biological objectives tied to physical processes dr. william trush scott mcbain arcata, ca
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Biological Objectives Biological Objectives Tied to Physical Tied to Physical
ProcessesProcesses
Dr. William TrushDr. William Trush
Scott McBainScott McBain
Arcata, CAArcata, CA
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OutlineOutline
Geomorphic-Hydrology work with BiologistGeomorphic-Hydrology work with Biologist
Geomorphic-Biotic linkagesGeomorphic-Biotic linkages
Attributes of alluvial river integrityAttributes of alluvial river integrity
Analytical techniques which include: Analytical techniques which include: Hydrograph component analysis, bar morphology, Hydrograph component analysis, bar morphology, integrationintegration
Reconsideration of standard techniques on Reconsideration of standard techniques on assessing impacts of damsassessing impacts of dams
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Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective
Need to have a good understanding Need to have a good understanding of how the system historically of how the system historically functioned, both physical functioned, both physical components and biotic componentscomponents and biotic components
– EvaporationEvaporation– PrecipitationPrecipitation– Different SpeciesDifferent Species– Variety of hydrologic regimenVariety of hydrologic regimen– Variable geologyVariable geology
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Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Supply /ControlSupply /Control
ProcessProcess
FormForm
HabitatHabitat
BiotaBiota
Watershed InputsWatershed InputsWater, sedimentWater, sediment
Fluvial Geomorphic Fluvial Geomorphic ProcessesProcessesTransport, depositionTransport, deposition
Geomorphic AttributesGeomorphic AttributesChannel morphology (size, shape, Channel morphology (size, shape, slope)slope)
Habitat Structure, Habitat Structure, ComplexityComplexityIn stream aquatic habitat, In stream aquatic habitat, woodlandswoodlands
Biotic ResponseBiotic ResponseAbundance and distribution of Abundance and distribution of native/exotic speciesnative/exotic species
For all take note of: Human land use and flow regulation, natural For all take note of: Human land use and flow regulation, natural disturbancedisturbance
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Bottom-Up vs. Top-DownBottom-Up vs. Top-Down
Bottom-Up- BiologistBottom-Up- Biologist– Start under water, without Start under water, without
understanding the history and understanding the history and geomorphic processes. They never geomorphic processes. They never challenge the base line of the river.challenge the base line of the river.
Top-Down- GeologistTop-Down- Geologist– Start above water need to consider a Start above water need to consider a
biological stand point.biological stand point.
Have to approach both ways- Have to approach both ways- integration is the keyintegration is the key
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Processes You Need To Go Processes You Need To Go Through…Through…
Data Data
Spend time getting historical Spend time getting historical condition, land and speciescondition, land and species
Conceptual modelConceptual model
ObjectivesObjectives
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Priority HypothesisPriority Hypothesis
GeomorphicGeomorphic– Dam has eliminated upstream sediment Dam has eliminated upstream sediment
supply, decreasing in-channel coarse supply, decreasing in-channel coarse sediment storagesediment storage
SalmonidSalmonid1)1) Spawning gravel supply has been Spawning gravel supply has been
decreaseddecreased
2)2) Spawning habitat is limiting salmonid Spawning habitat is limiting salmonid productionproduction
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Attributes of Alluvial RiversAttributes of Alluvial Rivers
Historical Model of “Trinity River”Historical Model of “Trinity River”– Look at conceptual models to identify Look at conceptual models to identify
key process and formation that key process and formation that maintained the ecosystemmaintained the ecosystem
– The process of developing the attributes The process of developing the attributes is most important and different for every is most important and different for every riverriver
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Attributes of Alluvial Rivers Attributes of Alluvial Rivers cont.cont.
1)1) Spatially complex channel morphology Spatially complex channel morphology (migrate, meander, side channels)(migrate, meander, side channels)
2)2) Flows and water quality are predictably Flows and water quality are predictably variable (Trends in river that are variable (Trends in river that are consistent per year during certain times)consistent per year during certain times)
3)3) Bed moves frequently (1-2 year)Bed moves frequently (1-2 year)
4)4) Bed scour and fill (5-10 year)Bed scour and fill (5-10 year)
5)5) Balance fine and coarse sedimentBalance fine and coarse sediment
6)6) Channel migrates/avulsionChannel migrates/avulsion
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Attributes of Alluvial Rivers Attributes of Alluvial Rivers cont.cont.
1)1) Floodplains (oxbows, fine sediment Floodplains (oxbows, fine sediment dep.)dep.)
