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Biological Basis of Paternal Behavior
Karen L. BalesDept. of Psychology and California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of California, Davis
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Which animals display paternal care?
Usually, but not always associated with social monogamy
Birds – 90% of species Mammals – 3% of species Including 12% of primate species
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Photo: J. Dietz
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Photo: A. Williams/Sacramento Bee
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Photo: K. Bales
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Which animals display paternal care?
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Testosterone is usually, but not always, bad for paternal behavior.
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(A) Within-group changes in AM and PM T values between 2005 and 2009.
Gettler L T et al. PNAS 2011;108:16194-16199
©2011 by National Academy of Sciences
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Mascaro et al, 2013
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Paternal care is probably regulated by oxytocin and vasopressin in many species.
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Oxytocin and Vasopressin
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Bales et al. 2004, Hormones and Behavior
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Kenkel et al., 2012
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Kozorovitskiy et al, 2006
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Adapted from Woller et al, 2012
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Figure 1 Father and infant salivary oxytocin (OT) levels (pg/mL) in the oxytocin and placebo conditions. Following OT administration to father, father and infant salivary OT levels are markedly increased compared with baseline assessment. In the placebo co...
Omri Weisman , Orna Zagoory-Sharon , Ruth Feldman
Oxytocin Administration to Parent Enhances Infant Physiological and Behavioral Readiness for Social Engagement
Biological Psychiatry Volume 72, Issue 12 2012 982 - 989
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.011
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The dopamine system is probably also involved in male parenting.
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Mascaro et al., 2013
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Paternal care, like maternal care, can be costly.
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Study Design
Unpaired Newly paired 1st
litter2nd
litter3rd
litter
Longitudinal: Body weight, sucrose preference, feeding, activity, social behavior, leptin, corticosterone
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Campbell et al., 2009
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Campbell et al., 2009
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Stress can affect paternal care.
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Bales et al. 2006, Physiology & Behavior
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Journal of NeuroendocrinologyVolume 24, Issue 6, pages 874-886, 10 MAY 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02301.xhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02301.x/full#f2
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What is the animal evidence for paternal involvement in outcomes?
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Conclusions Males may use SIMILAR but not IDENTICAL
mechanisms to females in promoting parental care
These mechanisms may differ by species but appear to have co-opted many of the same systems
Need more study! Particularly on brain mechanisms, oxytocin, vasopressin, and cortisol in humans
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Acknowledgements
James Dietz Suzette Tardif Sue Carter Sally Mendoza William Mason Many student and post-doc collaborators NICHD, NIMH, NSF, Good Nature Institute
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