biol 1001 exam 2 review pics and questions on ch 5 to ch 8 no answers

8/14/2019 Biol 1001 EXAM 2 Review PICS and QUESTIONS on CH 5 to CH 8 No Answers

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THESE ARE SOME OF THEMORE IMPORTANT

PICTURES TAKEN FROM THE NOTES ON CH 5 to CH 8

Use the web site below for review questions:

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_audesirk_bloe_7/1,8753,1139971,.html


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0.5 1.0 1.50.79

0.06

3.14 7.07

0.52 1.77

Diameter (cm):Surface area (cm 2):

Volume (cm 3):

Surface- to-volumeratio:

13.17:1 6.04:1 3.99:1

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Limitations of Light Microscopy

Wavelengths of light are 400-750 nm If a structure is less than one-half of a

wavelength long, it will not be visible

Light microscopes can resolve objectsdown to about 200 nm in size

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R O Y G B I V


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Components of Nucleus

nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

chromatin

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chromatin

chromosome

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

In animal cells, continuous with nuclear

membrane Extends throughout cytoplasm

Two regions - rough and smooth

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Cytoskeletal Elements

microtubule

microfilament

intermediatefilament


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Flagella and Cilia (9 + 2

arrangement) Structures for cell

motility 9 + 2 internal

structure (9 fused

pairs form cylinder,

and 2 unfused in

middle)

microtubule


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return stroke

cilia liningtrachea

Cilium

plasma membranepower stroke

propulsion of fluid

flagellum

of humanspermcontinuous propulsion

direction of locomotionFlagellum

propulsion of fluid

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Prokaryotic Structure

DNA

pilus

flagellum

cytoplasmwith ribosomes

capsulecell

wall

plasma

membrane


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chromosome(nucleoid region)

pili

ribosomes

prokaryoticflagellum

capsule or

slime layer cell wall

plasma membranecytoplasmplasmid (DNA)

Prokaryotic Structure

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0


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O 2-

+ H + H2O2 H2O + O 2

Green molecules = free radicals= superoxide dismutase action

Pink molecules = toxic to cells

= catalase action

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100 unitschemicalenergy

(concentrated)

25 units kinetic energy(motion)

+

LOWENTROPY

HIGHENTROPY

75 units heatenergy

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Endergonic Reaction

+ 60 2 and 6H 2O

Energy inenergy-poor

starting substances 6 12

glucose - a product withmore energy

NON-Spontaneous,Absorbs energy

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Exergonic Reaction

Energy out

glucose -energy-rich starting

substance

+60 2

products with less energy

6 6

Spontaneous,Releases energy

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Structure of ATP

three phosphate groups

sugar (ribose)

nucleotide base (adenine)

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3 Types of Metabolic Pathways

BRANCHING PATHWAY

LINEAR PATHWAY CYCLICPATHWAY

A B C D EF

K J I G

N M L H

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low

high

energy

contentof molecules

progress of reaction

reactants

products

activation energywithoutcatalyst

activation energywith catalyst

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Allosteric Activation

allostericactivator

vacantallostericbindingsite

active sitealtered,can bindsubstrate

active site cannotbind substrate

enzyme active site

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Allosteric Inhibition

allosteric inhibitor

allostericbinding

site vacant;active sitecan bindsubstrate

active site altered,cant bind substrate

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Feedback Inhibition

enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 enzyme 5

enzyme1

SUBSTRATE

ENDPRODUCT

(tryptophan)

A cellular change, caused by aspecific activity, shuts down theactivity that brought it about

+ vs. - feedback

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Englemanns Experiment

Notice that the bacteria (white specks)concentrate in 2 separate color regions, where

oxygen concentration is higher

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Electromagnetic Spectrumshortest

wavelength

LONGEST

wavelength

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Gamma rays X-rays

UV radiation Visible light

Infrared radiation

Microwaves Radio waves


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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are Linked Processes

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Leaf Anatomy 0


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Stroma : fluid within chloroplast

Thylakoid : one of the sacswithin a chloroplast; chlorophyll

is built into the thylakoidmembranes; penny-likeappearance

Granum : a stack of thylakoidswithin a chloroplast; stack of pennies appearance

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Anatomy of a Chloroplast


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carbon dioxide uptake

ADP + P i

NADP +

glucoseP

new water

LIGHT-DEPENDENTREACTIONS

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT

REACTIONS(DARK

REACTIONS)

sunlight water uptake

ATP

NADPH

oxygen release

BE ABLE TO FILL IN THESE BLANKS IFGIVEN AS AN EXAM QUESTION
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us/mhs/sun.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx%3Fuser%3Dlilystar222&h=272&w=296&sz=4&tbnid=V_PUveDTCVwJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=111&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us/mhs/sun.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx%3Fuser%3Dlilystar222&h=272&w=296&sz=4&tbnid=V_PUveDTCVwJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=111&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us/mhs/sun.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx%3Fuser%3Dlilystar222&h=272&w=296&sz=4&tbnid=V_PUveDTCVwJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=111&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us/mhs/sun.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx%3Fuser%3Dlilystar222&h=272&w=296&sz=4&tbnid=V_PUveDTCVwJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=111&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2B%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8


