biological macromolecules nature’s building blocks
TRANSCRIPT
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Biological Macromolecul
esNature’s Building Blocks
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Create a way to put these in order.
Describe how you put them in order! - Particles of matter
- Atoms- Elements- Ecosystems- Biospheres
- Molecules- Macromolecules- Cell organelles- Cells- Galaxies
- The Universe - Tissues
- Organs- Organisms- Populations
- Planets- Planetary Systems with Stars
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Prior Knowledge Discussion- Particles of matter- Atoms- Elements- Molecules- Macromolecules- Cell organelles- Cells- Tissues- Organs- Systems- Organisms- Populations- Ecosystems- Biospheres- Planets- Planetary Systems with Stars- Galaxies- The Universe
Smallest to largest!All of that is possible because of atoms!
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Prior Knowledge Discussion
• Describe the characteristics required to be considered a living organism.
1. Composed of cells2. Reproduce3. Contain DNA4. Grow and Develop5. Use and obtain energy6. Respond to their environment7. Maintain a stable internal environment
/eliminate Waste8. Evolve: change over time
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If everything is made of molecules,
what are molecules made of?
•Atoms!
Prior Knowledge Discussion
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Which Elements are the Building Blocks of Life?
Almost all life forms on Earth are primarilymade up of only four basic elements:
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen
(Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology)
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Atoms are Elements!
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Where are they Located on the Periodic
Table?
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What are we Learning?Benchmark: SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular
structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA
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Definitions • Molecule: 2 or more atoms
chemically bonded togethero Example O2
• Compound: molecules that have more than 2 different elements chemically bonded togethero Example: H2O
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Macromolecules are polymers
constructed of many organic
molecules called monomers.
• Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer.
• Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.
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Life’s Macromolecules
• All key components of every living cell are made of macromolecules.
“Giant Molecules”• The four kinds of macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
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What you need to know
• For each macromolecule, you need to know:1. The elements it contains (building
blocks)2. The monomer structure (draw it)3. Important functions4. Examples
• Complete a Frayer-model for the 4 classes of macromolecules
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Frayer Model
1. fold paper as demonstrated2. Label each tab 1 macromolecule3. Draw the structure of the macromolecule
on the front of each tab under the name4. On the inside:
o Building blockso Monomer nameo Functiono Exampleso *special notes
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Building Blocks:
Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio
Function:
Main source of energy for living things
Structural purposes
Examples:
Monosaccharaides like glucose, galactose, and fructose
Polysaccharides like glycogen and starch
cellulose in cell walls
Components:
Polysccharides or monosccharides (large or small units)
Carbohydrates
C6H12O
6
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Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratioo Example: C6H12O6
• Made up of monomers called monosaccharide (simple sugars)
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Carbohydrates• Basic structure: CnH2nOn
• Simple Carbs (monosaccharide) :o Glucoseo Fructoseo Galactoseo Ribose/deoxyribose
• Complex carbs (polysaccharide):o starch (bread, potatoes)o glycogen (beef muscle)o cellulose (lettuce, corn)
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Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
• Examples:A. monosaccharideB. disaccharideC. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples: oSucrose
(glucose+fructose)oLactose
(glucose+galactose)oMaltose (glucose+glucose)glucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar
unitsExamples: starch (bread,
potatoes)glycogen (beef
muscle)cellulose
(lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
cellulose
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Building Blocks:
Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, some oxygen
Function:
The most important lipids are fats, which are energy storage molecules
Examples:
Fats, steroids, oils
Components:
A fat molecule consists of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDE (lipid monomer)
Lipids
Joined together by NON-POLAR COVALENT bonds
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Glycerol Fatty Acid tail TRIGLYCERIDE
Monomers of Lipids are Triglycerides
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ProteinsBuilding Blocks:
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Functions: Control the rate of reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease
Examples:
ENZYMES—Speed up reaction rates
Components:
Composed of long chains of monomer subunits called amino acids.
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Protein Structure
1.Amino group
2.R-group
3.Carboxyl group
Monomer: AMINO ACID:
There are 20 different amino acids
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Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks: Containing carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.Function: Nucleic acids store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic information.
Examples: There are two types of nucleic
acids: DNA and RNA.
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Nucleic AcidsComponents: Assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of three parts: Five carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
Nucleotides (monomers) bond together to form DNA or RNA (polymer)
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Making Polymers from Monomers
• CARBON can make 4 bonds with adjoining atoms
• When bonding two monomers together to make a polymer, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS occurso Removal of 2 Hydrogen's (H)
and 1 Oxygen (O) = - H2O
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Breaking Polymers• The opposite reaction occurs when we
break the bond between monomers
• This is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction, because the addition of H2O will split the molecule’s covalent bond
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Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and Hydrolysis are reverse reactions
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Building Macromolecules
Grab a lab packetGrab 2 partners (groups of 3)And listen for instructions