biol 3151: principles of animal physiology

BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal

Physiology

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Dr. Tyler EvansEmail: [email protected]: 510-885-3475Office Hours: M 9-12

• or appointment or stop by anytimeOffice: South Science 350Website: http://evanslabcsueb.weebly.com/

mailto:[email protected]

TODAY’S SCHEDULE

• Course Description

• Unifying themes in physiology

LEARNING OUTCOMES(What I hope you will gain from this course)

• make connections between concepts within Principles of Animal Physiology, across all science disciplines (e.g. zoology, ecology, chemistry, physics), and the physiological concepts as they apply to everyday life

• engage in forming scientific inquiry and developing explanations/arguments from scientific evidence

Other learning objectives are listed in the course syllabus

LECTURES• lectures will be presented using Powerpoint.

• each lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class (almost always the evening before).

• it is important to realize that my Powerpoint slides do not represent all material required for the exams.

• important information that will be covered in exams will be added to each lecture.

• thus attending class and taking thorough notes is the key to success.

• all required material will be available through Blackboard

• no required textbook

• the primary source of information for this course will be the lectures

COURSE MATERIALS

https://bb.csueastbay.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp

TEXTBOOKPrinciples of Animal

Physiology (2nd edition)

by Christopher D. Myers and Patricia M. Schulte.

BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal PhysiologyANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

NOT REQUIRED• copy on reserve in library

should you need to reference it

• provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and discuss the principles discussed in lecture

• provide students with hands-on experience in collecting physiological data

• expose students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive reasoning

• interpreting experimental data and integrating information from lecture, labs and the scientific literature

• develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral

• stimulate your scientific curiosity

LABS• you will be performing laboratory exercises designed to help you understand

certain fundamental physiological principles.

• lab materials will be posted on Blackboard each week

LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES

LABS (There are labs today!)ATTENDANCE

• your attendance in lab each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed lab, you must:

1. provide written documentation (proof) for your absence.• CSUEB is very strict regarding what is considered a valid reason for absence

(illness, death in the family)2. notify the instructor before your lab session3. arrange to make up the lab at a later date

• any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0 credit for the missed lab.

• you are required to stay for the entire lab session, or until excused by the instructor. You will check out with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning objectives and that your computer and lab space have been returned to their original condition.

GRADING

Exam #1……………………...20 points (Oct 18)Exam #2………………………20 points (Nov 13)Final Exam…………………..25 points(Dec 10)Lab……………………………..25 pointsProblem Sets……………….10 points (see syllabus)

Lab Component…...……..25 points (see syllabus)Lab Reports/Assignments...20 pointsParticipation………………..…..5 points

Your final grade will be determined by three exams, labs, and problem sets:

• exams will focus on lecture materials

COURSE POLICIES(in accordance with CSUEB guidelines)

Academic Dishonesty• please review CSUEB’s policies and understand what is considered academic dishonesty:

http://www20.csueastbay.edu/academic/academic-policies/academic-dishonesty.html

Missed Exams• make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In case of an emergency or

legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to take a specially scheduled make-up exam. However, you must provide verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any unexcused absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam.

Special Academic Accommodations: • if you have a documented disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and

other activities. For more information please visit: http://www20.csueastbay.edu/af/departments/as/

Courtesy: • Please turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones, PDAs, etc.)

while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops for activities not related to lecture during class time

• Use of these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special accommodations have been arranged.

KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151

• Attend lectures • Prepare and take thorough notes• Study those notes• Ask questions!

WAIT LIST• demand is currently much higher than the number of students we

can safely admit (there are currently 18 students on the wait list)

• we have done everything we can to allow as many students to take this course as possible• offer this course every quarter• opened an extra lab section this quarter

• space for students in the lab is what limits enrollment• if space opens up, students are admitted based on position on wait-

list

• If you are on wait-list, you can attend lectures until next Wed. If at this point you are still not able to enroll, you will not be able to take the course this quarter because you will have missed two labs.

• enrollment questions: speak with office manager in Biology Office (N Sci 429)

PREREQUISITES• Prerequisites for this course are:

• BIOL 1401• BIOL 1402 • BIOL 1403• CHEM 1101• CHEM 1102• CHEM 1103

• If you do not have these courses, you cannot take this class

QUESTIONS?