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Pigments in a Photosystem

reaction center


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Calvin- BensonCycle

CARBONFIXATION

6 CO 2 (from the air)

6 6RuBP

PGA

unstable intermediate

6 ADP6

12

12ATP

ATP

NADPH

10

12PGAL

glucoseP

PGAL2

P i

12 ADP12 P i12 NADP +

12

4 P i

PGAL

Overall: CO 2 goesin and glucose isthe final product


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Overview of Aerobic RespirationCYTOPLASM

Glycolysis

ElectronTransfer

Phosphorylation

KrebsCycle ATP

ATP

2 CO 2

4 CO 22

32

water

2 NADH

8 NADH

2 FADH 2

2 NADH 2 pyruvate

e - + H +

e - + oxygen

(2 ATP net)

glucose

Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP

e -

e - + H +

e - + H +

ATP

H+

e - + H +

ATP2 4

*

*

*

MITOCHONDRIA

0


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Creating a H + Gradient

NADH

OUTER COMPARTMENT

INNER COMPARTMENT

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Making ATP:

Chemiosmotic Model

ATP

ADP+P i

INNERCOMPARTMENT

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Pickles

Kimchi
http://bp0.blogger.com/_UseOnqyVE1o/SAgeTd1NMmI/AAAAAAAAAKY/x8FrP-TGRvQ/s1600-h/fermentation_products.jpg


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Processes Are Linked

sunlight energy

water +

carbondioxide

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

AEROBICRESPIRATION

sugar molecules oxygen


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44. Which of the following structures are found in all cells? Select the best answer. a. cell wall

b. plasma membranec. nucleusd. cytoplasme. ribosomesf. b, d, and e


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45. The cell theory states that __________.

a. cells are generally small to allow for diffusionb. all cells contain cytoplasmc. cells are either prokaryotes or eukarotesd. all living things are composed of cellse. all cells arise from organic molecules such as DNA


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46. Which of the following is an INCORRECT statementconcerning the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

a. Prokaryotic cells contain multiple molecules of DNA.b. Prokaryotic cells are enclosed by a cell wall.c. Prokaryotic cells contain cytoplasm.d. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.e. Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleoid.


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47. Chromosomes consist of __________. a. DNAb. proteinsc. RNAd. proteins and RNAe. proteins and DNA


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48. Sorting and modification of proteins is an important function of __________.

a. mitochondriab. chloroplastsc. lysosomesd. the Golgi complexe. the plasma membrane


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49. Which of the following organelle(s) is (are) found in animal cells, butnot in plant cells?

a. mitochondriab. chloroplastsc. central vacuoled. cell walle. cytoskeletonf. none of the above


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50. Lysosomes contain very powerful digestive enzymes that can breakdown proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules. Why don't theseenzymes digest the cell itself?

a. The enzymes will digest only foreign material.b. The enzymes are separated from the cytoplasm by the lysosomalmembrane.c. The enzymes are inactive until secreted from the cell.


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51. Why are living cells limited to remaining microscopic in size?

a. cells produce a limited number of enzymes

b. the energy needs of giant cells would outstrip available supply from theenvironmentc. exchanges of substances at the membrane surface would take too longto diffuse throughout the interior of the celld. both a and b


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CHAPTER 6: Which of the following has the greatestamount of kinetic energy?6-1 tank of gasoline moving car hot car engine cool air surrounding the engine an unlit firecracker


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CH 6

MCNCHAPTER 6: Which of the following has potentialenergy?CH 6-2 water droplet on top of a waterfall glucose molecule diver on a springboard 9V battery

all of the above


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CH 6

MCNCHAPTER 6: All the following statements are true of the FIRSTlaw of thermodynamics EXCEPT?CH 6-3 the amount of useful energy decreases. the first law of thermodynamics is often called the law of theconservation of energy. the total amount of energy within an isolated system remains the

same. one form of energy may be converted to a different form of energy. All are true of the first law.