2)2) Channel Resettling floods (20-50 Channel Resettling floods (20-50 yrs. Large scale geomorphic yrs. Large scale geomorphic change)change)
3)3) Plant communitiesPlant communities
4)4) Fluctuating ground water table Fluctuating ground water table (wetlands and animals)(wetlands and animals)
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Channel ComplexityChannel Complexity
Very ComplexVery Complex
Point bars (plants), scours, oxbows, Point bars (plants), scours, oxbows, sheer zones/pools (fish), side sheer zones/pools (fish), side channels, variable particle sizechannels, variable particle size
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Create and Maintain Channel Create and Maintain Channel MorphologyMorphology
HydrographHydrograph– Print our every hydrograph for the periods Print our every hydrograph for the periods
of record, develop hypothesisof record, develop hypothesis– Conduct water year analysis to evaluate Conduct water year analysis to evaluate
inter-annual flow variability (wet year vs. inter-annual flow variability (wet year vs. dry year)dry year)
– Intra-annual flow variability with in water Intra-annual flow variability with in water year, evaluate changes relate geomorphic year, evaluate changes relate geomorphic processes and life history of key biotaprocesses and life history of key biota
– Link biota to hydrologyLink biota to hydrology
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Different water years = Different ecological Different water years = Different ecological functionsfunctions
ConditionCondition HydrologicHydrologic GeomorphicGeomorphic EcologicalEcological
Extremely Extremely
WetWet
Large winter floods, Large winter floods, large snowmelt large snowmelt runoff peak- melting runoff peak- melting occurs through Juneoccurs through June
Channel avulsion, Channel avulsion, migration, bed migration, bed load transport, bed load transport, bed scour, lots of fine scour, lots of fine sediment, sediment, floodplain scour floodplain scour and dep.and dep.
Vegetation Vegetation removal, woody removal, woody debris, greater debris, greater migration up migration up stream, high stream, high juvenile salmon juvenile salmon growth rates, low growth rates, low salmon out salmon out migration mortalitymigration mortality
NormalNormal Moderate winter Moderate winter floods, moderate floods, moderate snowmelt/runoff, snowmelt/runoff, moderate base flowsmoderate base flows
Moderate: Channel Moderate: Channel migration, bed migration, bed load transport, load transport, floodplain, fine floodplain, fine sedimentsediment
Minor veg. removal, Minor veg. removal, mod salmon mod salmon migration access migration access up stream, low up stream, low salmon out salmon out migration mortalitymigration mortality
Critically Critically
DryDry
Small winter floods, Small winter floods, miner snowmelt, miner snowmelt, short duration of short duration of runoff, higher water runoff, higher water temptemp
No channel No channel migration, no migration, no gravel transportgravel transport
Veg. lower in Veg. lower in channel, no scour, channel, no scour, low migration up low migration up stream, mod. stream, mod. Water temp- stress Water temp- stress mortality to mortality to salmon, moderate salmon, moderate salmon out salmon out migration mortalitymigration mortality
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Other Biological HotspotsOther Biological Hotspots
Sediment depositionSediment deposition Channel complexity (bars, side Channel complexity (bars, side
channels)channels) Riparian vegetationRiparian vegetation Spawning areasSpawning areas Amphibian egg laying locationsAmphibian egg laying locations Large wood accumulationLarge wood accumulation
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SuggestionsSuggestions
Historical perspective to understand how Historical perspective to understand how the system naturally workedthe system naturally worked
Hypotheses on how project changes the Hypotheses on how project changes the components of the system (Geomorphic-components of the system (Geomorphic-Biotic)Biotic)
Use top/down and bottom/up approach Use top/down and bottom/up approach with lots of coordination between physical with lots of coordination between physical scientist and biologistscientist and biologist
No river is the same, nor does every dam No river is the same, nor does every dam have the same impactshave the same impacts
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Case Study 1Case Study 1
Overview of hydrology, Overview of hydrology, geomorphology, and channel geomorphology, and channel morphology of the Clavey Rivermorphology of the Clavey River
Develop hypothesesDevelop hypotheses Illustrate some conceptual models Illustrate some conceptual models
and analytical tools useful for access and analytical tools useful for access dam-related impacts to steep dam-related impacts to steep bedrock riversbedrock rivers
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Summary of ChangesSummary of Changes
Substantial loss of flow volumeSubstantial loss of flow volume Substantial reduction on flood Substantial reduction on flood
magnitude and frequencymagnitude and frequency Constant year found base flowsConstant year found base flows Loss of coarse sediment supplyLoss of coarse sediment supply Reduction or loss of fine sedimentReduction or loss of fine sediment Downstream tributaries and valley Downstream tributaries and valley
walls still contribute fine and coarse walls still contribute fine and coarse sediment to channelsediment to channel
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Potential ImpactsPotential Impacts
Accumulation of fine sediment and Accumulation of fine sediment and gravels in channelgravels in channel
Riparian and upland vegetation Riparian and upland vegetation intrusionintrusion
Abandoned side channels and ponded Abandoned side channels and ponded areasareas
Reduction of residual pool volume by Reduction of residual pool volume by gravel-boulder fillinggravel-boulder filling
And…And…
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Potential ImpactsPotential Impacts
Reduced magnitude, duration, and Reduced magnitude, duration, and frequency of bed mobility of alluvial frequency of bed mobility of alluvial featuresfeatures
Reduced coarse sediment storage Reduced coarse sediment storage immediately downstream of the dam immediately downstream of the dam