biological bases of the brain unit 2, part 1 · associated with emotions such as fear and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biological Bases of the Brain
Unit 2, Part 1
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Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage was a
railroad worker who had
an iron bar go into his
brain
He survived but his
personality was changed
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The Brain
Lesion
tissue destruction
a brain lesion is a
naturally or
experimentally caused
destruction of brain
tissue
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Brain Reorganization Plasticity the brain’s capacity
for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
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The Brain Brainstem
the oldest part and central
core of the brain, beginning
where the spinal cord
swells as it enters the skull
responsible for automatic
survival functions
Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
base of the brainstem
controls heartbeat and
breathing
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The Pons
Located in the brainstem
Part of the brain stem that
bulges out
Helps form dreams
Also
Helps with respiration and
bladder control
Along with the Reticular
Formation, helps with sleep
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The Brain
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The Brain
Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um]
the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem
it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
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The Brain Reticular Formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
Also controls sleep functions
Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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The Brain Limbic System
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex
includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural
clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
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The Brain
Hippocampus
Helps form memories
Hypothalamus
neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities
eating
drinking
body temperature
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
is linked to emotion
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The Limbic System
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The Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex
the intricate fabric of
interconnected neural cells
that covers the cerebral
hemispheres
the body’s ultimate control
and information processing
center
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The Cerebral Cortex
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The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes
involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making
plans and judgments
Parietal Lobes
include the sensory cortex
Occipital Lobes
include the visual areas, which receive visual information
from the opposite visual field
Temporal Lobes
include the auditory areas
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The Cerebral Cortex
Motor Cortex
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary
movements
Sensory Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and
processes body sensations
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Association Areas
More intellegent animals have increased “uncommitted”
or association areas of the cortex
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Specialization and
Integration
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Our Divided Brain
Corpus Callosum
large band of neural fibers
connects the two brain hemispheres
carries messages between the hemispheres
Corpus callosum
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Split Brain
a condition in which the two
hemispheres of the brain are
isolated by cutting the
connecting fibers (mainly
those of the corpus
callosum) between them
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Our Divided Brain
The information
highway from the eye
to the brain
Split Brain Video #1
Split Brain Video #2
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Split Brain
“Look at the dot.” Two words separated
by a dot are
momentarily projected.
“What word
did you see?”
or
“Point with
your left
hand to the
word you
saw.”
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Brain Structures and their
Functions