biological molecules ‘what you need to know!’ mr r hardy
TRANSCRIPT
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Biological Molecules
‘what you need to know!’Mr R Hardy
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MONOMER – single repeatingunits that……
……are joined together to formPOLYMER.
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POLYMER
MONOMER
POLYMERISATION
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PolymersPolysaccahrides
Proteins
Lipids
MonomersGlucose
etc.
Amino acids
Glycerol & fatty acids
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CARBOHYDRATES
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CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCAHRIDES
DISACCAHRIDES
POLYSACCAHRIDES
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MONOSACCHARIDES
- A single sugar unit
- Sweet and soluble
- Contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
- Classified according to the number of carbons a molecule has.
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MONOSACCHARIDES
TRIOSE – 3 carbons
PENTOSE – 5 carbons
HEXOSE – 6 carbons
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MONOSACCHARIDES – which is which?
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MONOSACCHARIDES – which formula?
Molecular formula – C6H12O6 or
C3H12O6 or C5H10O5
Structural formula –
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C6H12O6 C3H12O6 C5H10O5
You decide!
Triose or Pentose or Hexose
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Pentose and hexose sugarsexist in two forms:
Straight chain forms
Ring forms
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HydrogenCarbon
Oxygen C6H12O6
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GLUCOSE comes in 2forms, this one;
Here this H is abovethe carbon.
This is called α (alpha) glucose.
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Here this H is belowthe carbon.
This is called β (beta) glucose.
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Both these molecules are glucose.
Both have a molecular formula of C6H12O6.
But they are structurally different.
Structural Isomers
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Biological role of monosaccharides
As an energy source…..
•A large amount of energy is stored between the C-H bonds•This is released to form ATP•ATP is the energy currency of the cell
As building blocks…..
•Repeated glucose molecules build up; starch & glycogen•Ribose (5C) forms part RNA•Deoxyribose (5C) forms part DNA
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Forming a disaccharide……MALTOSE
Two α glucose molecules C1 & C4 meet.OH (hydroxl grp) from C1 & H from C4 react.Water is expelled.A condensation reaction.This can be reversed by adding water.
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Polysaccharides
• Polymers with subunits of monosaccharides• Repeated condensation reactions• Normally 1000’s of monomers • Polysaccharides are not sugars
STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN
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Starch• Polymer of glucose.• Plant storage polysaccharide.• Made up of two types of substances;1)Amylose 2) Amylopectin
Amylose• Condensation reactions between α
glucose (1-4 links).
• Forms from 1000s of condensation reactions.
• Coiled springs are formed.
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Spiral structure of amylose; part of starch.
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StarchMade up of two types of substances;1)Amylose 2) Amylopectin
Amylopectin• Condensation reactions between α
glucose (1-4 links).
• Branches of 1-6 links also exist.
• Coiled springs with a branched structure are formed.
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1-4 links form a helicalstructure
1-6 links form a branchstructure
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Amylopectin
Mostly 1-4 links.Some 1-6 links.
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Starch grains are a mixture of amylose & amylopectin
Starch is a polysaccharide
Starch it is a insoluble store of glucose
Starch is only found in plant cells, the animal equivalent is called GLYCOGEN.
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GLYCOGEN is the storage polysaccharide in animals
It has 1-4 links
and 1-6 links
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Cellulose
• Present in plant cell walls.
• Has a slow decomposition.
• It is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet!!
• It is mechanically very strong.
• It is a polymer of β glucose
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Cellulose
• C1-4 links make up this polysaccharide.
• If C1 and C4 are to react, one glucose molecule needs to flip through 180o.
• It is this subtle difference that make cellulose so strong!
• This structure has H bonds holding it together
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70 chains of β glucose combine to form a MICROFIBRIL.
Lots of MICROFIBRILS are held together to form FIBRES.