DR.L.N.MOHAPATRA

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCHREGIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRNSFER STATION

BHAWANIPATNA

COTTON CULTIVATION IN ORISSA

• Year of start : 1974-75

• Major cotton growing districts :

Rayagada,Kalahandi, Bolangir,

Nuapara,Gajapati,Koraput,Ganjam

• Total area under cultivation :

50,000ha.

• Productivity : 440kg lint /ha.

• (National avge : 530kg lint /ha)

• (World avge : 1058kg/ha)

• Variety / Hybrid grown: Bunny,

MCU-5 ,Tulasi,

Cotton in Indian Economy

• Cotton the “white gold” is the most important natural textile fibre of the world

• Leading commercial crop of the country next only to food grains which provides livelihood to 60 millions of farmers, traders, and those engaged in textile and processing industries

• Cotton accounts for 30% of the total Indian exports• India is the second largest producer of cotton in the

world contributing nearly 15% of the global production

Production constraints

Cotton plant is most susceptible to attack of insect pests

Reasons: * Green and succulent foliage

* In determinate growth habit

* Presence of extra foliar nectaries

Total No. of insect pests recorded on world wide basis 1326 insect and mites

In India the number of insect pests has increased almost five times since the beginning of the century

- Fletcher in 1920 listed 34 insects species including 9 serious

pests

- By 1964 it increased to 130

- Recently , 162 species have been reported including

15 key pests causing 50-60% seed cotton yield loss

CHANGING SCENARIO OF INSECT PESTS IN COTTON

REASONS FOR INCREASED PEST OUT BREAK

• Indiscriminate use of broad spectrum insecticides• Large scale cultivation hirsutum cotton and hybrids• Reduced efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids • Monocropping• Improper coverage of foliage due to use of ineffective

appliances • Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers and close

spacing • Cultivation of new crops round the year which act as

preferred host plants for the pests

MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF COTTON

BOLL FEEDERS:

Tobacco caterpillar SemilooperLeaf roller

Spotted bollworm American bollworm Pink bollworm

FOLIAGE FEEDER

SUCKING PESTS

JASSID

WHITE FLY

APHID

THRIPS

Mealy bug

Mealy bug on leaf Affected shoot

Dried plant due to mealy bug attack

Dusky cotton bug

New pest problem

• The mirid bug Creontiodes biseratense (Miridae : Hemiptera) is severe in Bt cotton in Karnataka during Sepetember-October

• Mealy bug Maconellicoccus sp. , Phenococcus solani is severe in Bt cotton in North India

EXTENT OF LOSSES BY INSECT PESTSBOLLWORM COMPLEX : DRIED AND WITHERED SHOOTS : 40-50% SQUARE DRYING: 50-80% ROSETTED FLOWER : 5% SHEDDING OF BUDS AND DESTRUCTION OF BOLLS: 30-40% LOCULE DAMAGE: 20-30% SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO AMERICAN BOLLWORM : 10-45% SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO BOLLWORM COMPLEX : 50-60%

SUCKING PESTS : 20% LOSS IN SEED COTTON YIELD DRYING AND SHEDDING OF YOUNG PLANTS LINT CONTAMINATION TRANSMISSION OF LEAF CURL VIRUS POOR CROP STAND DECREASE IN FIBRE QUALITY

PESTICIDES USE IN COTTONPESTICIDES CONTINUE TO PLAY DOMINANT ROLE IN COTTON

Crop coverage : 5% and consume 50 % of total pesticides in in India

ORGANO PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND : 50%

SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID : 19%

ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUND : 16%

CARBAMATE : 4%

BIOPESTICIDES : 1%

INSECTICIDE USE PATTERN

• CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES

Interfere with soil metabolic process- kill non target but beneficial soil organisms like earthworm

• BHC AND DDT REMAINING IN ECOSYSTEM – SOIL FAUNA AND FLORA

DDT: a nonbio degradeable organic chemical acumulates and magnify in the successive trophic level of the food chain called as biomagnification

• RESIDUES IN FOOD SAMPLES, MILK, EGG, SPICES

• VULNERABILITY OF HUMAN POPULATION TO TOXIC PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND RESULTING HEALTH HAZARDSBHC-carcinogenic effect

ILL EFFECTS OF ILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

ILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDESILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES

DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE

PEST RESURGENCE

DESTRUCTION OF BENEFICIAL AND NON TARGET ORGANISM

CROP FAILURE LEADING TO SOCIO ECONOMIC PROBLEM INCLUDING SUCIDE

ILL EFFECT OF PESTICIDES

Rachel Carson in her book

SILENT SPRING (1962)LAUNCHED A BROADSIDE AGAINST THE WIDE SPREAD MISUSE OF INSECTICIDES CAUSING HAZARDS FOR NON TARGET ORGANISM WITH WIDE SPREAD CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

This eventually led to the concept of Integrated Pest Management.

IPM is the most compatible and ecologically sound combination of available pest suppression techniques to keep pest population below economically damaging levels.

