BIOGRAPHY OF DENG XIAOPING

PART - 1

By

SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist)

M.Sc (Applied Physics)

Facebook: sid_educationconnect

WHAT WE WILL STUDY?

• EARLY LIFE

• POLITICAL RISING

• LEADER OF CHINA

• ARCHITECT OF MODERN CHINA

EARLY LIFE

• Deng Xiaoping was born Deng Xixian on August 22,

1904 in Guang’an, part of the Sichuan province of China.

The son of a well-to-do landowner, Deng joined the Chinese

Communist Party while in high school.

• Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a middle-level landowner

and had studied at the University of Law and Political

Science in Chengdu. His mother, surnamed Dan, died early

in Deng's life, leaving Deng, his three brothers and three

sisters.

• At the age of five Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-

style private primary school, followed by a more modern

primary school at the age of seven.

• He was a very intelligent and a humble child and his

teachers often referred to him as "Xixian“which includes

the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness", with overtones

of wisdom

• In the summer of 1919, Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing

School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France to participate

in Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement, a work-study program.

• He was just 15 then and his father supported his participation. The night

before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what

he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from

his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save

China."

• Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese

people must have a modern education to save their country .

• Deng speaked less and was a man of words.He loved to give one word or

two word answers and always indulged in deep thought.

BOYHOOD

• 1921 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe. In

the second half of 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and

became one of the leading members of the General Branch of the Youth

League in Europe.

• In late 1927, Deng left Moscow to return to China, where he joined the

army of Feng Yuxiang, a military leader in northwest China, who had

requested assistance from the Soviet Union in his struggle with other local

leaders in the region.

• In 1929 Deng led the Baise Uprising in Guangxi province against the

Kuomintang (KMT) government. The uprising failed and Deng went to

the Central Soviet Area in Jiangxi province.

COMMUNIST

• Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped

organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang

authorities.

• The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease

in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng

to quickly move up the ranks.

• Beginning in 1929, he participated in the struggle against the Kuomintang

in Guangx. Surrounded by the more powerful army of the Republic of

China, the Communists fled Jiangxi in October 1934(LONG MARCH).

Thus began the epic movement that would mark a turning point in the

development of Chinese communism

THE RISING

• The invasion of Japanese troops in 1937 marked the beginning of the

Second Sino-Japanese War. Deng remained in the area controlled by

the Communists in the north, where he assumed the role of deputy

political director of the three divisions of the restructured Communist army.

• From September 1937 until January 1938, he lived in Buddhist

monasteries and temples in the Wutai Mountains. In January 1938, he

was appointed as Political Commissar of the 129th division of the Eighth

Route Army commanded by Liu Bocheng, starting a long-lasting

partnership with Liu.

LEADER

• On 1 October 1949, Deng attended the proclamation of the People's

Republic of China in Beijing.

• In July 1952, Deng came to Beijing to assume the posts of Vice Premier and

Deputy Chair of the Committee on Finance. Soon after, he took the posts of

Minister of Finance and Director of the Office of Communications.

• In 1954, he was removed from all these positions, holding only the post

of Deputy Premier. In 1956, he became Head of the Communist Party's

Organization Department and member of the Central Military Commission.

• After officially supporting Mao Zedong in his Anti-Rightist Movement of 1957,

Deng acted as Secretary General of the Secretariat and ran the country's daily

affairs with President Liu Shaoqi and Premier Zhou Enlai.

POLITICAL RISING

• Mao launched cultural revolution feared that the reformist economic policies of

Deng and Liu could lead to restoration of capitalism and end the Chinese

Revolution.For this and other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural

Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to

retire from all his positions.

• During the Cultural Revolution, he and his family were targeted by Red

Guards, who imprisoned Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang was

tortured and jumped out, or was thrown out, of the window of a four-

story building in 1968.

• In October 1969 Deng Xiaoping was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor

Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker. In his four years

there, Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a

lesser scale than President Liu Shaoqi.

