranes  

•  Energy  storage  and  compartmentalizaKon  

– Amino  Acids  •  Building  blocks  of  proteins/enzymes  

– Nucleic  Acids  •  Building  blocks  of  DNA  and  RNA  

Page 3: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Anatomy  of  Fat  

•  Triglycerides  – A  type  of  lipid  

•  Glycerol  

•  Hydrocarbon  Tails  – Each  from  a  faQy  acid  

O

O OOO

O

HO

HO

OH

HO

O

Page 4: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

ObservaKons  

1.  Oil  (a  fat)  and  water  do  not  mix  

2.  Fats  can  be  liquid  or  solid  –  BuQer  vs.  Olive  oil  at  room  temperature  

3.  Soap  can  be  made  from  fat,  but  mixes  with  water  

Page 5: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

ObservaKons  

1.  Oil  (a  fat)  and  water  do  not  mix  

2.  Oil  is  liquid,  buQer  is  solid  –  At  room  temperature  

3.  Soap  can  be  made  from  fats,  but  mixes  with  water  

Page 6: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Why  don’t  they  mix?  

1.  Water  likes  to  make  “hydrogen  bonds”  with  itself  –  Non-­‐covalent  –  Weaker  interacKon  than  covalent  bond  

2.  Hydrophobic  Effect  –  Non-­‐polar  atoms  sKck  together  

Page 7: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Non-­‐covalent  interacKons  

•  Water  molecules  interact  by  Hydrogen  Bonds  –  Polar  interacKon  

•  Hydrocarbons  interact  by  Van  der  Waals  forces  –  Also  called  London  Dispersion  forces  –  Non-­‐polar  interacKon  

Page 8: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

ObservaKons  

1.  Oil  (a  fat)  and  water  do  not  mix  

2.  Fats  can  be  liquid  or  solid  –  BuQer  vs.  Olive  oil  at  room  temperature  

3.  Soap  can  be  made  from  fat,  but  mixes  with  water  

Page 9: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Solid  vs.  Liquid  

•  Solids:  molecules  are  Kghtly  held  together  –  Intermolecular  forces  strong  

•  Liquids:  molecules  are  sKll  aQracted  to  each  other,  but  can  flow  

•  Gas:  molecules  have  enough  energy  to  break  free  from  each  other  

Page 10: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

MelKng  points  of  FaQy  Acids  

Page 11: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with
Page 12: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

ObservaKons  

1.  Oil  (a  fat)  and  water  do  not  mix  

2.  Fats  can  be  liquid  or  solid  –  BuQer  vs.  Olive  oil  at  room  temperature  

3.  Soap  can  be  made  from  fat,  but  mixes  with  water  

Page 13: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

What  happens  chemically  to  fats  when  turned  to  soap?  

•  SaponificaKon  – NaOH  added  to  triglycerides  

•  ReacKon  frees  faQy  acids  from  glycerol  

•  FaQy  acids  are  the  key  component  of  soap  

Page 14: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

FaQy  Acid  Structure  •  FaQy  Acids  are  made  up  of    

–  an  acid  group(-­‐COOH)  

–  a  hydrophobic  group  (CnHm)  

–  Makes  these  molecules:  

•  Amphiphilic  

Page 15: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

FaQy  Acids  in  Water  

Page 16: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

FaQy  Acids  with  oil  and  water  

Page 17: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Lipid  Membranes  

•  Composed  primarily  of  phospholipids  

Page 18: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

FaQy  acids  are  used  to  make  Phospholipids    –  components  of  cell  membranes  

Page 19: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Plasma  Membranes  are  made  of  phospholipids    

•  Phospholipids:    form  a  bilayer  to  make  cell  membrane  •  FLUID  MOSAIC  MODEL:  Lots  of  things  are  embedded  in  membrane  

•  hQp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc  

Page 20: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

Phospholipids  in  water  

Page 21: Biological(Building(Blocks(II · Observaons(1. Oil((afat)(and(water(do(notmix(2. Fats(can(be(liquid(or(solid(– BuQer(vs.(Olive(oil(atroom(temperature(3. Soap(can(be(made(from(fat,(butmixes(with

•  hQp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULR79TiUj80