IPM , THE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY WAY

IPM AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT FOR SUSTAINABLE COTTON CROP PRODUCTION

A DYNAMIC AND CONSTANTLY EVOLVING APPROACH TO CROP PROTECTION IN WHICH ALL SUITABLE MANAGEMENT TACTICES AND AVAILABLE SURVEILLANCE AND FORECASTING INFORMATION ARE UTILIZED TO DEVELOP A HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

COMPONENTS OF IPM

CULTURAL METHODS

MECHANICALMETHODS

BEHAVIOURALMETHODS

BOTANICALMETHODS

BIOLOGICALMETHODS

CHEMICAL

METHODS

CULTURAL METHODS

MECHANICAL METHODS

BEHAVIOURAL METHODS

BOTANICALMETHODS

BIOLOGICAL METHODS

CHEMICAL METHODS

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• This term was first used by Smith in 1919 to signify the use of natural enemies whether introduced or otherwise manipulated to control insect pests

• Paul DeBach (1973) defined it as the study and utilization of biocontrol agents like parasites,predators and pathogens for the regulation of hosts (=pests) population densities.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS

PARASITOIDS: Parasitoids are usually equal or smaller in size than the prey. They live in or on the prey, derive their nutrition from the prey and usually complete one stage of the life in or on the prey and kill the prey in the process

PREDATORS : Predators are organism usually larger and stronger than prey. They catch and kill a large number of other organisms for food.

PATHOGENS: Disease causing organisms like BacteriaVirusFungiProtozoa: Nosema, Vairimorpha Nematodes: Steinernema , Rhabditis

TECHNIQUE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Conservation : Conservation is defined the actions to preserve an increase the natural enemies by environmental manipulation

Augmentation : It is a tactic of biological control where, the efforts is made to increase the natural enemy population either by propagation and release or by environmental manipulation . It includes all the activities designed to increase the number or effect of existing natural enemies

- Inoculation or periodic release- Inundative release

Introduction/Importation : Importing foreign natural enemies to combat the introduced pests

ADVANTAGES: • Ideal alternative to control pests

• Highly specific

• Safe to non-target organisms

• Inexpensive

• Long term control

• No environmental pollution

• Compatible with most pest control tactics except use of broad spectrum pesticides.

• Pest resistance to NEs is virtually unknown

STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN COTTON

• More than 400 natural enemies have been reported in cotton ecosystem

• Large scale use of insecticide has reduced the natural enemies population to insignificant level

• 21 species of predators and 45 species of parasitoids have reported on cotton bollworms in India

Major parasitoids in cotton ecosystemParasitoids Host Maximum parasitization

recorded (%)Apanteles angaleti Pink bollworm 25.0

Brachymeria nephantidis Spotted bollworm 57.2

Elasmus johnstoni Pink bollworm 12.0

Eretnocerus serius White fly 40.2

Goniozus sp. Pink bollworm 16.7

Rogas aligharensis Spotted bollworm 59.1

Trichogramma chilonis American bollworm

83.0

Trichogrammatoidea sp. near guamensis

Spotted bollworm 45.0

Trichogramma achaeae Spotted bollworm 60.8

Major predators in cotton ecosystemPredators Host Stage attacked

Lady bird beetle: Coccinella septempunctataMenochilus sexmaculatus, Brumodies sp. , Scymnus

AphidAll bollworm species,

Egg, neonate larva,

Green lace wing : Chrysoperla carnea, Mallada boninensis

Sucking insects

Egg, nymph

Shield bug Eucantheconidea furcellata bollworms Larva

Anthocorid bug Orius minutus ABW Larva

Wasp Eumenes petiolata and Delta sp. ABW Larva

Mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenius ABW, Spodoptera

Larva

Syrphid fly Aphid Egg, nymph, Adult

Spider: Oxyopes sp., Clubionia sp., Thomisus sp.

bollworms Larva

BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM

BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM

SYRPHID FLY SPIDERS

WASPPENTATOMID BUG ROGADINAE PARASITEAPANTELES

Release of Trichogramma chilonis

RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS PARASITE @ 1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD) DURING EVENING HRS AT 50 -60 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS INTERVAL

FOR MANAGEMENT OF BOLLWORMS

DON’T SPRAY INSECTICIDES AFTER RELEASE

Release of Trichogramma chilonis

Each tricho card contains 20,000 parasitoids It must be cut into small pieces and distributed in the field avoiding the border rows It can be pinned or stapled on the ventral side of the leaves in the middle region of leaves Bollworm adults must be monitored by pheromone traps and ensure the presence of host eggs. Parasitoids are released in the field as parasitized card at least a day before emergence The parasitoids will emerge within 7 days after parasitization. Hence the card must be shifted to the field on 4th day and tied on the plant on 5th / 6th day the parasitized egg card can be stored at 5-10 0 C in refrigerator or BOD incubator for a period of 21 days

RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA

Adult – light green with net like wing They lay stalked egg in small group on leaves and other plant partsThe lace wing larvae possess sickle shaped mouth parts The larvae feed on aphids, thrips, nymphs of white fly, mealy bug, soft scale They also feed on the eggs and freshly hatched larvae of ABW

RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA

RELEASE @ 50,000 GRUBS / ha DURING

EVENING HOURS AT EARLY STAGE OF CROP

GROWTH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING

PESTS AT FORTNIGHT INTERVALS DROP THE EGGS OR GRUBS ON CROP CANOPY OR MIX THE GRUBS/EGGS IN FINE SAW DUST AND APPLY ON CROP CANOPY

MICROBIAL METHOD

Highly specific Do not affect other organisms Ultra violet rays degrades

MICROBIAL METHOD

NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS :

Effective against : Lepidopterous larvae

SYMPTOM : Sluggish larvae, turn pinkish or yellowish, swell slightly, become limp and flaccid Fragile integument Rupture of integument Dead larvae found hanging by prolegs from top Dry up – dark brown or black cadaver

USE OF HaNPV:

SPRAY HANPV @ 5OO LE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.) DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND AND 3RD INSTAR LARVAE

Factors influencing the effectiveness of NPV in field conditions

• Stage of insect: Coincide with younger stage of larvae• Dose: dose or concentration of POB s positively correlated

with mortalities of target pests, - 2-3 application give effective control

• Preparation of spray fluid: NPV in required strength is mixed with good quality of soft water and Teepol 0.1% or Triton X-100 0.01% as surfactant

• Time of application : Evening hours for avoiding inactivation due to sunlight

• Appliances: High volume application- more effective • Use of adjuvants: jaggery or molasses• Integration with chemical method: : NPV compatible with

endosulfan

USE OF BACTERIA • Bacillus thuringiensis : Gram positive spore forming bacteria :

Highly pathogenic to those lepidopterpus larvae which have an alkaline pH of the gut

• It produces pertinacious parasporal crystalline inclusion during sporulation and upon ingestion by the insects , this crystalline inclusion is solublised in the mid gut releasing delta endo toxin

Symptoms: Paralysis of gut and mouth parts, leading to a cessation

of feeding Swelling and destruction of microvilli of the mid gut Disruption of midgut structure Total body paralysis and death within 5-6 days

• Spore forming bacteria; best suited • Highly effective on lepidopterous larvae• Foliar spray• Trdae name : BIOLEP, BIOBIT, BIOASP,

DELFIN, Thuricide, Biotrol,

USE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : COTTONBOLLWORMS

SPRAY B.t.k @ 1KG/HA DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST EARLY INSTARS OF BOLLWORM LARVAE

Use of fungus

• Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae or Nomuraea rileyi : Highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera ,Hemiptera and Diptera

• It causes green muscardine disease• The fungus invade the host insect through body wall

and spiracles and conidia germinate on insect cuticle producing small hyphal bodiesor mycelia which multiply rapidly

• Producing fungal toxins to cause death

MICROBIAL METHOD

APPLICATION OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae or Neumorea rileyi under humid condition is effective

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES

SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID PROTECT THE CROP UPTO 40-50 DAYS AGAINST SUCKING PESTS AND ALSO

TO AVOID THE EARLY SEASON INSECTICIDES AND THUS CONSERVE THE NATURAL ENEMIES

INTERCROPPING WITH COWPEA CONSERVE THE NE(LB,GLW) (ECOFEAST CROP) AVOID DUST FORMULATION AND BROAD SPECTRUM

INSECTICIDES ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE

INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE JAY GROW CASTOR/ MAIZE AS BORDER CROP (BANKER CROP ) : PROVIDE THE FOOD LIKE POLLEN AND

NECTAR TO NON CARNIVOROUS STAGES OF PREDATORS MOSTLY THE ADULTS

COTTON IPM MODULE FOR ORISSA

SUMMER CULTIVATION

SYNCHRONISED AND TIMELY SOWING

SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID @ 7.5G/KG OF SEEDS

INTER CROPPING WITH COWPEA @ 1 ROW AFTER EVERY 10 ROW OF COTTON

SET UP @ 5NOS / HA AT 50MT INTERVAL FOR MONITORING BOLLWORM(AT 50-60 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH) NEEM SEEED KERNEL EXTRACT(5%) SPRAY AT 45-50 DAG

0 – 60 DAYS

IPM module for Orissa

• RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS PARASITE @ 1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD) DURING EVENING HRS AT 60-70 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS INTERVAL

• TRAP CROPPING WITH MARIGOLD

• SPRAY HANPV @ 5OOLE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.) DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND AND 3RD INSTAR LARVAE

• SPRAY ENDOSULFAN @ 0.06%IN SEVERE ATTACK OF BOLLWORMS

• TOPPING AT 80-90DAG REDUCES BOLLWORM ATTACK AND ENCOURAGE SYMPODIAL BRANCHING

• ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE JAY

• HAND COLLECTION OF OLDER BOLLWORM LARVAE TO ELIMINATE POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE

60 - 90 DAYS