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

BIOGRAPHY OF DENG XIAOPING

PART - 2

By

SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist)

M.Sc (Applied Physics)

Facebook: sid_educationconnect

ROSE TO POWER

• Following Mao's death on 9 September 1976 and in October 1976, Deng

gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China. On 22 July 1977, Deng

was restored to the posts of Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee, Vice-

Chairman of the Military Commission and Chief of the General Staff of the

People's Liberation Army.

• He was a very broad minded man and later emerged as a creator of

modern China.

• As his power solidified, Deng quickly instituted new economic policies

opening China to international trade and investment. This led to a peace

treaty with Japan, improved relations with the USSR, official recognition by

the United States, and return of control over the British Colony of Hong

Kong.

ECONOMIC REFORMS OR REBUILDING CHINA

• He was a man of thought and was realistic and practicle.He permit

everything new in the trial. He seek the truths from the facts and

reformed everything calling it second revolution.

• Beginning in 1979, the economic reforms accelerated the market model,

while the leaders maintained old Communist-style rhetoric.

• The commune system was gradually dismantled and the peasants began

to have more freedom to manage the land they cultivated and sell their

products on the market. At the same time, China's economy opened up

to foreign trade.

• On January 1, 1979, the United States recognized the People's

Republic of China, leaving the (Taiwan) Republic of China's nationalist

government to one side, and business contacts between China and the

West began to grow.

ECONOMIC REFORMS

• By the mid-1980s, Deng had introduced economic

reforms in agriculture and industry, providing for

more local management, and instituted the radical

“one child per couple” policy to control China’s

burgeoning population.

• In all these reforms, Deng insisted China remain a

socialist nation with central control. Reforms

improved the quality of life for all but also created

a huge inequality gap between the classes.

• Sino-Japanese relations also improved

significantly.Deng used Japan as an example

of a rapidly progressing power that set a good

example for China economically.

ECONOMIC REFORMS

• He emphasized that socialist must have the market economy. He also launched four

modernizations (economy, agriculture, scientific and technological development

and national defense), and announced an ambitious plan of opening and liberalizing the

economy.

• The last position of power retained by Hua Guofeng, chairman of the Central Military

Commission, was taken by Deng in 1981. His most important focus was on science

and technology and in 1978 many scientist had gathered in Beijing to show their

support.

• Deng launched his first “strike hard” anti-crime campaign in August 1983. It was reported

that the government set quotas for 5,000 executions by mid-November and sources in

Taiwan claimed that as many as 60,000 people were executed in that time.

• In October 1987, at the Plenary Session of the National People's Congress, Deng was

re-elected as Chairman of Central Military Commission, but he resigned as Chairman of

the Central Advisory Commission and he was succeeded by Chen Yun.

ECONOMIC REFORMS

• He continued to chair and developed the reform and opening up as the

main policy, put forward the three steps suitable for China's economic

development strategy within seventy years

• The first step, to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have

enough food and clothing, was attained by the end of the 1980s; second

step, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, was

achieved in 1995 ahead of schedule.

• The third step, to increase per capita GNP to the level of the medium-

developed countries by 2050, at which point, the Chinese people will be

fairly well-off and modernization will be basically realized.

• These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-

reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by

stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of

machinery from Japan and the West

LATER YEARS

• Officially, Deng decided to retire from top

positions when he stepped down as

Chairman of the Central Military Commission

in 1989, and retired from the political scene

in 1992.

• Deng was recognized officially as "the chief

architect of China's economic reforms and

China's socialist modernization.

• He loved children and had a very deep place

for them.He often told that his grand children

was his life.

• Though Deng Xiaoping faced major worldwide criticism for the

Tiananmen Square massacre, he continued to stay in power. With

further changes implemented, China’s economy grew and standards

of living increased under an authoritarian government committed to

one-party rule.

• Deng died on 19 February 1997, aged 92 from a lung infection and

Parkinson's disease.

• The death of Deng was followed by the greatest publicly sanctioned

display of grief for any Chinese leader since Mao Zedong. However, in

contrast, Deng's death in the media was announced without any titles

attached.

DEATH

Study iq

“ KEEP A COOL HEAD AND MAINTAIN A

LOW PROFILE.NEVER TAKE A LEAD

BUT AIM TO DO SOMETHING BIG”