TODAY’S LECTUTREINTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN

PHYSIOLOGY

What is animal physiology?• study of “how animals work”

-Knut Schmidt Nielsen

• study of the structure and function of various parts of an animal and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform normal behaviors and respond to the environment

Knut Schmidt Nielsen textbook pg 4

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• there are more than a MILLION different species of animals that

live on Earth• animals display a large diversity of adaptations to deal with the

challenges posed by a specific environment

Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals

• Temperature: -40 – 300oC• Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated• Pressure: < 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean)• Salinity: Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than

seawater

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes

• this “Unity in Diversity” is the result of:• organisms are faced with a common set of challenges• organisms have to follow the same set of “rules”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY

1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws

2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges

3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.

4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations

textbook pg 10


1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws• animals are constructed from natural materials and therefore

must obey the same chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us

textbook pg 10

e.g. living systems follow the laws of thermodynamics



• electrical laws are involved in many physiological processes• just like we use electricity to power many machines, animals use

to power cells

Nerve cell Muscle fiber

Muscles and nerve cells use electrical signals to cause muscle contraction

textbook pg 11



• differences in body size have a profound effect on physiology• heat is produced by tissue metabolism • a larger animal has more difficulty shedding metabolic heat than

does a small animal

A mouse will lose heat much more quickly than an elephant, which has important consequences for thermal biology

textbook pg 11



• most organisms are faced with environmental variation, which in turn influences physiological processes

• multicellular animals can be classified according to the strategies they use to cope with changing conditions:

1. CONFORMERS: allow internal conditions to change with variation in external conditions

2. REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of conditions in the external environment

textbook pg 12



CONFORMERS e.g. seasonal rainbow trout body temperatures

SUMMER: High body temperature

WINTER: Low body temperature



REGULATORS e.g. human body temperatures

your body temperature is likely to be 37°C whether you are sunning yourself on the beach or outside on a cold dayyour body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within limits)



CONFORMERS REGULATORS

• Refers to coordinated physiological processes that collectively work to maintain internal conditions in the face of environmental change

• A common way to maintain homeostasis is through the use of FEEDBACK LOOPS• Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

HOMEOSTASIS



textbook pg 13



NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• response sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of

stimulusDuring early digestion, in coming food causes the stomach to swell and this change in volume triggers a negative feedback loop that reduces hunger

textbook pg 13



POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• Maximize changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing

the response

When a toxin is detected in the stomach, a positive feedback loop is triggered to induce forceful contractions that induce vomiting

textbook pg 13



• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environmentGENOTYPE: genetic makeupPHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and behaviorPHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

textbook pg 13



• phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism to regulate physiology to function under certain conditions

• for example if identical twins were raised in different environments, one twin might grow larger than the other due to differences in diet

textbook pg 14



• Phenotypic plasticity occurs as when animals remodel their physiological machinery in response to external conditions

textbook pg 14


4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations

Evolutionary Changes (i.e. Adaptation)Physiological change occurring by the process of natural selection (i.e. evolution)• occurs over the course of many generations rather than

within the lifetime of an organism• e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos

textbook pg 15


4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations.i. Adaptation e.g. pesticide resistance

in mosquitos• pesticides target the enzymes

acetylcholinesterase• some mosquito have a mutation in the

acetylcholinesterase gene that makes in resistant to pesticide

• because pesticide resistant mosquitos survive better, their numbers expand over time

textbook pg 15

LECTURE SUMMARY• Concept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this great diversity, there are many

commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes

• Four unifying themes in physiology:1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws

e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws governing electricity2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within

acceptable ranges• conformers vs. regulators• negative and Positive Feedback Loops• homeostasis

3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.• phenotypic plasticity

4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations• adaptation

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLECTURE 1: UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• What are the four unifying themes of physiology? Provide an example that explains each.

• What is the difference between a ‘conformer’ and a ‘regulator’? Provide an example of each and illustrate the differences using a graph

• What is homeostasis? How is homeostasis maintained through positive and negative feedback loops?

• What is phenotypic plasticity? Provide an example.

NEXT LECTUREBasic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in

Physiology (Chapter 2)

biol 3151: principles of animal physiology

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