biological perspective handout
TRANSCRIPT
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The Biological Perspective
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Neuroscience
Structure and
Function
Neurons
NervesNervous Tissue
Behavior
and
Learning
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The Nervous System
Nervous System
Central
Brain Spinal Cord
Peripheral
Autonomic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Somatic
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The Neuron
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Soma: The
Life Force
Dendrites:
The
Receivers
Axon: The
SenderMyelin:
The
Protector
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Glial Cells
Nutrition
Support Myelination
Cleanup
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Myelin Sheath
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Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Insulation
Protection
Speeding Up
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PASS THE MESSAGE: HOW
NEURONS COMMUNICATE
Question: Why did the chicken cross the road?
Answer: Because a road-crossing triggered a neuron in the chicken’s
cerebral cortex which activated a group of walking-pattern units in its
brainstem, which in turn sent rhythmic groups of electrical impulses
to motor neurons in the spinal cord…
- Alan Fletcher, The Art of Looking Sideways
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Copyright ©
Pearson Education 2012
Generating the Message: The Neural Impulse
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Generating the MessageNeural Impulse
• All or none – like
the firing of a gun,
the neuron either
fires completely or
it does not fire at all
Copyright ©
Pearson Education 2012
The Synapse
2.2 How do neurons use neurotransmitters to
communicate with each other and with the body?
Neurotransmitters
Receptor site
Synaptic vesicle
Synapse
Synaptic knob of presynaptic
neuronNerve impulse
Surface of postsynapticneuron
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Neuron Communication
Excitatory Synapse
The On Switch
Inhibitory Synapse
The Off Switch
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Major Neurotransmitters
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Serotonin
Dopamine
AcetylcholineEndorphins
Mood, sleep &
appetite
Movement
control and
pleasure
Arousal, attention,
memory, & muscle
contractions
Pain relief
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Major Neurotransmitters
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GABANorepinephrine Glutamate
Sleep &
inhibition of
movement
Arousal and
mood
Learning, memory
formation, nervous
system development,
and synaptic plasticity
Neuron Communication: The
Impostors
Agonists
The Enhancers
Antagonists The Blockers
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Synapse Cleanup
• Neurotransmitters are taken back into synaptic vesicles
Reuptake
• Neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic gap
• Faster than reuptake (Acetylcholine )
Enzymes
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The Laws of ChemistryDr. Helen Fischer
To Score:
• Strongly Disagree = 1 (point)
• Disagree = 2
• Agree = 3
• Strongly Agree = 4
Add up the number of points in each of the four sections: 1-4
(Explorer); 5-8 (Builder); 9-12 (Negotiator); 13-16
(Director).
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Fisher, H. (2007). The laws of chemistry. Psychology Today. Retrieved from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200704/the-laws-chemistry
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The Laws of ChemistryDr. Helen Fischer
Explorer
• Dopamine
• Risk-taking, novelty-seeking, impulsive, creative and curious
Builder
• Serotonin
• Social, popular, cautious (but not fearful), rule following, conventional, religious or spiritual
Negotiator
• Estrogen
• Verbally skilled, empathic, contextual thinkers, compassionate, nurturing, imaginative & agreeable
Director
• Testosterone
• Direct, decisive, focused, competitive, analytical and logical, skilled with machines
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Fisher, H. (2007). The laws of chemistry. Psychology Today. Retrieved from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200704/the-laws-chemistry
THE BRAIN, THE BRAIN, THE
CENTER OF THE CHAIN
“The brain is silent, the brain is dark, the brain tastes nothing, the
brain hears nothing. All it receives are electrical impulses – not the
sumptuous chocolate melting sweetly, not the oboe solo like the flight
of a bird, not the tingling caress, not the pastels of peach and lavender
at sunset over a coral reef – just impulses.” – Diane Ackerman, A
Natural History of the Senses
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Commander
Messenger
Central Nervous System
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
How to Read Minds
Deep Lesioning
• Destroy brain cells using electrical current
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
• Stimulate neural activity using mild electrical currents
• Invasive or non-invasive
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How to Read Minds(The Safer Way)
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EEG
CT
PET
fMRI
MRI
The HindbrainStaying Alive
Cerebellum: The Little Brain
• Involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
Pons: The Bridge
• Sleep, dreaming left-right coordination & arousal
Medulla: The Life Force
• Life-sustaining functions
Reticular Formation: Attention-Getter
• Selective attention
• Alertness and arousal
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The Hindbrain
Limbic SystemWhat Lies Beneath
Learning
Emotion
Memory
Motivation
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The CortexThe Meat of the Matter (and proof that
wrinkles can be a good thing)
Cortex
• Outermost layer with densely packed neurons
• Higher thought processes, interpret sensory input
Corticalization
• Wrinkling of cortex
• Wrinkles maximize small space inside the skull
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Four Lobes of the BrainFrontal
•Higher mental
processes and decision
making
•Fluent speech
Parietal
•Touch, taste, and
temperature sensations
Temporal
•Primary auditory cortex
•Auditory association
cortex
Occipital
•Primary visual cortex
•Visual association
cortex
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Motor & Somatosensory Areas
MOTOR CORTEXSOMATOSENSORY
CORTEX
Association Areas of CortexCoordinator and Interpreter
• Damage to Broca’s area (left frontal lobe)
• Difficulty with speech production
Broca’sAphasia
• Damage to Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe)
• Difficulty with verbal comprehension
Wernicke’sAphasia
• Damage to association areas of right hemisphere
• Cannot recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field
Spatial Neglect
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CORPUS CALLOSUM•The bridge between left
and right hemispheres
•Sometimes severed to
reduce seizures – split-
brain research•Send messages to one side
of brain
•Left visual field � Right
hemisphere (and vice
versa)
•Determined specialization
Split-Brain Research
Controls the right hand Controls the left hand
Spoken language Non-verbal
Written language Visual-spatial perception
Mathematical calculations Music and artistic processing
Logical thought processesEmotional thought and
recognition
Analysis of detail Processes the whole
ReadingPattern recognition
Facial recognition
Hemispheres of The Brain
Left HemisphereRight Hemisphere
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THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Commander
Messenger
Central Nervous System
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
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The Reflex Arc: Three Types of
Neurons
Interneuron
Efferent
Neuron
(Motor)
Afferent
Neuron
(Sensory)
SOMATIC
AUTONOMIC
Sympathetic
Senses CNS
Voluntary Muscles
Involuntary muscles, organs
& glandsParasympathetic
Peripheral Nervous SystemBeyond the CNS
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ParasympatheticRest and Digest
SympatheticFight or Flight
The Endocrine GlandsBlame It on the Hormones