Viruses & viroids don’t �t in any category

• Study of 1 or 2 organisms is not enough to know vital features of a group.• All kinds of organisms do not occur in one locality.• Helps in knowing the relationship between the di�erent groups of organisms.• Helps in knowing the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

2 Kingdom

3 Kingdom

4 Kingdom

5 Kingdom

Plants Animals

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Number of organisms &

specificity

Viruses & viroids don’t �t in any category

PLANTAE(Multicellular,

eukaryotic)

ANIMALIA(Multicellular,

eukaryotic)FUNGI

(Multicellular,eukaryotic)

PROTISTA(Eukaryotic, Unicellular

and Multicellular)

EUBACTERIA(Unicellular, prokaryotic)

ARCHAEBRACTERIA(Unicellular, prokaryotic)

Biological Classi�cation - Part I

Arrangement of organisms in hierarchical series based on similarities & dissimilaritiesBiological Classi�cation

Introduction to Biological Classi�cation

First Attempt of Classi�cation Biological Classi�cation

Levels of Classi�cationNeed for Biological Classi�cation

Key Features of Systems

Classified organisms into 2 kingdoms

Added Protists: Lacked capability of tissue differentiation

Added Monera: EM studies showed prokaryotes possess different nuclear structure

Separate group of Fungi. Classified on the basis of 5 criteria.

3 domains divided into 6 kingdoms

Given by Linnaeus in 1758• Plantae• Animalia

Given by Ernst & Haeckel in 1866• Protista• Plantae• Animalia

Given by Copeland in 1956• Monera• Protista• Plantae• Animalia

Given by RH Whittaker in 1969• Monera• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

Given by Carl Woese in 1990

Dom

ains

Kingdoms

Archaea Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

Bacteria

Eukarya

6 Kingdom

Types of Classi�cation SystemHerb Shrub Tree

Aristotle

organisms &

Enaima Anaima

Cocci Bacilli Vibrio Spirillum Filament Budded Stalked

(Monos – single) Includes prokaryotesMonera

Single-celled eukaryotesProtista

Thallus is the plant body of true fungiFungi

Biological Classi�cation - Part IIMonera, Protista, Fungi, Virus, Viroid & Lichen

• Unicellular organisms (except 1 mycelial group)• Genetic material: Naked coiled DNA• Nucleus & cytoplasmic organelles absent• Cytoplasmic organelles: Both types of ribosome, simple chromatophores• Gas vacuole may be present instead of sap vacuole• Mode of nutrition: Absorptive, photosynthetic & chemosynthetic• Motility: Non-motile, simple �agellar or gliding

• Thallus organisation: Mycelial, non-mycelial• Cell organisation: Made of chitin & cellulose• Cell-wall: Cellulose-glycogen, cellulose-chitin or polygalactosamine-galactan• Nutrition: Parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic• Reproduction: Vegetative: fragmentation, budding & �ssion Asexual: Sporangiospores, zoospores & conidia Sexual: In all fungi (except Deuteromycotina)• Classi�cation: Phycomycetes (Rhizopus/mucor, Albugo), Ascomycetes (Yeast), Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes

• Unicellular organisms • Primarily aquatic• Link between plants, animals & fungi• Well de�ned nucleus & membrane-bound organelles• Reproduction: Asexual & sexual• Mode of nutrition: Photosynthetic, holotrophic & mixotrophic

Features of Kingdom Monera

Features of Kingdom Protista Grouping of Protists

Features of Kingdom Fungi

Major Protist Groups

Structure of Bacterial Cell

Shapes Bacterial Nutrition

Autotrophic

HeterotrophicTypes

• Dinoflagellate• Diatoms• Euglenoids

Prokaryotic

• Genetic material: DNA or RNA• Nucleoprotein & genetic material• Capsid protects nucleic acid

Virus: Not truly living species• Smaller than virus• RNA has low molecular weight

Viroids: Lack protein coat• Symbiosis between algae & fungi• Algal component: Phycobiont• Fungal component: Mycobiont

Lichens: Symbiotic associations

• Slime moulds• Myxomycetes

Consumer

• Slime moulds• Myxomycetes

Protozoan

FimbriaeCapsule

Cell wall

Plasmid

FlagelliRibosomes

Pilus

Cytoplasm

Coiled DNA

PlasmaMembrane

Chrysophytes

Amoeboid Flagellates Sporozoans Ciliates

Dinoflagellates Protozoans Euglenoids Slime moulds

Gymnomycota(Myxomycota)Slime Moulds nowexcluded from fungiand placed under Protiosta

OomycotaMyceliumaseptate

EumycotaMyceliumseptate

Phycomycetes(OomycetesAlgal fungi)PhytophthoraAlbugo, Pythium

Zygomycetes(Conjugation fungi)e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor

Kingdom Fungi

Deuteromycota(Fungi imperfecti)Sexual reproduction absent,e.g., Alternaria,Cercospora, Microsporum,Trichophyton

Ascomycota(Sac fungi)Aspergillus,Pencillium,Neurospora

Basidiomycota(Club fungi)Puccinina,Ustilago,Agaricus

Mycophycophyta(Dual organisms)Linchens, e.g.,Usnea, Parmelia

Sub-kingdom

Spirillum

Consists of multicellular eukaryotic animals.Animalia

Consists of green, brown and red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed plantsPlantae

Biological Classi�cation - Part IIIPlantae & Animalia

• Walled, multicellular & frequently vacuolated• Plastids (photosynthetic pigment) present• Motility: Non-motile & live, anchored to a substrate• Reproduction: Asexual & sexual Form multicellular embryo Algae lack embryo stage• Life cycle: Show alternation of generation

• Body symmetry: Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry• Nature of coelom: Coelomate, acoelomate• Arrangement of cells of embryonic layers: Diploblastic & triploblastic• Notochord: Chordate, non-chordate• Patterns of organ systems: Digestive system (incomplete & complete framework), circulatory system (open & closed type), reproductive system framework• Segmentation: External & internal segments with serial repetition of some organs• Levels of organization: Cellular level, tissue level, organ level & organ framework level

Algae

Conifers Flowering plants

Mosses Ferns

Features of Kingdom Plantae

Classi�cation in Kingdom Plantae

Body symmetry: Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetryBasis of Classi�cation in Kingdom Animalia

Varieties in Kingdom Plantae

Classi�cation SystemINDEXCryptogamae

Phanerogamae

Kingdom

Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Attributes & Hierarchy Patterns of Kingdom Animalia Classi�cation System

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Undifferentiated plant parts

Cryophytes

Thermophytes

Epiphytes

Endophytes

ParasitesBase

d on

hab

itat

Sub-phyla

Psilopsida

Lycopsida

Sphenopsida

Pteropsida

Differentiatedplant parts

Do not produce seeds Produce seeds

Naked seeds

Monocot Dicot

Seeds inside fruit

With specialized vascular tissues

Plantae

Thallophyta (Algae)

Bryophyta

Pteridophyta

Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Without specialized vascular tissues

Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

Cyclostomata Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Mollusca Echinodermata Protochordata Vertebrata

Animalia

Kingdom Levels oforganisation

Body Cavityor CoelomSymmetry Phylum

Animalia(Multicellular)

Cellular level

Radial

Porifera

Platyhelminthes

Aschelminthes

AnnelidaArthropodaMolluscaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata

Ctenophora

Coelenterata(Cnidaria)

Bilateral

Without body cavity(acoelomates)

With false coelom(psuedocoelomates)

With true coelom(Coelomates)

Tissue/ Organ/Organ system

Cyclostomata Pisces