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CH 6

MCNCHAPTER 6: In an isolated system, all the following are true of theSECOND law of thermodynamics EXCEPT?CH 6-4 useful energy decreases. spontaneous changes result in a more uniform distribution of energy. all chemical reactions are exergonic.

there is a natural tendency toward greater disorder of theorganization of matter. All are true of the second law.


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CH 6MCNCHAPTER 6: Entropy is a measure of what?CH 6-5

increase in orderliness. gain of high-level energy. increase in potential energy. increase in randomness. increase in kinetic energy.


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CH 6MCNCHAPTER 6: How is your body able to counteractthe effects of entropy?

CH 6-6 regular exercise sunbathing eating a balanced diet bathing regularly buffers


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CH 6MCNCHAPTER 6: Each of the following requires twelve carbon atoms.Which of the arrangements demonstrates carbon atoms with the greatest

entropy?CH 6-7 twelve molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2 one molecule of the disaccharide, maltose, C12-H22-O11

two molecules of the monosaccharide glucose, C6-H12-O6 four molecules of the monosaccharide, pyruvate C3-H4-O3 It is impossible to determine.


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CH 6MCNCHAPTER 6: Energy that is not converted to usefulenergy is usually given off as?CH 6-8 radioactivity. electricity. light.

heat. entropy.


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CH 7MCNCHAPTER 7: Before photosynthesis evolved,

________ was rare in Earth's atmosphere?

CH 7-1 N2 CO2 O2 H2O air


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CH 7MCNCHAPTER 7: The products of photosynthesis are?CH 7-2 glucose and water. carbon dioxide, water, and energy. glucose and carbon dioxide.

carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and oxygen. glucose and oxygen.


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CH 7MCNCHAPTER 7: What structural feature of a leaf allows aleaf to obtain CO2 from the air?CH 7-3 stomata epidermis cuticle

mesophyll chloroplast


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CH 7

MCNCHAPTER 7: The vast majority of chloroplasts foundin a leaf are located where?CH 7-4 vascular bundles cuticle epidermis stroma

mesophyll


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CH 7MCNCHAPTER 7: Specifically, molecules of chlorophyll are located in membranes of sacs calledwhat?

CH 7-5 cristae. thylakoids. stroma. grana. vesicles.


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CH 7

MCNCHAPTER 7: What factors influence the rate of

photosynthesis?CH 7-6 light intensity temperature CO2 water availability

all of these


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CH 7MCNCHAPTER 7: All of the following compounds arerequired (i.e., are necessary constituents for chemicalreactions) at some state of green plant photosynthesis,

EXCEPT what?CH 7-7 ATP. NADP.

water. oxygen. carbon dioxide.


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CH 7

MCNCHAPTER 7: The cellular organelle of eukaryoticorganisms which is responsible for photosyntheticactivity is the what?CH 7-8 nucleus. mitochondrion. chloroplast. endoplasmic reticulum. ribosome.


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CH 8MCNCHAPTER 8: At the end of glycolysis, the

original carbons of the glucose molecule form what?CH 8-1 six molecules of carbon dioxide. two molecules of NADH. two molecules of pyruvic acid. two molecules of citric acid. two molecules of fructose.


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CH 8MCNCHAPTER 8: The anaerobic breakdown of glucose iscalled what?CH 8-2 fermentation. respiration. phosphorylation.

chemiosmosis. Krebs cycle.

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CH 8MC

NCHAPTER 8: What results if glucose is metabolizedunder completely anaerobic conditions?CH 8-3 Pyruvic acid immediately enters the Krebs cycle. Pyruvic acid is converted by fermentation into CO2 andethanol or lactic acid. Pyruvic acid is converted back to fructose until theconcentration of oxygen increases.

Pyruvic acid leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm andenters the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvic acid is converted to NADH.

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CH 8MCNCHAPTER 8: ATP is what?CH 8-4 a short-term, energy-storage compound. the cell's principle compound for energy transfers. synthesized within mitochondria. the molecule all living cells rely on to do work.

all of the above

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CH 8

MCNCHAPTER 8: The main function of cell respirationis to produce what?CH 8-5 CO2. glucose. ATP. NADH and FADH2.

all of the above

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CH 8

MCNCHAPTER 8: During glycolysis, what is the net gainof ATP molecules produced?CH 8-6 2 4 34 36

38

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CH 8MCNCHAPTER 8: Which event occurs in the fluid portionof the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?CH 8-7

Krebs (citric acid) cycle electron transport chemiosmosis Acetyl CoA formation glycolysis

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CH 8MCNCHAPTER 8: What molecule is common to both C3

photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?CH 8-8 pyruvate G3P Acetyl CoA

fructose NADPH

biol 1001 exam 2 review pics and questions on ch 5 to ch 8 no answers

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